Internet Operations and the RIRs
-
Upload
teamarin -
Category
Technology
-
view
660 -
download
0
Transcript of Internet Operations and the RIRs
![Page 1: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Internet Operations and
the RIRs3 February 2011
![Page 2: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview• ARIN and the Regional Internet
Registry (RIR) System• IP Number Resources, DNS and
Routing• IP Address Management• Whois
![Page 3: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ARIN and the RIR System
![Page 4: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
About ARIN• One of five Regional Internet Registries• Issues Internet number resources; facilitates
consensus based policies and promotes the advancement of the Internet through education and outreach
• Services 25 Economies in the Caribbean and North America
• Nonprofit corporation based in Chantilly, VA, established December 1997
• 100% community funded
![Page 5: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Regional Internet Registries
![Page 6: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ARIN’s Service Region
ARIN’s region includes Canada, many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands, and the United States.
![Page 7: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Not-for-profit Membership Organization
Community Regulated
• Fee for services, not number resources
• 100% community funded
• Open• Broad-based - Private sector - Public sector - Civil society
• Community developed policies
• Member-elected executive board
• Open and transparent
RIR Structure
![Page 8: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Number Resources Organization Policy
Development• IP address
allocation & assignment
• ASN assignment
• Directory services• Whois• IRR
• Reverse DNS
• Elections• Meetings• Information
dissemination• Website• Newsletters• Roundtables
• Training
• Maintain e-mail discussion lists
• Conduct public policy meetings
• Publish policy documents
RIR Services
![Page 9: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Internet Operations
![Page 10: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
193.0.0.131
196.216.2.1
192.149.252.7
200.160.2.15
202.12.29.20
192.0.0.214
206.131.253.68
192.0.34.163
On the Internet, you are nothing but an IP address!
202.12.29.142
www.nro.net
www.afrinic.net
www.arin.net
www.lacnic.net
www.apnic.net
www.ripe.net
www.isoc.org
www.icann.org
![Page 11: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What is an IP Address?An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a number that identifies a device on a computer network.– Every device directly connected to the
Internet needs a unique IP address
– There are two types of IP addresses – IPv4 and IPv6
![Page 12: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Quick History of the Internet Protocol• Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4, or just “IP”)
– First developed for the original Internet (ARPANET) in spring 1978
– Deployed globally with growth of the Internet– Total of 4 billion IP addresses available– Used by every ISP and hosting company to connect
customers to the Internet– Allocated based on documented need
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)– Design started in 1993 when IETF forecasts showed IPv4
depletion between 2010 and 2017– Completed, tested, and available for production since 1999– Total of
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 IP addresses available
– Used and managed similar to IPv4
![Page 13: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
About IPv4 and IPv6Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
Deployed 1981 1999 Address Size 32-bit number 128-bit number Address Format Dotted Decimal
Notation: 192.149.252.76
Hexadecimal Notation: 3FFE:F200:0234:AB00:0 123:4567:8901:ABCD
Prefix Notation 192.149.0.0/24 3FFE:F200:0234::/48 Number of Addresses
232 = ~4,000,000,000
2128 = ~340,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000
![Page 14: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
IPv4 Depletion is Imminent• 5 RIRs together have been allocating, on
average, 10-12 /8s each year
• Demand for IPv4 continues from organizations around the world
• IANA has issued eight /8s to the 5 RIRs in 2010
• There are 18 /8s remaining at the IANA as of 31 May 2010
• IANA IPv4 free pool depletion COULD happen in early 2011
![Page 15: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What is a Domain Name?A domain name is label that a person uses in place of an IP address to locate a site on the Internet, like www.arin.net.
![Page 16: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What is the Domain Name System (DNS)?
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a way to store and retrieve information about domain names and IP addresses.
![Page 17: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
IP Addresses are Not Domain Names• IP Address [Identifier] – “Computer-friendly” – Unique number identifies computer on Internet– Used for routing (moving information across an inter-
network from a source to a destination)• DNS Name [Reference]– “People-Friendly” – Maps host name to unique IP address – A means of storing and retrieving information
about hostnames and IP addresses in a distributed data base
![Page 18: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Internet
2001:0C00:8888::My Computer
www.cernet.cn?
Using Domain Names
DNS
1. My Computer asks the DNS where to find www.cernet.cn
![Page 19: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Internet
2001:0C00:8888::My Computer
202.112.0.462001:0400::
Using Domain Names
DNS
2. The DNS provides the IPv4 or IPv6 address for the requested URL.
![Page 20: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Internet
2001:0C00:8888::My Computer www. cernet.cn
2001:0400::
202.112.0.462001:0400::
Using Domain Names
DNS
3. My Computer queries the appropriate server for the IP address provided by the DNS.
![Page 21: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
What is an Autonomous System Number (ASN)?• A globally unique number (16 or 32 bit)
used by routing protocols (like BGP) to identify an autonomous system (a connected group of IP networks that adhere to a single, clearly defined routing policy)–4,294,967,296 AS numbers (or
232)–e.g. 36863 (16 bit), 393225 (32
bit)
![Page 22: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
What is Routing?
Routing is the act of moving information across an internetwork from a source to a destination.
![Page 23: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
NetworkInstead, the computers can connect to a single router.
``
`
`
`
` Router
![Page 24: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
``
`
`
`
`
Six computers need to communicate with each other.
Point-to-Point Networking
![Page 25: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
``
`
`
`
`
Each computer communicates with the other computers on its network, creating a total of 15 connections.
Point-to-Point Networking
![Page 26: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
``
`
`
`
`
On a larger network, individual connections become unmanageable.
Point-to-Point Networking
![Page 27: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Interconnected NetworksEach network can link to other networks via its router.
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
![Page 28: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Interconnected NetworksEach network can link to other networks via its router.
172.25.1.4
192.23.9.6
201.32.16.10
Each segment receives IP addresses.
163.37.56.21
172.25.1.4
192.23.9.6
201.32.16.10
163.37.56.21
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
![Page 29: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Administrative Grouping
172.25.1.4 192.23.9.6
201.32.16.10
163.37.56.21
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
Groups of devices with a single, clearly defined routing policy may be assigned an Autonomous System Number (ASN).
![Page 30: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Administrative Grouping
172.25.1.4 192.23.9.6
201.32.16.10
163.37.56.21
AS 1234 AS 2345
AS 3456
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
``
`
`
``
Registries provide Internet number resources to help divide internetworks into interconnected, autonomous groups of devices.
![Page 31: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Internet
Internet Address Routing
Internetwork Routing Table4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
Internetwork Routing Table4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16
…
![Page 32: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Internet
Announce202.12.29.0/24
Internet Address Routing
Internetwork Routing Table4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
202.12.29.0/24
1.The network announces an IP address range.
Internetwork Routing Table4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
![Page 33: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Internet
Announce202.12.29.0/24
Internet Address Routing
Internetwork Routing Table4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
202.12.29.0/24
2.The range is added to a specific table within a router.
Internetwork Routing Table4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16202.12.29.0/24…
![Page 34: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Internet
Traffic202.12.29.0/24
Internet Address Routing
Internetwork Routing Table4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
202.12.29.0/24
3.The router can redistribute information to devices within the network.
Internetwork Routing Table4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16202.12.29.0/24…
![Page 35: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Internet Address Routing
Traffic202.12.29.142
Routing Table202.12.29.0/25202.12.29.128/25
Local Router
202.12.29.142
202.12.29.0/24
1.Traffic enters the network according to the routing table.
![Page 36: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Internet Address Routing
Traffic202.12.29.142
Routing Table202.12.29.0/25202.12.29.128/25
Local Router
202.12.29.142
202.12.29.0/24
2.The local router directs traffic to the appropriate device according to its own routing table.
![Page 37: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Global Internet Routing
Network
Network
Network
NetworkNetwork
Network
Network
Network
Network
Network
Network
![Page 38: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Global Internet Routing
Network
Network
Network
NetworkNetwork
Network
Network
Network
Network
Network
Network
Internetwork Routing Table4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
With a coordinated numbering system, you can build a network of networks.
![Page 39: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
IP Address Management
![Page 40: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Terms• Allocate– to issue number resources to ISPs (LIRs) for
internal networks and for further sub-delegation to customers
• Assign– to issue number resources to end-users for
internal networks only• Legacy Space– Numbering resources issued prior to the
establishment of the RIRs• Issued without a contract• Currently maintained and updated by ARIN• Honeypot for criminality
![Page 41: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Who are the Provisioning Organizations?
ICANNIANA
• Top level technical coordination of the Internet (Names, Numbers, Root Servers)• Manage global unallocated IP address pool
• Allocate number resources to RIRs
RIR • Manage regional unallocated IP address pool• Allocate number resources to ISPs/LIRs• Assign number resources to End-users
ISP/LIR
• Manage local IP address pool for use by customers and for infrastructure
• Allocate number resources to ISPs• Assign number resources to End-users
![Page 42: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Number Resource Provisioning Hierarchy
ICANN / IANA(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)Manage global unallocated IP address
pool
ISPs
End UsersISPs
RIRs(AfriNIC, APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC, RIPE NCC)
Manage regional unallocated IP address pool
Re-Allocate Re-Assign
End Users
Allocate
Allocate Assign
![Page 43: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Data Verification• Orgs and POCs registered first– All new Orgs vetted and authenticated• Secretary of State websites• Westlaw• SEC• Legal documents
• Organizations making modifications vetted every 12 months
![Page 44: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
What is WHOIS?• A general purpose registry directory
service• Serves a variety of purposes:– Number Registry– Name Registry– Routing Registry
• Differs in usage and content depending on registry
![Page 45: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• Registration information about– IP addresses and AS numbers issued by ARIN – IP addresses and AS numbers issued by the Central Registry (pre-RIR or legacy)– Organizations that hold these resources (ORGs)– Points of Contact (POCs) for resources or organizations – Reallocated/reassigned networks (from ISPs to customers)
What’s in ARIN’s Whois?
![Page 46: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
What’s not in ARIN’s Whois?• Information about– Domain names– Host names– Reassignments/reallocations by ISPs using their
own Whois servers (called RWHOIS)– Military networks (see http://www.nic.mil)
• Routing information• Geographic location of the network– Addresses shown not necessarily the physical
location of the resource
![Page 47: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Whois Tips• Data not always accurate– Registrants responsibility to update – Legacy space rarely updated
• Not all customer reallocations/reassignments in Whois– Those smaller than /29 (generally)– Those registered in RWHOIS server– Private residence info not shown
• If you need data not shown in Whois, may need subpoena
![Page 48: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
What Other Information Might ARIN Have?• Information about about an organization’s network
– Peering or exchange points to which the network may directly connect
– An organization’s internal utilization information – IP ranges utilizing specific types of services, e.g., DSL,
webhosting, dial-up, etc.• Historical Data
– Previous Points of Contact for the network– Address ranges an organization may have renumbered out
of and returned to ARIN– Previous address registrants subsequent to a transfer or
merger• More detailed reassignment information • Financial transaction records and billing POCs• Corporate papers and list of officers
![Page 49: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Useful Links
![Page 50: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
RIR’s Whois• ARIN http://whois.arin.net/ui/• AfriNIC http://www.afrinic.net/cgi-bin/whois• APNIC http://www.apnic.net/search/index.html• LACNIC http://lacnic.net/cgi-bin/lacnic/whois• RIPE NCC http://www.ripe.net/perl/whois
![Page 51: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Number and Name Lookup Services• Domain registries
http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htmhttp://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm
• GeekTools http://www.geektools.org/whois.php
![Page 52: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Routing Information• Route Views
http://www.routeviews.org• RIS
http://www.ripe.net/projects/ris/index.html• Looking glass information
http://www.caida.org/analysis/routing/reversetrace/
• Blacklistinghttp://www.mxtoolbox.com/blacklists.aspx
![Page 53: Internet Operations and the RIRs](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051520/58eca4071a28ab77628b46fb/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Questions?