INTERNET OF THINGS

BY THANUJA SENEVIRATNECOURTESY OF CSAIL, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COURSE

OVERVIEW

AGENDA• What is Internet of Things?• Architecture of IoT• Web of Things• RFID Story• Technology Landscape• Application Landscape• Dawn of IoT Era

WHAT IS INTERNET OF THINGS?• “WIRED: TESLA’S OVER-THE-AIR-FIX: BEST EXAMPLE YET ON

INTERNET-OF-THINGS?”

• “FORBES: GOOGLE BUYS NEST FOR 3.2 BILLION DOLLARS!”

• MARKET EXPECTATIONS IN NEAR FUTURE• WHAT IS IoT?• WHAT THINGS WILL BE AFFECTED?• WHAT INDUSTRIES WILL BE AFFECTED?• SIMPLIFY THE THINKING ON IoT

WHAT IS INTERNET OF THINGS?

ARCHITECTURE OF IOT• SIMPLE DESIGN METAPHOR IS THE BEST ARCHITECTURE NORM TO

TAKE-OFF AS THE DOMINANT ARCHITECTURE• NEED OF STANDARDIZATION• NEED TO ADDRESS THE SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES• CLOUD COMPUTING AND FOG COMPUTING• HOUR-GLASS ARCHITECTURE• INTERNET• INTERNET OF THINGS

ARCHITECTURE OF IOT

WEB OF THINGS• CHALLENGES, TOO MANY:

• UNDERLYING INFRASTRUCTURE IS MORE HETEROGENOUS DUE TO LOCAIONS OF “THINGS” IN IOT – SPACE, OFFICE, UNDERWATER

• ALL THE “THINGS” NEED TO HAVE PROPER UPGRADEABLE SECURITY LIKE IN CURRENT WEB/INTERNET• SOME OF THE “THINGS” DERIVES “BIG DATA” AND CHALLENGE THE PROCESSING POWER• DIFFICULTY OF DATA PROCESSING ON “THINGS” - DISCUSS “BAG OF CHIPS” ANOLOGY• BUILD STANDARDS, BEST PRACTICES AND MANUFATURING PARTNERSHIPS FOR INTEROPERABILITY

• WEB OF THINGS IS HIGH-LEVEL OF PROTOCOLS TO TALK UNDERLYING LOW-LEVEL PROTOCOLS OF INTERNET OF THINGS• INVENTORY OF “THINGS”• CONSTRUCT STANDADIZED PROTOCOLS TO CONNECT THE “THINGS” IN THE INVENTORY• SECURITY AND PRIVACY OF DATA DERIVED FROM “THINGS” IN THE INVENTORY• HOW FEEDBACK LOOP WORKS CONNECTING ALL THE “THINGS” IN A LOOP – DISCUSS CLASSROOM

ANOLOGY

RFID STORY• Fidual sensing mechanism – dumb tags powered by RFID Sensors.

RFID sensors will collect data from powered tags

RFID STORY• Timeline of RFID technology

RFID STORY• RFID 3-tier Architecture

TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE• TECHNOLOGY CONVERGENCE• WIRELESS NETWORKS• EMBEDDED COMPUTING• SENSORS AND ACTUATORS (HARDWARE ENGINEERING)

• WIRELESS NETWORKS AND IOT’S FUTURE• APPLICATION DEPENDANCY - ARCHITECURAL DECESIONS BASED ON APPS NOT

COMMON ABSTRACT SCENARIO• MANY DIFFERENT STANDARDS• MANY DIFFERENT APPROACHES

• WIRED NETWORKS?

TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE• WIRELESS NETWORK SOUP

TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE• WIRELESS NETWORK ARCHITECURE

TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE• CELLULAR AND WI-FI ADVANTAGES• WIDELY AVAILABLE – 2G, 3G, 4G/LTE, 5G, WI-FI• HIGH BANDWIDTH

• CELLULAR AND WI-FI DRAWBACKS• NOT SUITABLE FOR BATTERY-POWERED SCENARIOS DUE TO HIGH POWER

CONSUMPTION• HIGH COST IN CELLULAR AND SHORT-RANGE (WIHTIN BUILDINGS) FOR WI-FI

TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE• WIRELESS DESIGN SPACE

TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE• THREE B’S OF IOT• BATTERY – HOW TO POWER YOUR SOLUTIONS. POWER CONSUMPTIONS LIMITS WHAT

YOU CAN COLLECT AND TRANSMIT (eg. BATTERY LIFE REQUIRED IN INDUSTRAIL IOT SCENARIOS)• BANDWIDTH – WHAT IS THE RANGE YOU CAN COLLECT AND TRANSFER DATA IN

YOUR SOLUTIONS. ALSO LIMITS WHAT YOU CAN COLLECT AND TRANSFER IF LOW-RATE TECH USED (eg. BLE) OR INTERMITTENT. RESUTLS LATENCY• BTYES – HOW MUCH DATA YOU CAN COLLECT AND TRANSFER IN YOUR SOLUTIONS.

ALSO LIMITS THE VOLUME YOU CAN COLLECT AND TRANSFER IN BIG DATA SCENARIOS WHICH INCREASINGLY COMMON. ALSO NOISY DATA AND MISSIN DATA CAUSE ISSUES

• IOT DESGINS SHOULD COME UP WITH TRADE-OFFS TO COMPONSATE THE LIMITATIONS OF ABOVE PROPERTIES

TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE• MISSSING AND NOISY DATA EXAMPLES – GPS, VEHICLE

ACCESSELERATION

TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE• MISSSING AND NOISY DATA EXAMPLES – GPS, VEHICLE

ACCESSELERATION

TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE• CASE OF TARGET HACK 2013 – HOW BAD?• PREVENTION• RESILIENCE UNDER ATTACK• DETECTION

• HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE (HCI)• ROBOTICS

TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE

•SECURITY• PREVENTION – INCREASING THE DIFFUCULTY FOR ATTACKS• RESILIENCE UNDER ATTACK – ALLOWING SYSTEM TO FUNCTION DESPITE BEING ATTACKED• DETECTION & RECOVERY

• SECUIRTY IS A NEGATIVE GOAL – WANT TO ACHIEVE SOMETHING DESPITE WHATVER ADVERSARY MAY DO; HARDEST GOAL TO ACHIEVE; ALWAYS WILL HAVE TO MAKE ASSUMPTIONS AND CREATE A MODEL; CANNOT FORSEE ALL THREATS• CYBERSECURITY – A FIELD IN ENGINEERING TO ADDRESS SECURITY THREATS OF

ALL KIND. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES MAKE IT DIFFICULT• HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE (HCI)• ROBOTICS

APPLICATION LANDSCAPE• UBIQUITOES COMPUTING

APPLICATION LANDSCAPE• SENSORS & ACTUATORS

APPLICATION LANDSCAPE• VISUALIZATION

APPLICATION LANDSCAPE• WEARABLES

APPLICATION LANDSCAPE• SENSOR-ENABLED LIGHTNING

APPLICATION LANDSCAPE• EXPRESSIVE FOOTWEAR• SMART WRISTBANDS• TOUCHPAD FINGERNAILS• BEAUTY TECHNOLOGY• SMART TOOLS• SMART 3D PRINTERS• SENSATE SURFACES• SENSATE LININGS• SENSOR TAPES• SENSOR STICKERS

• VR & AR• SMART VEHICLES• SMART BUILDINGS• SMART CITIES• SMART EARTH

APPLICATION LANDSCAPE

DAWN OF IOT ERA• PROMISING MARKET• UBIQUITOS COMPUTING/IOT GOING MAINSTREAM• IOT IS IN OUR FUTURE, AND IOT LITERACY IS ESSENTIAL• WHAT WE SHOULD DO?• WHAT IS THE END?