Internet ressources management

African perspectives

Alain Patrick AINAaalain@trstech.net

Copyright, ECA, April 2006

•The "Internet" refers to the global information system that is:

- Logically linked together by a globally unique identifiers (addresses) based on a common standardized communication protocol called Internet Protocol (IP)

●IP addresses and Internet domain names are the primary Internet addressing systems of the Internet

•IP addresses are mandatory for IP communications, when domain names facilitate communication and accessbility of the Internet to the end users

What is the Internet(1)

• ICANN has the responsibility for Internet Protocol (IP) address space management, protocol identifier assignment, generic (gTLD) and country code (ccTLD) Top-Level Domain name system management, and root server system management functions.

•These services were originally performed under U.S. Government contract by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and other entities. (to be explained)

•ICANN now performs the IANA function under the terms of the MoU with USDoC/NTIA of 11/1998, with a number of amendments. The MoU expires in 09/2006

•ICANN performs its job trough IETF, ISOC, RIRs, gTLD and ccTLD registry operators and registrars......

What is the Internet (2)

Internet Infrastructure bodies

Administration of IP addresses and Internet Names

Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers

IP addresses

•ICANN/IANA allocates blocks of IP addresses(v4 and V6) and ASN space to the RIRs.

•IPv4 has 32 bits and gives around 4,3*109 addresses- 196.200.55.1

•IPv6 has 128 bits which give 3,4*1038 IP addresses - 2001:4f8:feec::1

•RIRs(Regional Internet Registry) allocates IP addresses and ASN to LIRs and End users in their respective regions

IP addresses management (1)

•LIRs(Local internet Registies) are members of their respective RIR which allocates them IP addresses which they assign to end users(individuals or others companies with small networks)

•RIRs also assigns IP addresses to end users who use them for their own infrastructures

•There are now five RIRs - APNIC (Asia Pacific network Information Center) - RIPE NCC ( Réseaux IP Européens Network

coordination Center) - ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) - LACNIC (Latin American and caribbean Internet

Addresses Registry) - AfriNIC (African network Information Center)

IP addresses allocation (2)

Regional Internet Registry(1)

•RIRs are non-profit, member-based organisations with Policy development process (PDP)

•Policy development based on a consensus-based policies in a bottom-up, industry self-regulation with the participation of different stakeholders of their region

•Policy development is open to anybody,including active participation of public (Governments,…and private sectors as well as civil society.

Regional Internet Registry(2)

regi

onal

Pol

icy

Glo

bal P

olic

y

ICANN/IANA

ASO

RIPE NCC

ARINAPNIC LACNIC

APNIC Mtg

ARIN MTG

LACNIC mtg

RIPE NCC

AfriNIC

AfriNIC mtg

NRO

Regional Internet Registry(3)

Yes it happened just few minutes ago! Africa has its own registry!

As said few minutes ago by its CEO, "we can not celebrate this great moment without expressing our

thanks to the pioneers of this project who worked on the very first proposal in 1997. I will name Nii

Quaynor, Alan Barett, Nashwa Abdel-Baki, Sana Belamine and Randy Bush. We can tell them today that

we have made their dream a reality"

08/04/2005

African Network Information Center(1)

Public services AfriNIC DB

maintenance Coordination and

liaison AfriNIC support

Trainings: LIR trainings IPv6/DNSsec

Information dissemination

Develop tools

Member services Registration:

IPv4 addresses IPv6 addresses AS numbers Reverse

delegation DNS service

Route information

AfriNIC collaborates with AfNOG , AFRISPA on capacity building and exchange points promotion in AFRICA

African Network Information Center (2)

● Adiel Akplogan (CEO) – Nominated

● Pierre Dandjinou (BJ) - Chairman

West Africa (up to 2007)● Didier Kasole (CD)

Central Africa (up to 2008)● Viv Padayatchy (MU)

Indian Ocean (up to 2008)1. Alan Barett (ZA) Southern Africa 1. Kamal Okba (MA)

North Africa (up to 2007)1. Badru Ntege (UG) East Africa

Supleants● Sunday Folayan (WA, NG)● Pierre M. Kasengedia (CA,

CD)● Keny Yiptong (IO, MU) ● Silvio C. Almanda (SA, AO) ● Mokhtar Hamidi (NA, DZ) ● Brian Longwe (EA, KE)

African Network Information Center(3)

Board of trustees

● Two public meetings per year ● Working groups and discussions by mailing lists

● Next meeting: Mauritius Nov-Dec 2006

●Joint meeting with AfNOG 2006●http://www.afrinic.net/meetings.htm

African Network Information Center(4)

• AfNOG is a forum for technical coordination and cooperation among African Internet service providers and network operators

• The aim is to build a community of engineers to help each other operating Internet Infrastructure in Africa, and on the Global Internet.

• To train people and groups of people who will return to their country and region and teach others what they have learned at the workshop.

• To build links between all participants so that the peer-to-peer relationships formed during the workshop and conferences will remain strong well beyond the meetings

African Network Operator Group(1)

✔ Built community of African Network Operators helping themselves with challenges (African & Globally)

✔ Very successful and active Mailing list (afnog@afnog.org).

✔ Provided meeting space to other ISP related meetings

✔ Six workshops & meetings in six different countries covering three sub-regions.

✔ Trained of over 300 Internet engineers

Next meeting: Mauritius, 2006

African Network Operator Group(2): Achievements

Some statistics on IP address allocation in AFRICA(1)

Data from ftp.afrinic.net/pub/stats/ (04/12/2006)

EG KE MA NG TN ZA OTHERS0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

9000000

10000000

108544577536

171008 106752

9106176

878848

IPV4/COUNTRY

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

IPV4/YEAR

Some statistics on IP address allocation in AFRICA(2)

Data from ftp.afrinic.net/pub/stats/ (04/12/2006)

2002 2004 2005 20060

50

100

150

200

250

32

96

192

IPV6/YEAR

EG MA SD TN ZA0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

32 32 32

160

IPV6/COUNTRY

Number of /32

Some statistics on ASN allocation in AFRICA

Data from ftp.afrinic.net/pub/stats/ (04/12/2006)

EG NG TZ ZA OTHERS0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

7 8

123

70

ASN/COUNTRY

84 91 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20060

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

5 3 2 38

129 10 12

22

9 7

27

74

13

ASN/YEAR

•Support AfriNIC, AFNOG, AFRISPA, etc..... by promoting participation in their activities and policy development process

•Encourage Network Operators to become AfriNIC members and get the IP resource they need for their network growth

•To encourage ISPs to request Ipv6 IP blocks and start deploying v6 infrastructures

•Participate actively in the ongoing discussions related to the IPv6 allocation.

TO DO

Internet Names

What is Domain Name System(1)?

• IP addresses are mandatory for IP communications

• Names are easier to remember than numbers

• You would like to get to the address or other objects using a name

DNS provides a mapping from names to IP addresses and resources of several types.

• A mechanism for translating objects into other objects based on a globally distributed, loosely coherent, scalable, reliable, and dynamic database

• Comprised of three components A “name space” Servers making that name space available Resolvers (clients) which query the servers about

the name space

A key component of the Internet infrastructure

What is Domain Name System(2)?

gh org

govedu

isoc

nswww

ROOT!

uneca

●

The DNS Tree

TLDs(cctld,gtld,arpa)

What is Domain Name System(3)?

Administration of the Domain Name System(1)

• ICANN/IANA is responsible for the overall coordination and management of the Domain Name System (DNS), and especially the delegation of portions of the name space called top-level domains

• The Country Code Names Supporting Organization (ccNSO) and the generic names supporting Organization(gNSO) of ICANN are the policy development bodies for a narrow range of global ccTLD and gTLD issues within the ICANN structure.

• IANA delegates the administration of gTLD and ccTLD to registry operators

At tuesday 18th April 2006, there was :

- 245 ccTLDs and 18 gTLDs (4 restricted)

Registrars act as gateway between registries and registrants for name registration

Administration of the Domain Name System(2)

● Database of– who owns what name– pointing names to the

servers responsible for them

● Responsible for policy and procedures– who is entitled to names,

etc.● A registry is like the “bank

vault” of the domain names registered under that top level domain

Registry : “The wholesaler”

● Registrar (the retailer)– Agent of customers in

dealing with registry● Like a retailer which

then contacts a wholesale supplier

– Usually an ISP that is providing others services to customer

● Registrant (the customer)– The entity, organization or

individual that uses the domain name

Registrar and registrant

ccTLDs

What is a ccTLD? designation

A country-code Top Level Domain• In accordance with the 3166-1 list of the International Standards Organisation and their alpha-2 code elements

•Providing a unique domain identity to countries, territories, and distinct economies.

• ICANN itself has no responsibility for the entries on the ISO 3166-1 list

What is a ccTLD? history

• First description in RFC-1591 of ccTLD’s as part of the DNS structure

• ICANN/IANA is responsible for the overall coordination and management of the Domain Name System (DNS), and especially the delegation of portions of the name space called top-level domains

• Selecting a designated manager for a domain that was able to do an equitable, just, honest, and competent job

•These designated authorities are trustees for the delegated domain, and have a duty to serve the community.

•The designated manager is the trustee of the top-level domain for both the nation and the global Internet community

What is a ccTLD? relationships

• A mutual recognition of rights and duties between ICANN/IANA and the ccTLD manager

• Currently a variety of legacy ccTLD situations with different legal or contractual frameworks

• Originally individuals, currently transitioning to organisations.

What is a ccTLD? Examples of the local situation

• Independent of Government• Non-for-profit (free, cost recovered, subsidised)

operation NGO or Foundation• Commercial operation• Related to Government• Arm of a national research network• Part of a Ministry (research, economic affairs, telecoms, foreign affairs, etc)

gTLDs

What is a gTLD (1)? Generic Top Level Domain

•Creation and selection of operators through ICANN process

• The relationships between ICANN and the gTLD registries are governed by the individual Registry or Sponsorship Agreements, which set out the obligations of both parties.

• 18 gTLDs at tuesday 18th April 2006

• More than 150 accreditated registrars are serving the 14 non restricted gTLDs

•Unsponsored and sponsored TLDs

What is a gTLD(2)?

•Unsponsored gTLD Registry operates under policies established by the global Internet community directly through the ICANN process.

.biz, .com, .info, .name, .net, .org, and .pro

• A sponsored TLD is a specialized TLD that has a sponsor representing a specific community that is served by the TLD.

.aero, .cat, .coop, .jobs, .mobi, .museum, .travel

What is a gTLD(3)? Restricted gTLD

• The .gov domain is reserved exclusively for the United States Government. It is operated by the US General Services Administration.

• The .edu domain is reserved for postsecondary institutions accredited by an agency on the U.S. Department of Education's list of Nationally Recognized Accrediting Agencies and is registered only through Educause.

Some statistics(1)source: http://www.verisign.com

Some statistics(2)source: http://www.verisign.com

TOP ccTLD registries by

domain name base, third

quarter 2005

1 .de (Germany)

2 .uk (United kingdom)

3 .ar (Argentina)

4 .nl (Netherlands)

5 .it (Italia)

6 .us (United state)

7 .cn (China)

8 .br (Brazil)

9 .jp (Japan)

10 .ch (Switzerland)

Africa and Internet names(1)

• ccTLDs somehow working in most countries

• Unfavourable competition with the gNames - more organized - less expensive

• Like other region, African has its cc's organisation - AfTLD(Africa Top Level Domain)

• AFTLD acts as a focal point for Africa's Country Code Top Level Domains Managers and Sponsoring Organizations.

• AFTLD appointed a representative to the ccNSO council.

Africa and Internet names(2)

No gTLD registry and registrar in AFRICA

• African participation in gNSO is weak

• Some efforts are needed to : - Revitalize the ccTLDs - Get the ccTLD to provide better services to registrants - To encourage and promote african participation in Internet names administration

Useful links

• IANA– http://www.iana.org

• ASO/NRO– http://aso.icann.org– http://www.nro.net

• AfriNIC– http://www.afrinic.net

• GNSO– http://gnso.icann.org

• CcNSO

– http://ccnso.icann.org