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fUarkie s Illustrated 03reck Series
EDITED BY R. Y. TYRRELL, Lrrr.D., D.C.L.
Fellow of Trinity College and late Regius Professor of
Greek in the University ofDublin
PLATO S CRITO
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M 809
PLATOFrom the bronze bust in Naples Musei
THE
CRITO OF PLATO
EDITED BY
A. S. OWEN, M.A.ASSISTANT MASTER AT CHELTENHAM COLLEGE, FORMERLY
SCHOLAR OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD
LONDONBLACKIE & SON, LIMITED, 50 OLD BAILEY, F.C.
GLASGOW AND DUBLIN
1903
I.:. .. (
;
f(
11. U O t> c Ji
PREFACE
IT is difficult to say anything that has not yet been said
with regard to a classic that has been so often and so
well edited as the Crito, and I am fully conscious that
there is little in this book that has not been said
previously by other editors, such as Stallbaum, Wagner,
Adam, Stock, and Keene. I must here express
gratefully my indebtedness to these editors;
that I
do not in each place acknowledge the assistance
that I have obtained from their books is due to the
size and character of this edition and not to anydesire to claim originality for views or illustrations
which are derived from them.
It is hoped that the notes on particles may be
helpful ; they are not intended to be exhaustive, but
rather to emphasise the importance of giving their
proper force in translation. To ignore the particlesin Greek is a common and fatal mistake of otherwise
careful students, and scarcely any author suffers as
much as Plato by such neglect of scholarship.The text adopted is practically that in Adam s
edition (Pitt Press), with very slight alterations.
A. S. O.
CHELTENHAM,
August 1902.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONPAGE
1. Life of Plato ix
2. Trial and Death of Socrates xi
3. The Crito ........ xv
THE CRITO i
NOTES 29
APPENDIX A CRITICAL NOTES 57
APPENDIX B NOTES ON PARTICLES . . . .61APPENDIX C EXTRACT FROM JOWETT S TRANSLATION 68
EXERCISES ON THE TEXT 69
INDEX 73
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
BUST OF PLATO Frontispiece
PAGE
ROCK - DWELLING AT ATHENS CALLED PRISON OF
SOCRATES xiii
SUNIUM i
BUST OF SOCRATES facing 6
YOUTHS PRACTISING ATHLETIC EXERCISES UNDER A
wcuSoT/H/fys ...... facing IO
SCENE IN AN ATTIC SCHOOL . . . facing 18
OLYMPIA (RKSTORED) 21
5i0&?/m 24
CORYBANTES ......... 26
vii
INTRODUCTION1. Life of Plato
PLATO was born in Aegina probably in 427 B.C. His
real name was Aristocles, and he won the name bywhich he is known to us either from his broad forehead
or from the broadness of his shoulders, developed bythe training of the gymnasium in which he was early
an adept. Tradition further makes him a winner at
the Isthmian games. His is probably the best known
case, except, perhaps, Voltaire, where a sobriquet has
quite replaced the real name of a man (for Homer maybe the name of a syndicate, and assumed names like
Boz and Elia have not made us forget the real namesof the authors). A truer comparison is afforded by the
instances of some of the Italian painters ; comparativelyfew are intimate with the names of Allegri, Vannucci, or
Robusti, to whom the names and pictures of Correggio,
Perugino, or Tintoretto are well known. So Aristocles,
the son of Ariston, began to be known in his own lifetime,
and has continued ever since to be known, as Plato.
The certain facts of his life are very few;his genuine
works give us no information about himself; his nameoccurs only once in the dialogues (the Apology}. His
youth and early manhood were spent in the troublous
times of the Peloponnesian War, and he may like a
good citizen have taken part in the fighting, as his
brothers Glaucon and Adeimantus did. But we hearof him as a would-be poet, and certain graceful epigrams
X CRITO
survive to this day which bear his name in the Greek
Anthology. He even was the author of a Tragic
Tetralogy which was to be performed at the Dionysia.But poetry was not to be his career
;an event occurred
(probably in 407) which made him burn his poems he
met Socrates. He now became the studious and dutiful
disciple of the extraordinary teacher;he was with him
at his trial, and suggested to Socrates to propose the
counter-assessment of 30 minae which he and his friends
were to pay. With the death of his master he felt that
Athens was no place for him, and made his way to
Megara, where he stayed with the philosopher Eucleides,like him a disciple of Socrates. From here he travelled
to Cyrene and Egypt, returning to Athens about 394.His extensive journeyings are a marked contrast to the
conduct of Socrates who would scarcely go beyond the
city walls, and never left Athens except at the call of
military duty. Plato s travels took him through MagnaGraecia, where he came in contact with the Pythagorean
philosophers, and about 387 B.C. he paid his first visit
to Sicily ;here under the auspices of Dion he was
introduced to the tyrant of Syracuse, the elder Dionysius.But his views were unpalatable to the despot, whocontrived that he should be sold as a slave in the
market of Aegina, his native island. He almost methis end from the violence of the inhabitants who were
mad with rage against the Athenians. From this
dangerous position he was rescued by one Anniceris,
an Athenian, who ransomed him;on his return to
Athens he founded his great school in the grove of
Academus, beyond the Dipylon gate to the north-west
of Athens.
Here he had among his pupils the most brilliant
intellects of Athens, or, in fact, of Greece Aristotle,
Demosthenes, Lycurgus, and others;but it was a small
and exclusive band we are told how even the brilliant
Eudoxus was repelled when he would have been a
pupil, and the abstruseness of the lecturer s discourses
INTRODUCTION XT
was not calculated to enlist the attention of any but
the most enthusiastic followers. This period is inter
rupted by two visits to the court of the younger
Dionysius (probably in 367 and 361), but they were
as unfortunate as the first visit to Sicily, and the ardour
which the young Platonists evinced for the cause of
Dion did good neither to Plato nor Dion. Plato died
in 347 at the age of eighty, according to tradition
ending his days peacefully at a marriage feast.
Probable dates of Plato s life :
B.C.
Born ......... 427Met Socrates ....... 407Trial and death of Socrates ..... 399Plato travels to Megara, Cyrene, and Egypt . . 399~394First visit to Sicily 387
Opens School of Academy ..... 386Second visit to Sicily ...... 367Third visit to Sicily 361Death of Plato 347
2. Trial and Death of Socrates
The end of the Peloponnesian War, bringing the
downfall of Athens, was marked by a strong and not
unnatural reaction against the popular party, associated
as it was in men s minds with the humiliation of the
city. But the excesses of the oligarchs under Critias
led to their speedy overthrow, and under Thrasybulus,
and, among others, Anytus, the democracy was re
established. The moderation and good sense with
which the democrats marked their triumph were the
marvel of historians, but unfortunately were not lasting,
and in 399 B.C. we find the best and wisest of the
Greeks made the object of an attack in the law-courts
and sentenced to death.
The accusers were Meletus, a young tragic poet,
Anytus,1 a commercial man and a politician, and Lycon,
1Anyti reus, Hor. S. II. iv. 3.
Xll CRITO
a rhetorician. Meletus is ostensibly the leader of the
prosecution, but really it was Anytus who was felt to
be the inspiring force. He was an honest enough manin his way, who felt, no doubt, that the teacher of such
foes of democracy as Critias and Alcibiades was a
danger to the constitution which his own efforts haddone so much to restore
;he also had a private wrong
to redress, for Socrates had been getting hold of his
son and teaching him that there were higher and better
things in the world than following his father s professionof leather-selling. Meletus as a poet and Lycon as a
rhetorician might feel bound to stand up for the dignityof their professions, for Socrates had exposed to ridicule
especially those who could not give an account of the
principles on which they conducted their own professions.
The charges brought against Socrates l were that he
was guilty of wrongdoing in corrupting the young, and
in teaching disbelief in the gods accepted by the city,
and in introducing new divinities. Such truth as lay
in the indictment lay in its last clause, and referred to
Socrates belief in the mysterious Sai/Jioviov or super-
naturarmonitor in his own breast, which prevented himfrom taking certain courses of action. But in religious
observance Socrates was most punctilious, and the value
of the accusation that he corrupted the young might be
tested by such passages as the I3th chapter of the
Crito.
The trial took place in one of the ordinary courts of
the Heliaea, and was an dywf TI/^TOS (to be assessed ),
i.e. there was no definite penalty, but the court had
to decide not only as to the guilt or innocence of the
accused, but, if guilty, what penalty he should undergo.There is little doubt that if Socrates had suggested some
penalty like exile, the court would have gladly accepted
it, but by proposing either that he should be kept at the
public expense in the Prytaneum or should pay a fine
of 30 minae he secured his doom, and by a majority of
1Apol. 24 B.
INTRODUCTION xiii
sixty was not only found guilty, but was sentenced to
drink the hemlock.
The death sentence could not be immediately carried
into effect, for the garlands had just been placed uponthe sacred vessel which was to pay its annual pilgrimage
Rock-dwelling at Athens called Prison of Socrates.
to Delos, and until its return no state criminal could be
executed. On this occasion the ship was absent for
thirty days, and just before its return Crito paid the
visit recorded in this dialogue to urge for the last time
that Socrates should escape. Socrates gave as his
answer his ideal of the duty of a good citizen, andrefused to break the city s laws. The closing scene of
his life is described in the final chapters of the Phaedo,the dialogue which records his last discourse with his
friends, when he reasoned to them on the immortalityof the soul. Himself the only unmoved member of
that little gathering, in which the very jailer could not
repress his emotion, he drank the poison cup cheerfully,and grew gradually numb till his death. His last words
were, Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius ;for to
him death came as a Healer, and his gratitude was to
be shown to the God of Healing.If the authors of Socrates death hoped to stamp out
the spirit of Socrates teaching, no step that they could
have taken would less have secured that result. The
martyrdom of their master stimulated his disciples to
carry on his work;Socrates in fact became almost a
sacred symbol, and many new ideas not included in his
teaching gained their popularity by being attributed to that
revered name. The democracy that had condemned himsoon repented ;
and good reason had they to repent, for
by the execution of the teacher they had given vitality to
his teaching, which, when carried to its natural con
clusion, inculcated a cosmopolitanism which cut at the
very root of the institutions of the city state.
But however great our admiration for the greatestof the Christians before Christ, we must not shut our
eyes to the fact that there was something to justify the
conduct of the democracy. Re-established in a tenure
of power which they could by no means feel to be
secure, they might well fear the influence of one whocensured such a cherished democratic institution as
election by lot. Were they to choose between Anytusand Socrates Anytus the champion of the gloriousrevolution of a few years back, and Socrates the friend
or the teacher of that very Critias against whose im
moderate rule that revolution was directed, or of that
Alcibiades who had conspired against their cherished
constitution ? At such a time a questioning spirit was
dangerous ; heterodoxy was almost treason;and when
INTRODUCTION XV
they saw this strange teacher and his disciples criticising
ideas and institutions which seemed first principles to
them, they would feel that indeed these men had set
the world upside down, and feeling so would do their
best to remove the danger from their midst.
3. The Crito
This dialogue goes closely with the Euthyphro,
Apology, and Phaedo, all of which deal with the trial
and death of Socrates, coming as the third in what is
the only real tetralogy of Plato s works, the attemptsto group the others in the same way being somewhat
fanciful. We have no evidence as to the date of its
composition, but merely know that it must have followed
the Apology, for there are allusions J in it to passagesin the Apology ; if it is asserted that the references
may be not to Plato s account of Socrates defence but
to the actual defence itself, it can be replied that the
references in the Crito do not tally with the defence
as recorded by Xenophon.The dialogue is so simple and direct that it needs
no analysis. The scene is Socrates prison ;the time
is the day before the arrival of the sacred vessel whosereturn to Athens will be the signal for the execution
of the condemned man. The speakers are Socrates
and his rich friend Crito, who has arranged for his
escape, and urges the claims of children and friends
upon Socrates, who refuses to comply, on account of
the obedience which as a loyal Athenian he owes the
state. The attitude that he here adopts is the best
possible defence of Socrates against the charges levelled
at him. He, condemned to death for a supposeddisregard of the observances of his country, not only
enjoins obedience to the laws, but is ready to die rather
than disobey them, even by a breach which it is clear
would have been sanctioned by the current opinion of
1 See Crito 45 B, 52 c ; and cf. Apol. 37 D and 37 B, c.
xvi CRITO
the respectable people of his time. He, accused of
corrupting the youth of Athens, sets before them an
ideal of political virtue that has never been superseded.To him residence in a state under the protection of a
state is equivalent to a compact to obey the laws of
that state. Hut Socrates was aware of the objectionthat might be urged : how if you disapprove of the
laws ? Then it is the duty of the citizen to try to getthe law altered
;it is not his place to disregard it as
long as it is there. He has the alternative7}
Trei^eiv
V)TTOULV. But to Socrates his continued residence is
a ratification of his approval.
Socrates, so far from adopting an attitude antagonistic to the laws, is their heartiest champion, and a
martyr for their cause. He felt that the injustice of
his sentence was due to the men who misinterpretedthe laws, not to the laws themselves. Twice in his
career he had set an example himself of heroic championship of law and justice, and his death was to be the
final and triumphant vindication of his life and teaching.The dramatic power of Plato presents us with a new
Apologia, but it is not Socrates that is on his defence,
it is the laws of Athens who are on their defence, and
by a powerful piece of imagination are made to pleadin their own person ; they plead against a great wrongthat may be done them, if Crito and his friends carrythe day and induce Socrates to escape, and they pleadso successfully that Crito can find no answer.
Next to this idea which pervades the Crito, the idea
of the absolute obedience which the true citizen owes
to the laws of his fatherland, to which he must be
faithful unto death, the feature of the dialogue which
most arrests our attention is Socrates attitude towards
popular opinion. The many will say so and so is
to him no argument. The opinion of the one man whoknows is worth far more than the opinion of the manywho do not know. If we suffer from any ailment wedo not regard the advice of the multitude who know
(M 941 )
INTRODUCTION XV11
nothing about medicine, but we follow the directions
of the medical expert. Why, then, in moral questions,
asks Socrates, should we consider the force of public
opinion ? We should rather follow the direction of
the one man who knows, the</DOI I/XOS,
as Aristotle
calls him. It is the old war that in artistic matters
is waged between critic and public. Socrates would
feel with Verdi
When at his worst opera s end
(The thing they gave at Florence what s its name ?)
While the mad houseful s plaudits near out-bangHis orchestra of salt-box, tongs, and bones,He looks through all the roarings and the wreaths,Where sits Rossini patient in his stall.
1
An opinion is not made right because many hold it.
Weight is not numbers. The many may be able to
condemn to death, but they have no inexpugnableclaim to Tightness of opinion. Vox populi is vox
Populi.
1Browning, Bishop Blougram s Apology, which, it must be
remembered, was written before Verdi s greatest works.
(M941)
Sunium.
KPITQN[rt nept npAKTeoY* HGIKOC]
TA TOT AIAAOrOT JIPOZflllA
SflKPATHS, KPITON
I
Crito appears in the prison where Socrates is confined, and tells him that the sacred vessel hasbeen sighted at Sunium on its way back fromDelos.
, w Kpirtov ;Ti Tijm/cdSe
ov Trpto ert eariv ;
KP. TLdwjj,ev ovv
2 IIAATONOS I 43 A
s KP. *Op0po? fiaOvs.
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. Apri Se rj/ceis rj 7rd\ai ;
KP. ETTtet/cw? TraXat.
SO. Etra 7TW9 ou/c ev0vs eTrtfyeipd? fie, BaXXa 0*^7/7 7raparcd07]crai, ;
is KP. Ou /xa rbv Ata, w %a)KpaTes ouS az/
aura? ii9e\ov ev ToaavTr) re dypVTrvla Kal
\VTry elvai. dXXa /cat croO iraXai
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TO)/3t,(p rjv&aL/jiovio-a TOV Tpoirov, rroXv 8e
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2n. Kal 7^ az^, w Kp/rw^,
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KP. Kal aXXot, w ^(OKpaTes, Trf\iKovTOi ev C
av^opal^ a\i(TKOVTai, aXX ov&ev
eVtXuerat ?; rjXiKia TO firj ov%l dyavaK-
3o Tea/ r Trapovo-y. "EcrTi TavTa. aXXa rt S oi/rw
KP.
T^, ou crot, fo>9 eyaol (/>aiWrat,aXX* eyu-ol /cat
35 TO49 <70t9 eTTiTToeiois TTCiCFiv Kal a\e7rrV Kal
II 44 B KPITfiN 3
fiapeiav, r)v eyco, co? e/xol BOKW, ev rot? /3apv-
TCLT civ
SO. Two, TavTijv ; r) TO 7r\olov a
e/c A^Xoy, ov Bel d(f)iKOfjievov reOvdvai fie ;
D KP. Ov TOL Bij d(f>iKTai,d\\a BOKCL /J,ev 40
fJLOi Tj!;lV TTj/JLCpOV % WV CL7ra^e\\OVO lV JJKOV-
T69 TtZ^e? CLTTO 2.OVVIOV KCLl KaTa\.l7TOVT<} K6l
avro. Br)\ov ovv etc rovrcov TWV dyyeXwv, on
Tj^ei TYjfjiepov,KOI dvdyKTj &rj et9 avpiov ecrrai,
, rov ftiov ere re\vrdv. 45
II
Socrates records a vision which leads him to believe
that the execution of the death-sentence will be
deferred yet one day.
AXX , co Kpircov, TV^TJ dja0fj. el
ravrrj rot? Oeols $i\ov, ravrrj eVro). ov
fievrot, ol/JLCii rj^ecv avro
KP. H60ev TOVTO
fl. E-yo) O-QL ep&. rfj ydp TTOV varepaa s
Belfjie aTToOvyo-Kew rj rj dv e\0rj TO TT\OLOV.
KP. Oacrt<ye
TOI Brj ol TOVTWV Kvpioi.
^fl. Ou TOLVVV TT}? eTTLOvcn]^
avro rj^eiv, d\\a TT}? erepas.Be e/c TWO? evwirviov, o ect)parca o\L^ov Trpo-
I0
Tepov TavTr\^ TT}? VVKTOS. KOI Kiv>vveveLS ev
"
f* K^pt*) TLVI OVK eyeipai fie.
KP. *]lv Be Brj TL TO evvTTViov ;
Sfl. ESo/cet rt? fjLOi <yvvrj TTpocreXOovcra Ka\r)B KOI eveiBijs, \evicd ifjiaTia e^ovcra, /caXeVat
fjue 15
IIAATONOS II 44
rea eiTreiv a) (D/cpare^, ij/juar icev Tpirrq)^OlTJV epi/3a)\OV LKOiO.
KP. "AroTrov TO evvirviov, o> ^COKpares.
ovv, W9 ye JJLOI So/eel, &>
Ill
Crito urges upon Socrates to escape, for his refusal
to do so will be misinterpreted by" the many,"
who will attribute it to the apathy of his friends.
Socrates advises him not to value the opinion of
the many.iO 3
KP. Aiav ye, &>? eouicev. a\\\ w Sat/Movie
2ft>tf/3aT69,Tl KOI VVV CfJbol TTeiOoV KOI
w? e/W, eav av aTroOdvys, ov /j,ia
ecmv, d\\a%&>/3t9 pey crov eo-repfjaOai,, TOIOV-
s rov eTriTrj&eiov, olov eya) ov&eva /XT; Trore evptj(7(o,
eri Be teal TroXXofc Soa), 01 ete Kal ere
icrcKriv, a>9 oto9 r wv ere (rcp^ew, el C
dva\io-/ceiv ^prj^ara, d/jL\f)crcu. icai
TOL rt9 av alo-^icov eirj Tavrrj? &oj;a rj So/tew
10 %prf/JLaTa Trepl 7r\elovos iroielaOai, rj <f>i\ov<?;
ov yap Treiaovrat, ol TroXXot, 009 crv avros OVK
rjOeXfjaas cnrikvai evflevSe r)fj,wv 7rpo6v/jLov/ji,evci)v.
Sn. AXXa ri rj/j,lv,w paicdpie Kpirayv,
ovrco r^9 rwv 7ro\\o)v Sof?79 fJieXei, ; ol yap15 eTTiei/ceo-TaToi, wv jjuaXXov afyov (frpovrl^etv,
rjyijo-ovrai avrd ovrco ireirpa^Oai,, cocrTrep av
KP. *AXX*6pa<$ >rj
OTL dvdy/cr}, co ^co/cpares,D
/cal r9 TWV 7ro\\a)v ^079 jieXeiv. avra 8e
IV 45 A KPITfiN 5
ofj\a ra rrapovra vvvi, on oloi r elcrlv ol 20
TroXXol ov ra o-at/cporara rwv Ka/cwv egepyd-
%ea-0ai, a\\a ra aeyiara o-%e$6v, edv ns ev
aurot? BiapepXrjuevos fj.
SO. Et jyap wfyekov, w Kplrwv, oloi r
elvai ol TroXXot ra fjbeyicrra /ca/ca epyd^ecrOaL, 25
wa oloi r r}o~av teal dyaOa ra /jLeyiara, fcal
/caXco? av el%ev vvv Se ovoerepa oloi re- ovre
<yap (frpovLfjLOVovre
a<j)povaSvvarol
e rovro 6 n av
IV
Crito urges further reasons : it will take but little
money to silence the sycophants, and Socrates
will receive a warm welcome in his exile.
E KP. Tavra ^ev Srj ovra)$ e^era)- rd&e 8e,
^coicpares, elrre uoi,. apd ye prj epov rrpo-
/cal rcov aXXcov Imr^eiwv , /JLTJ,edv av
etfeXOys, ol crvicofydvrai T)/JLIV rrpdy^arao>? ere evOevSe eKKKe^racnv, /cal 5
dvayKao-0a)p,ev rj Kal rraa-av rrjv overlav drro-
f$a\elv r) o-v^vd xprfuara, r)/cal aXXo ri
45 Touroi? rraOelv ; el ydp ri roiovrov|
(
eacrov avrb ^aipetv rjfjieis ydp rrov
ecraev o-OMravres ere Kivbvveveiv rovrov rov I0
icai, edv Bey, eri rovrov fiei^w. aXX
ireiOov Kal urj aXXw? rroiei.
^O. Kal ravra TrpourjOovaai, w Kpircov,
l aXXa TroXXa.
6 IIAATflNOZ IV 45 A
, 5KP. MT;T rolvvv ravra (f)o/3ov Kal yap
ovBe TTO\V rdpyvpiov ecmv, o 6e\ovai> \aftovres
Tives (rwcrai ae KOI e^ayayeiv evOevbe. eTreira
OV% 0/5&9 TOVTOVS TOl/9<TVKO(f)dvTaS Ct>9 LT6\et9,
Kal ovbev av Seot eV avrovs TTO\\OV dpyvpiov ;
20 crol Be V7rdp%ei /j,ev ra efia xpij/jLara, &>9 eya*
dlfj,ai, l/cavd eVetra KOI el TL efiov KTjSo/jLevos B
OVK oiet, Selv dva\i<TKei,v rd/jid, %evoi ovrot ev-
0d$e erot/iot dva\,i(TKeiv et9 Se Kal KeKOfJUicev
7T* avro TOVTO dpyvpiov iicavov, SiyLt/>tta9o T;-
25 /Baios* eroiyLto9 &e /cal Ke/3?79 /cal a\\oi, TroXXol
Trdvv. WCTTC, OTrep \eyco, /jbrjre ravTa(f>o/3ov-
fjievos dTTOKdfJLys cravrov crwcrat, yLt^re, oe\eye<$
ev TO)$i,KacrTr]pi(i), &vo-%epes (roi yevea-Qa), on
OVK av e^ot9 e^e\0(iov o TI%/3&>o
craura) ?roX-
3o Xa^oO /zez^ 7ap /cat aXXo<re, ovrot az/d<f)iKrj,
dyaTTijcrovai ere eav 8e /3ov\rj el? @erra\iav C
levai, elaiv e/Jiol eKel evoi, 01 ae irepl TroXXoO
TroirfcrovTai, Kal acrfyaXeiav croi Trape^ovrai, ware
ae jireva \virelv rcov Kara erra\Lav.
Crito entreats Socrates to think of his children : it
is his duty to live for their sake.
"Ert 8e, co ^coKpare^, ovBe Sltcaiov poi,
eTTixeipelv Trpdy/jia, aavTov irpobovvai, e%ov
v<>6r)vaiKal roiavra C77reu8et9 irepl cravrov
yeveaOai, direp av Kal ol e^Opoi aov (nreva-aiev
s re Kal eo-jrevaav ae SiatyOeLpai /3ov\o/Jievoi.
SOCRATESFrom the bust in the Capitolinc Museum
V 46 A KPITfiN
7T/309 rOVrOLS Ka TOU9 W669 TOU9 (TdVTOV
D e/jLOiye BoKels jrpoBiBbvai,, ovs croi ebv teal t
eK0peijrai, Kal eKTraiBevcrai, ol^aei KardXiTroov,
Kal TO (70V /Lt/}09,O rt a^ rV^WO-L, rovro TTpd-
%OV(Tl,V TV%OVTai &, O)9 TO el/COS, TOLOVTWV zo
oldirep eiwOev yiyveaQai ev Tat9 bpfyaviais irepl
TOU96p<f)avov<>. rj jap ov %prj iroieladai
7ratSa9, ^ o-vvBiaraXaLTrcopelv Kalrpe<povra
Kal
TraiSevovra" crv be poi SoKels ra paOv/jLorara
alpelaOat, %pr) 8e, avre/D av dvr)p dyaObs Kal J5
dvbpelos \ot,ro, ravra alpeicrOai, fydaKovrd ye
8?; dperij^ Sia Travrbs rov /3iov eVtyLteXetcr^at
W9 70)76 Acal UTre/) o-ou /cat uvrep TJ/JLWV rwv
E o wi eTriTTjBeiwv altj^yvofMai, /JLTJ &orj arrrav TO
TO Trepi ere dvavbpiq Tivl rfj fjfjLerepq 20
Kal rj etVoSo9 T7}9 3t/c?79 6t9 TO
a>9 elar)\6e<$ e%bv /jurj elaeKdelv, Kal
O ft)! T?)9 3^7/9 0>9 >yeVTO } Kal TO
re\vra2ov Srj TOVTL, wo-Trep KardyeXcos rfjs
7T^a^eo)9, KaKiq rtvl Kal dvavSpiq rfj r)/jiTepq 25
46 BiaTrefavyevat, r^as SoKelv, arrives ere ov^l
eo-oMTa/jLev ovBe av aavrov, olbv re ov Kal Svva-
TOV, el TL Kal fjiiKpbv r]fJLO)v o(/)eXo9 %v. ravra
ovv, a> So)/paT69, opa pr) a/xa TCO KaKw Kal
ala-^pa fjcroi re Kal r]fuv. d\\d {3ov\evov, 3o
fjLa\\ov Be ovSe j3ov\eve(r0ai, eri wpct, d\\d
(BeftovXevirOai,. /j,ia Be {3ov\t] T^9 yap eTTiov-
(7779 VVKTOS Trdvra ravra Bel rreirpa^Oai. el S*
en irepi^evovfjiev, dBvvarov Kal ovKen olbv re.
d\\d rravrl rpbrrw, o> ^wKpares, rreLOovJJLOI 35
Kal jLrjBajLW? aXXo>9 Trolei.
HAATfiNOS VI 46 B
VI
Socrates says that it has always been his principle to
attach value to the views of the wise only.
crov TroX- B
\ov d%ia, el fjuera TWOS 6p0oT7)Tos ei ?;* el Be
fir), ocrti) /jLelfav, TOCTOVTW %a\e7ra)Tepa. G-KO-
Trelcrdai ovv %pr) rj/jia^, etre ravra Trpatcreov
5 etre fAr} 0)9 6700 ov /JLOVOV vvv, a\\a Kal del
TOIOVTOS, olo? TWV
r) TO) \6yco, 09 av
(fraivrjrai,. rovs Se \6yovs, 01)9 eV rc5 e
aOev e\yov, ov ^vva^iai vvv K/3a\,LV,
10 /xot jj&e rj rv^rj yeyovev, d\\a v^ebov TI O/JLOLOI
fyalvovral /JLOI, Kal Tot>9 avrovs Trpecrfleva) /cal C
TI/JLW, ovcnrep Kal Trporepov wv eav fir) fte\Tia>
e^w^ev \eyet,v ev rco irapovTi, ev Ia6i on ov
fjirjcroi
<rvyxa)pr)(r(i),oi)S av TrXeta) rwv vvv
15 TrapovTcov rj ra)v 7ro\\a)V
/jLopfJLo\VTT rjraL, Secr/jLovs Kal
Kal ^ptj/jLarcov dtyaipeaeis. 7ra)9
ovv dv /jLerpiwrara crKOTroifjieda avrd ; el Trpco-\ ^ v -\ -\ r /O A ^
TOV /Jiev TOVTOV rov \oyov avaX-apoifjuev, ov av
20 \eyeis Trepl rwv Soi^cov, Trorepov /ca\co9 eXeyero
eKdcrrore r) ov, OTI rals fjiev Sel rcovSo^a>v
Trpocre-^eiv TOV vovv, ra?9 3e ov* r) Trplv fjuevD
e/jLeBelv d7ro6vrj<7Keiv Ka\a)<; eXeyero, vvv Se
Kard$r)\o<; dpa eyevero, on aX\a)9 eveKa \6yov
25 eXeyero, rjv $e Trailed Kal (j)\vapia &>9
eTTiOv/jLO) 8* eyooy* eTrio-Ke^raaOai) a>
Kowfj fjierd o~ov, ei TI /JLOL aXXotorepo9 <f>avelTat,,
VII 47 B KPITfiN
w8e e^a), rjo avros, ical edcropev yai-
peiv TI TreiaofjieOa avrco. eXeyero Be TTOJ?, o>9
eytofJLCU, KdcTTOT O)Se V7TO TWV OlO^kvWV Ti 30
\eryeiv) coaTrep vvv Brj eya) eXeyov, OTL TCOV
Bogwv, a? ol avOpWTTOi, $oj;d%ovcriv, &eoi ra?
E7Tpl TToXXoO 7TOiLO-0ai, Ttt? &6
fJLT).TOVTO
Oewv, a> Kpircov, ov Sorcel AraXco? CTOL \eyecr6cu ;
(TV yap, oaa ye ravOpooireia, eVro? el rov peXXeiv 35
47 aTToOvycnceiv|avptov, KOI OVK av <re irapaicpovoi
i) Trapovcra crv^^opd. arcoTrei, &i
So/eel <JQI \eyea~0ai, OTL ov Tracra?
TWV dvdpa)7ro)V Ti/Jiav, d\\d ra? f^ev, ra? o
ou ; rt</>77?
; ravra ov%l /caXw? \eyerat, ;
KP. KaXw9.
SO. QVKOVV ra? /iez^ %prjo-Ta<; rifjLav, ra?
KP. Nat.
SO. Kprjcrral oe ov% at rwv<f)povi/j,a)vt
45
TTovrjpal Be al r&v d
KP. Hw? 3 ov
VII
If it were a case of athletic training, we should onlyvalue the opinion of the trainer.
,,
?to SO. $e^e S?j, 7TW9 at> ra rotaOra e\eyero ;
Byv/jLva6fjLevo<; dvrjp KOI rovro Trpdrrwv irorepov
7rai/ro9 dvBpo? eiraivy /cal ^royw TOV vovv
Trpocre^ei, rj evos fiovov etceivov, 09 av Tvy%dvr)
larpbs TI 7ra(,SoTpi/3rjs wv ; s
KP.f
Ez^o9 /JLOVOV.
io nAATf>NOS VII 47 B
SO. OVKOVV(f)o/3ei<70ai,
Kal do-Trd^eaOai, Toi>9 eTraivovs rou? rov ez/09
eKeivov, d\\a[JLT] Toi>9 TWV TroXXwz/.
KP. ATjXa 8/7.
SO. TauT?; a^a avray Trpa/creov Kal<yv/j,va(r-
reov Kal e&ecrreov ye Kal iroreov, fjav rcS evl
rc3 eTTLo-rdrrj Kal eTralovTi, fjioXXov fj fj
rot?
KP. "Ecrri
Sn. EZei^. aTreiOrjo-as 8e TO) >t /cal
art/zacra? avrov rrjv $6j;av Kal rovs eTratvov?,
6 TOl 9 TWZ^ 7TO\\a)V \OJOVS Kal fJ,7]SeVC
, apa ov&ev KaKov Treiaerat, ;
KP. Ha)?7a/>
01; ;
SO. Tt 8 eCTTfc TO KaKOV TOVTO / /CCtl TTOt
relvei, Kal et? rt TWZ^ rov cnreiOovvTOS ;
KP. rj\ov on et9 TO crwyLta- TOVTO yap
25 SO. KaXw9 Xeyet9. OVKOVV Kal TaXXa, co
KpiTcov, OVTCOS,r
iva pr) rcavra Sucofiev, Kal $r)
Kal Trepl T&v SiKaicov Kal dSiKcov Kalalo"%pcov
Kal Ka\wv Kal dyaOwv Kal KaKwv, Trepl wv vvv
?) j3ov\rj rj/jbtv ICTTLV ; TTOTepov TTJ TWV TroXXa)^ D3 8of?7 Set ?;/ia9 eVecr^ai Kal fyoftelcrOai, avTijv, 7)
TTJ TOV ez^o9, et Tt9 ecTTiv eTratwv, ov 8et /cal
rj
eKelvo Kal \G)/3rjo-6fjLe0a, o T&>
35 SiKaiM (3e\Tiov eyiyveTO, TO)
fjov&ev eo-TL TOVTO ;
KP.
VIII 48 A KPITON ii
VIII
If we attach this importance to expert opinion where
the body is concerned, how much more ought weto do so where the soul is to be considered.
SO.<&epe By, eav TO VTTO TOV vyieivov
/ji6V fie\Tiov <yiyv6/jivov,VTTO TOV voaajBovs Be
Sia^Oeipofjievov ^to\eo-w^ev ireiOofjievoi fj,r) rfj
E TWV eiralovTwv Bo^rj, apa ftiwrov r^jtlv eanv
Bie(j)dapfjLevov avrov ; ean Be TTOV rovro TO 5
r) OV%L ;
KP. Not .
A>* ovv ICOTOV TUV ecrTiv
KP.
Sfi. AXXa yu-er*. Keivov ap* TJ
BietyOapfjLevov, w TO aBi/cov fjLev \wf3aTai, TO
8e Btfcaiov ovivrjcriv ; r) (f)av\OT pov r)yov/jLe6a
elvai TOV (rco/xaro? eicelvo, o TL TTOT eVrl TWV
48| r)[ATepa)v, Trepl o rf re aBiKia Kal
rj Bi/caiocrvvr] I5
KP.
SO. AXXaKP. rioXu 76.
^fl. OVK apa, w /3eXTcrT6, Trdvv rjfMV OVTW 20
(f)povTHTTeov, TL epovcnv ol TroXXol TUJLCL^, aXXo rt o eTratwv Trepl TWV Bircaiwv Kal dBiKcov,
o 66?, Kal avTr) rj d\^9eia. cocrre Trpwrov /jLev
TavTrj OVK opdws elcnjyel, elcnyyov/jLevos r>}9TWV
TToXXwz/ 00^779 Setz^ rjfjids d>povTi<Zeiv Trepl TWV 25
12 HAATONOS VIII 48 A
Kal Ka\)V KOI dyaOwv KOI
evavricov. aXXa /j,ev Bij, <f>at,7) 7* av ris, oloi
re el&iv rjnas ol TroXXot airoKTivvvvai.
KP. A?}Xa Brj Kal raOra*<f>aivj yap av, &>
30
OVT09 re o Xo^o?,
bo/cei en 6/jLoios elvai Kal Trporepov Kal rovBe
av (TKOTret,, el CTI p,evei TJ/JLCV r) ov, on, ov TO
35 ^v 7rep^ TrXetcrrou Troirjreov, dXXa TO ev ffiv.
KP. AXX<i
To Se ev Kal ^aXw? Kal SiKaicos onravrov earns, ^vei rj ov pevet ;
IX
The only question to be considered is whether a
course of action is right or wrong, and if
necessary one must die, not considering money or
friends or duty to children.
. OvKOVV K TWV OfJLoXojOV^eVCOV TOVTO
ov, TTorepov ^>iK.aiov e/jue evQevSe TreipaaOat,
/JLTJ dfyievrwv AOyvaucov, fjov SiKaiov C
Kal eav jjbev (fraivrjrai, SiKaiov, 7reip(t)/Jie6a,el Be
s fjirj, ew/jiev. a? Be crv \eryeis ra? aKtyeis Trepl
re dva\(t)(7ec0<; ^prj/jLarcDV Kal Bogrjs Kal TratBcovin \f -V/3^ ** *
.* Tpo<pr)$, /jurj a)? aXrjuws ravra, a)
a-Ke^fJLara y rwvpaBia)<;
aTroKTivvvvrcov Kal*^r^ >/o / >v f / ^\
avapiQ)(TKOfjLeva)v 7 av, ei OLOU r rjaav, ovoevl
10 crvv va*, TOVTCOV TCOV TTO\\WV. rjjMv B*,
6 \6yos oi/T&)9 alpel, firj ovBev aXXo <7K7TTeov
X 49A KPITfiN 13
TI rj orrep vvv Brj eXeyo/jiev, rrbrepov BiKaia
irpd^o^ev KOI xptjfjiara re\ovvre<; rovrois rot?
DeyLte
evQevBe e%d%ovaiv Kalyapira<$>
ical avrol
etfdyovres re Kal e^ayopevoi, r) rrj d\7j0eia J5
d$i,Kijaro/jLei>irdvra ravra troiovvres KCLV
<t>aiva>-
fji0a aSi/ca avra epya^o/jievot^ /JLTJov Serj V7ro\oyi-
^ecrOai ovr el dTroBvycncew Bel
KOI rivvyiav ayovras, ovre a\\o OTLOVV Trd
irpo rov d&i/ceiv. 20
KP. KaXw? pev poi, So/cet? \eyew, <u
opa Se ri Spay/iev.
OTTM/jiev, a) dyaOe, fcoivfi, Kal el irrj
dvTiXeyeiv e/jiov Keyovros, dvrfaeye, KaL
E crot Treio-o^ai el Befirj,
Travaai rjBrj, w /jbaKapie, 25
TroXXa/a? fjiot \eya)v rov avrov \6yov, a>9 %pr)
evOevBe CLKOVTCDV AOrjvat&v e/j,eaTTievai a>?
eja) Trepl TTO\\OV iroiov/jLat Tretcrat ae, d\\a
fir) CLKOVTOS Tavra TTpdrrciv. opa Be Brj rrj?
a :e^rea>? rrjv dp^r)v t edv GOI iKavcos \eyr)rai,t 30
49 Kal TreipS) diroKplveaOai, |
TO epa)Ta)/jLevov, y av
KP. A\Xa Treipdcro/jLai.
Injustice is always wrong : therefore even the victim
of unjust treatment must not attempt to repay it.
. QvBevl rpoTTw (f>a/jLveKovras dBiKrjreov
elvai, T) Tivl fjiev dBiKijTeov rpoTry, TLV\ Be ov ;
rf ovBafjL&s TO 76 dBiKetv ovre dyaOov ovre
$a\6v, ft)? 7roXXa/ct9 rj/ilv Kal ev To5
14 HAATONOS X 49 A
s %pov<p a)/Jio\oyijdij ; r) Tracrat r^Liv eicelvai, at
TTpoaQev ofJLO\oyLaL ev ratcrSe rat? o\iyai<; r]^e-
pai<s eK/ce^v^evat elaiv, /cal TraXat, a>
apa r^XttfotSe cMpe? TTpos aXX^X.ou?
SiaXeyo/Aevoi, eXdOo/jiev r^as avrov? Tral&wv B
10 ov&ev&ia<f)epovTs ; rj TTCLVTOS fia\\ov OVTCOS
e^L &(77rep rore \eyTO rjiuv, eire<f>acrlv
of
7ro\\ol eire fir}, KOI etre Set 7?//,a9 en
%a\e7ra)T6pa 7rda%iv elre KCLI jrpaorepa,TO 76 dSitcelv TO) dSi/covvri /cal Kaicov ical atcr-
15 xpov rvy^dvcL bv Travrl rpoTra) ;<j>a/jLev rj ov ;
KP.3>a/ieV.
2n. OuSa/xw? apa Set d
KP. Ov SJra.
apa20 ol TroXXol oiovrai, eVetSr; ^e ov&a/j,ws Set
KP. O. Tt 8e ST; ; Ka/coveiV Set,t, a>
77 of ;
2s KP. Ov Set S^TTOf, w Sco^:pares.
. Tt Se ; dvrifcaicovpyeiv fcatcws Tra-
, &)? ot TroXXot<j>a<nv,
Si/caiov rj ov
Sl/caiov ;
KP. OuSayitw?.
3 SO. To ^a^ TTOI; Kaic)<$ iroielv dv
TOV dbitcelv ovbev Sta^epet.
KP. AXyOv) Xe7et9.
SO. Oure a^a avraSifcelv Set ovre
TTOielv ov^eva dvOptoTrwv, ovS av ortovv
35 VTT avrwv. KOI opa, w Kpirwv, ravra
XI $0 A KPITfiN 15
D fj,o\oya)v, 07TW9 pr) Trapa Bo^av 0/^0X07179. ol&a
yap OTL 0X170^9 ricrl ravra /cal BoKl /cal So^ei.
ol9 ovv OVTCO BeSoKTat, Kal 0*9 //,?;, rourot9 ov/c
ecrrt KOivr) /3ov\ij, aXXa dvay/cTj TOVTOV? aXX^-\G)V
/caTa<f)poviv, opwvras aXX^Xwi/ ra /3ov\ev- 4
. (TKoirei BTJ ovv /cal (TV ev /jia\a nrorepov
Kal avvboKel croi, /cal dp%(t)/JL0a eV-
TV06V /3oV\VOfjLVOl,, ft>9OV&67TOT 6p6a)S %OVTO<;
OVT6 TOV CL&IK61V OVT6 TOV CLVTaSlKelv OVT
Ka/ccos iracryovTa afjivvecrOai avT&pwvra /caw9, 45
E?} d^idTacrai Kal ov Koivwvels rfj? dp^rjs e/jiol
fiev yap Kal iraXai ovra) /cal vvv en, $o/cei,
aol Be ei TTTJ a\\rj SeBofcrai,, \eye Kal StSaovce.
66 8 efjb/jieveis ro?9 TrpoaOe, TO /xera rovro
5o
KP. AXXfj,/jieva)
re Kal crvv$OKiIJLOI,
a \eje.
^H. Aeyco $r) av TO fjuera rovro, fjLa\\ov S
epcorco Trorepov a av Tt9 o[Jio\oyrjo-r) TW SiKaia
ovra TroiTyreov rj e^aTraTtjreov ; 5S
KP. TIoiijTeov.
XI
Socrates supposes the Laws personified to come to
him and expostulate with him if he intended to
escape.
E# rovrcov Srj aOpei. aTriovres evOevBe
50 17/^669 pr) Treio-avres rrjv TroXiv| Trorepov KaK&s
TIVCLS TTOiovfJLev, Kal ravra 01)9 rfKicrra Set, rj
ov ; Kal e/JL^evofiev ols
ovoruv r) ov ;
(M941)
16 IIAATftNOS XI 50 A
KP. OVK e^o), w2<a)KpaTes, aTro/cplvaaOai,
7T/309o epwras ov yap evvow.
. AXX a)Se (TKOTrei. el /j,e\\ov(n,v TJ/JLLV
elre dirobiSpdo-Keiv, eW O7ro>9 Set bvo-
10 /jbdaai, TOVTO, \,6ovres ol VO/JLOI, Kal TO KOIVOV
r/J9 ?roXeft)9 eVtcrraz/re? epoivro*" etVe yu-ot, w
2&)/cpare9, rt eV z/cS e^et? iroieiv ; a\\o n rj
rovro) T&5 epyqy, co eV^etpet?, $iavorj rovs re B
vofjiovs ?7/xa9 a7roXeo-at /cat crv^ircLdav rrjv 7r6\iv
15 TO <rov yLte/30? ; ^ So/cet crot oloi/ re er* e/cet-
^7;^ r^v irb\iv elvau Kal p,rj dvarerpdcfrOai,, ev
TI al yevb^evai, Si/cat, /j,r)&ev l&xvovatv, d\\a
VTTO ISicorwv dfcvpoi re yiyvovrai, Kal Sia(j)0L-
povrai ;
"
ri epov/j,ev, w Kptrwr, 77-^09 ravra
20 /cat a roiavra ;
aXX&)9 re /cat prjTcop, elirelv VTrep rovrov rov
vfJLevovt 09 ra9 3t/ca9 ra9 St/ca-
Trpoa-rdrrei Kvpias elvai,. 77 epov/j,ev
7T/309 avrovs, OTI r)$i/cei, <ydp rj^a^ 77 7roXt9 /^at C
25 OLA: bpOws rrjv Bl/crjv eKpivev ; ravra rj TI
KP. TaOra VTJ Ata, &>
XII
He would not attempt to do to his father or his
master, if he had one, what they did to him; but
his fatherland should be more to him than anyfather.
Sn. Tt ovv, av eiTrcocriv ol VO/JLOL*" w Sco-
rjKal Tavra a)fjLO\6
<
yr)TO r^y^iv T Kal
XII 5i A KPITfiX 17
crol, rj e/jL/jbeveiv rat? Sifcai? at? avrj
$L/cd%r) ;
"
el ovv avTtov Qavud^oi/jiev \e<yovTWV,
tcr&>? av eiTTOiev OTL"
co ^cotf/mre?, /?) Oavpa^e s
Ta \eyoava, aXX* aTTOKpivov, eTreior) /cal etwOas
^pricrOaiTO) epwrav re /cal airoKpiveo-Oai. (frepe
yap, ri ey/caXwv T^LIV /cal rfj TroXet e
aTToKkvvai ; ov Trpwrov [lev ere e
, Kal Si rj/jbwv e\dfjbftavev r^v ^repa aov 10
o Trarrjp Kal efyvrevcrev ere ; fypdcrov ovv rov-
rot? JUAWV, rot? vocals rot? Trepl rou? <ydfjbovs,
fJse/jb(j)r]TL fo>9 ov Ka\a)<? eyovcriv ;
"
ov fiefji^o-
p,ai, <f>airjv
av." d\\a rot? Trepl rrjv rov
rpocfrijv re /cal Trai^eiav, ev rj /cal av 15
; ijov /ca\M$ Trpoa-erarrov TJ/JLWV ol
67rl Tourot? Teray/jbevoi vo/jioi, TrapayyeX^ovTesrc3 Trarpl rw crco ere ev /jLOvcrifcfj KCLI yvava-
E crTL/cf} TraiSeveiv ;
"
/caXco?, (fralrjv av."
elev.
rjSe eyevov re /cal e^erpd^rj^ /cal eTraiSev- *
av i7TiV TTpWTOV /JLCV CO? OV%1
r]d6a Kal e/cyovos Kal c^ouXo?, auro?
re teal ol crol jrpoyovoi, ; Kal el TovO* ourco?
e^et, ap e% laov oiei elvai crol TO Si/caiov
/cal tliMv, Kal arr av rjueis ere eTri^eipwjjLev 25
iroielv, Kal crol ravra dvmroielv oiei oi/cacov
elvai ; ?} Trpos uV apa CTOL rov irarepa ov/c
e% icrov rjv TO Si/caiov Kal 77730?
CL aoi cov eTvy^avev, cbcrTe, ajrep
TavTa Kai dvTnroielv, ovTe KaKws d/covovTa 30
51 dvTiXeyetv ovTe TVTTTofMevov dvTLTVTTTetv ovTe
d\\a ToiavTa 7ro\\d TT^O? 8e rrjv TraTpiSa
apa Kal TOL>? VOJJLOV^ eaTai croi ; cocrre, eav ere
1 8 ILYATONOS XII 51 A
7ri^eipa)^v rj/jieis a7ro\\vvai, Bircaiovr)<yovp,evoL
35 elvau, Kal av $e ?;//,a9 roi>9 VO/JLOVS /cal rrjv
d^ 6(7ov Bvvaaai, eTrixeiprjcreis avra-
/cal<p7Jcrei<>
TCLVTCL TTOLWV Si/caia
Trpdrreiv, 6 rfj a\rjOela rrj<? aperi}^ eTTt/AeXo-
fjievos ; ?} ourco? el cro^)o?, wcrre \eXrjOev ere,
4o QTI /j,r)Tp6s re /cal Trarpos /cal rwv a\\a)v
TTpoyovcov aTrdvTwv TifJuaiTepov ecmvrj Trarpls
/cal crefjivoTepov /cal dyiGorepov /cal eV iiei^ovL B
fjioipa /cal Trapa 6eo2<; /cal trap* dvOpwTrow rot9
vovv e^ovai, Kal o-/3ecrOai, Set fcal fjiaXXov
45 VTrei/ceiv Kal Owireveiv TrarpiSa ^a\erjraivovcrav
fj Trarepa, Kalrj trelOew TJ Troielv a av KeKevrj,
Kal Trda^eiv, lav TL Trpoo-rdrTrj TraOeiv, rjcrv-
^iav ayovra, lav re TvirreaOai edv re &elo-0ai,
edv re et? 7r6\e/jiov dyrj rpwdrjo-o/jLevov rj airo-
50 6avov/jivov, TTOMjreov ravra, Kal TO
T60V OV&e \L7TT60V T7)V Ta^LV, d\\d Kal 6V
TroXe/xft) Kal ev SiKacrrrjpLO) Kal Travra^ov Troty- C
reov, a av K\evr) 77 TroXt? Kal rj irarpis, rj
55 TrelOeiv avrrjv fjTO BiKacov iretyvKe, ftid^ecrOai
8e ov% odiov ovT6 fjLrjTepa ovTe iraTepa, TTO\V Se
TOVTCOV Ti TJTTOV Trjv TTCiTpi&a ;
"
Ti
rrrpos TavTa, w KpiTcov ; dXrjOrj \eyew
VO/JLOVS rjov ;
60 KP.v
Eyuot<ye
XIII 52 A KPITON 19
XIII
If he had disapproved of them he should have gone
away, as he perfectly well might, to some other
state ; by remaining he practically professed his
willingness to be ruled by them.
SH. "
^KOTTCI roivvv, a)Sco/c/3aT69," (f>a1ev
av
tcr&)9 olvofjioi,,
"
el 7/yu,et9 ravra dX^ijOrj \eyo/j,ev,
OTL ov SiKaia 7/yLta9 eTTiy/eipets $pdv a vvv 7n-
yeipels. rjfjiels yap & yevvrfcravTes, eKOpetyavres,
TraibevcravTes, fMeraSovres dnrdvrwv wv oloi r s
D rj/jiev Ka\a>v crol Kal rot9 aXXot9 iraaiv 7ro\i-
7rpoayopevo/j,ev r<p e^ovcriav TreTroir)-
w rc3 /3ov\ofj,evw, eTrei&dv SOKL-
7 Kal iSrj rd ev rfj TroXet Trpdy^iara Kal
roi 9 vo/jiovs, u> av yJr) dpecrKW/jLev 7;yLtet9,o
\a/3ovra rd avrov aTnevai OTTOL dv
jBov\7)Tai. Kal oi)Set9 r)^(*)V ra)v vo^wv e/jLTro8a)V
ovS* dirayopevei,, edv re 7^9
et9 aTTOiKiav levai, elJJLTJ
re Kal 77 7ToXt9 ; edv re /^eroiKetv aXXocre 15
, levai eKelae, OTTOL dv /3ov\r)rai, e^ovraE Ta avrov. 09 3 dv V/JLWV Trapa/jLeivrj, Gpwv ov
rpoTrov 77//,et9 ra9 re t/ca9 SiKa^ofjiev Kal rd\\a
rrjv TTO\{,V SioiKOVfJiev, ijSrj (fra/JLev rovrov GD/JLO-
\oyr]Kevai epya) rj/^lv a dv 77/1669 KeXeixo/jLev 2o
ravra, Kal rovfJir) jreiOo/jievov 77)^77
dSi,Kiv, OTI T6 yevvrjrais ovo~iv rjuiv ov
TreiOerai, Kal on rpotyevcn, Kal on 0/^0X0
rjfilv TreLOeo-Oai ovre ireiOerai ovre ireLOei
52 el /tr) /ca\w9 n Troiov^ev irpondevrwv |r)/j,cov
20 HAATfiNOS KPITON XIII 52 \
teal OVK dypLO)? eTTiraTTovTwv Troielv a av
Ke\va)/jLev, aXXa e^tevrcov &VOLV ddrepa, rj
?;/-ta9 ^ iroi^lvy TOVTOJV ovberepa Troiel.
XIVSocrates had, most of all men, taken advantage of his
privileges as a citizen, and was therefore mostbound to obey the laws.
Sr; (j)a/j,ev/cal ae, Sco
eVefecr^at, eiTrep Trot^cr
/cal ov% rfKicTTa *K6r]valwv <re,a\\ Iv
yu-aXtcrra."el ovv eya) eiTroi/u* &ia ri Brj ;
s to-G)? av IJLOV 8tAca/&>9 fcaOdTTTOivro \eyovTes, on,
ev rot9 fjbd\L(TTa AOyvaicov eyai avrols coyao-
\oy7jtca)<; Tvy%dva) ravrrjv rrjv 6/Jio\oyiav. (fralev
yap av OTL"
S) Scotf/9are9, fieydXa r^iiv rovrcov B
T6K/uLijpid ecmv, on (TOi /cal r)/jiis rjpeafco/jiev
10 /calTI 7roXt9* ov yap av Trore TWV a\\cov
AOrjvalcov aTrdvTcov Bia^epovrco^ ev avrfj eVeS?;-
)Ltet9, elfJLr)
aoiia<$>epovrw<s ^pecrKev, /cal OVT
eirl Oecopiav TTCOTTOT* etc r^9 7ro\6co<i el~fj\0St
ovre a\\o(T ovSa/jbcxre, elIJLT)
Trot o-rparev-
, ovre aX\rjv aTro^Tj/jiiav CTTOL^CTO) TTCO-
, oxiirep ol aXXot dvdpcoTroi, 01)8 eiriOv/Jiia
a aXX?79 7roXea>9 ouSe d\\wv VOJACOV e\a/3ev
el&evai, aXXa rj/jieis<roi i/cavol rj^ev /cal
rj
r)fjiTepa 7roXt9* ovra)(r<f)o$pa r)/jid<; ppov, /cal C
20u>fjbo\oyei^
/caO rjuas TroXiTevcreaOai, ra re
aXXa /cal 7ratSa9 eV aur^ eVot^/crft), 609 dpecncov-
crot r^9 7roXe&)9. ert TOLVVV ev avrfj TT)
.
B
5
22 IUATON02 XIV 52 c
Sitcy e^TJv aoi<f>vyr)s TifJirjo-acrOai, el e/3ov\ov,
teal OTrep vvv d/covcrr)? r?}9 TroXeco? eV^et/?et9,
25 Tore efcovcrrjs Troifjo-ai. <rv e Tore /^e^ e/ca\-
\ci)7rlov &)? outf dyavafcrwv, el Seot reOvdvat
ae, d\\a ypov, 009<f)ii(76a, Trpo TT)? (frvyYJs
Odvarov vvv Se our eKeivovs TOU? \o<yovsala-
Xyvei, ovre rj/jiwv rwv VO/JLWV evrpeTry, eirc^eipcov
3o SicKfrOelpcu, TTpdrret,^ re aTrep av ^oOXo? (f)av\6- D
raro? irpd^eiev, aTroSiSpdo-Keiv Tri%ip>v irapa
ra? avvOrjKas re KOI ra9 ofJLO^o^La^, KaQ* a?
77yiuz>avveOov rjro\LTevecr6at. irp&Tov fj,ev
ovv
rjpJiv TOVT avTo aTrofCpivai, el d\rjOrj \eyojjLev
35 (frdcrKOVTes ere a)/jLo\oi
yr]Kevai TroKireveaOat, KCL@*
epyw, aXA, ov \oyw, rj OVK d\r]0t). TU
TT^O? ravra, a> Kpircov ; aXXo TI r)
0/10X07w/xez^ ;
KP. Avdy/crj, a) ^toKpares.^ *-\ Cf
> A -\ -v Q " * J. " * /) / V
4o Zil. AA.XO rt ovv av (paiev i] avvur^Ka^ ra?
^0,9 avrovs Kal 0/^0X07/0,9 Trapa/Baiveis,
VTTO dvdyKT]^ oyLtoXo7?;o-a9 oi)Se dTrarijOels E
ouSe eV 6\iy(p %p6vq) dvay/cacrOels ^ovkevcracrOai,
aXX eV ereaiv e/BSofMJKovra, ev ot9 efi)^ crot
45 aTnevai, el/JLTJ ^peoKOfjuev 77/^6^9 /u-T/Se Slfcaiai
o aoi al ofjioXoyiai elvai ; av 8e ovre
irporjpov ovre Kprjrrjv, a9 5^efcdcTTore
(^779 evvopelaOcn,, ovre d\\r]v
TWV EXXr/^/Sco^ 7ro\eo)v ov&e rcov
5oI
aXXa eXarrct) ef avrrjS dweSrjfirj
era9 17 ot 53
/ re /cal rvcfrXol Kal ol aXXot dvdTrrjpoi ovrco
iSia(f)epovT(o<>
TWV a\\o)v AOrjvaicov ijpecr/cev
7roXt9 re /cat r;/xeZ9 ot VOJJLOI, $f)\ov OTI,
XV 53 c KPITfiX 23
TLVL yap av 7roXfc9 apea/coi dvev VOJJLWV ; vvv
Se 77OVK e/jL/jieveLS rot? a)/jLO\o<yr]fjievois ; lav ss
r)/jiiv ye 7T6i6r), a) ^(DKpaTe^ /cal ov KaTaye-
Xacrro9 ye eVet eV r^5 7roXe&>9 e%e\6u>v.
XVThey dispose of Crito s arguments : Socrates escape
would involve risk and loss to his friends, exile
would be intolerable, and his children would be
just as well looked after if he were dead.
yap Srj, ravra 7rapa/3as Kal efa-
TI TOVTWV Ti dyaOov epydaei, cravrov
TJ TOU9 efcTT/Se/ou? rou? aavrov ; on fjiev yapKiv^vvevcrovcri ye o~ov ol eTriTijSeioi, /cal avrol
favyeiv Kal areprjOrjvai, TT)? TroXeo)? TJ rrjv 5
overlay airoKecrai, a%e$bv rt, $TJ\OV avros 3e
fjiev eav et? TWV eyyvrard Tiva TTO\COV
77 ^y3afe 77 MeyapdBe evvo/JLovvrai
yap dfji^orepai, TroXe/ito? ^fet9, &> Scotf/mre?,
T7) TOVTWV 7rO\lTl(l, KOi OaOLTTep KtjSoVTat TWV 10
vTro[3\tyovTai ere&ia<p0opea
TWV VOJJLWV, Kal /3e/3aia)aei,s rot?
TTJV So^av, wcrre Soicelv o/3#co? TTJV
C SLKTJV Sitcdo-at, OCTTIS yap VO/JLWV &ia<j)6opevs
ecrnv, cr(j)6Spa TTOV $oj;6iev av vecov ye real dvorj- 15
TWV dvdpcoTTcov &ia<p0opevseivat. TroTepov ovv
(pev^et, ra? re evvo/Aov/jLevas TroXet? Kal TWV
dv&pwv TOVS KocrfJuwTaTovs ; Kal TOVTO TTOLOVVTL
dpa aiov voi ffiv ecrrat ; 77 TrK^o-idaei^ rourot?
Kal dvata-^vvTyjo-e^ c~ia\ey6/jLevos rtW? \6yovs,o> ^co/care? / rj ovaTrep evfldBe, co? 77 dpeTrj Kal
IIAATfiXOI 53
TI SiKaiocrvvij TrXetcrrou a%iov rofc d:
Kal TCL vopip,a Kal ol VO/JLOI ; Kal OVK otei
ao"^rj/j,ovav (paveio Oai, TO TOV Z/wKpaTov^ D
25 Trpdj/jia ; oleaOai<ye %/??;.
a\\ IK jjuev TOVTCOV
TWV TOTTCDV aTTapeis, ?} %(,<?
>e et9 QeTTdXiav TrapaTOU9 evov<> roi 9 Kpti
z>O9 IKel<yap 8?;
aTa%ia Kal dKO\acria, Kal>r A r ^ / y /
t<j<w9 av 7/Oeco9 crof aKOv-
*N. I r.-^BS ote; ;
, 009 <ye\oic0$IK TOV
re Tt^
?; bifyOepav \a/3a)V ?; a\\aola S/; elwOacriv evcncevd-
^ecrOai ol aTro&i&pdo /covTes,
Kal TO a^/jia TO cravTov
/zeraXXafa9* ort 8e yepcov
dvrjp (7/jLLKpov xpovov TO)
Stft) \OL7TOV 6VT09, ft)9 TO E
Greek Peasant s Dress.Bronze Statuette from Pylos.
eiriOvpelv
45 Trapa/Bds, ov$el$ 09 e/oet ; icro)9, a^
\V7rfjs el oe fir), d/covcrei,, co
#al dvdfya cravTov. virep^ofjievos
TTOLCOV ev 0erraX/a,
5o
\oyoi oe eicelvoi o Trep
TTOV
re
; 54
XVI 54 c KPITftX 25
rcov irawv eve/ca
petyrjs Kal TraiBevcrrjs. ri e ; eh
Serra\iav avrovs ayaycop Qptyeis re Kal 5S
Tro^cra?, i i/a #al rouro
f)rovro [lev ov, avrov 8e
rp6(j)o^ii>OLaov fw^ro? fte\Tiov Opi-^ovrai Kal
arj avvovros aov avrols ; ol yapOL (Tol 7Tlfji\7]CrOVTai aVTCOV. TTOTepOV
**
eav eh BerraXiW aTro&Tj/jLrjor
eav Se eh "AtSov aTroSrj/jirfo-rjs, ov%lB (Tovrai ; efaep ye n
o<f>e\os
avrwv CCTTLV
croi(f>ao-/covT(0v eirirriSelcov elvai, oleaOai ye
65
XVI
The Laws remind Socrates of what his treatment will
be at the hands of their brothers, the Laws of the
other world, if he disgracefully escapes.
o? IJ/J.LV rot?
crot? Tpofav&i fjir^Te TralSas irepl TrXe/oi/o? TTOIOV
fjLijre TO ^rjv yu-^re aXXo fjLij&ev Trpo rov
iva et?f/
AiSou e\@oov e%#5 iravraravra
crao-dai rot? eVet ap^ovcnv ovre yap evOdSe s
aoi fyaiverai ravra TrpaTrovn afieivov elvat, ovBe
ov$e OCTLOOT epov, ovBe aXXft) T<WZ> awv
afietvov ecrrat.
C aXXa vvv fjiev r]$iKT]/jLevos avret, eav aTriys, ov%
v(f) rjfjiwv TWV vofjitov aXXa VTTO dvOpctiTrcov eav I0
Bee%e\9r)<; ovrws alcr^pa)^ dvTa&iKijcras re Kal
dvTi/caKovpyrjcras, ra? cravrov ofioXoyia^ re Kal
26 HAATONOS XVI 54 c
ra? 777^09 rffids 7rapa/3a<;KOI /ca/ca
TOVTOV? 01)9 rj/acrra eSet, cravrov
15 re /cat fyi\ovs /cat TrarpiBa /cal rj^as, T^yLtet? re
a-ot %a\7ravov/jLv fwzm, Aral 6/cet oirj/juerepot,
ao\<j)Oi01 ev AtSoy vop,oi OVK
6v/j,6vw<;ere
, et &ore? ort /cal 77^9 eTre^eiprjcra^TO croi/
yLte^)09. aXXa /AT^ <7e TreiOp20 KpiTow Troielv a \eyei, pa\\ov TI 77/1,6 19." I)
XVIISocrates accordingly says he will stay and accept his
fate with resignation.
, a)<f)i\e eralpe Kpira)vt ev IvQi OTI
eyoo SOKO) d/covetv, waTrep ol
Corybantes.
av\)v $ofcov(7ii> aicoveiVy /cal ev e/jLol CLVTTJ
iyj] TOVTCOV T&v \6ya)v /3o/x/5et /cal Troiel ^rj
XVII 54 E KPITfitf 27
SvvacrOai TCOV a\\a)V dfcovew d\\a icrQi, baa 5
<ye
TO, vvv efjiol SoKOVvra, eav \eyr]^ irapa
ravra, pdrrjv epels. oyLtcw? /zeWot et TI oiei
KP. AA.X*, a) 3,a)KpaTes, ov/c
E n. "Ea TOIVVV, a) Kptrwy, KOI
Tavry, eTreiBrj ravrrj o ^eo?v(j>r]<yeiT(U.
NOTES
Crito was a rich Athenian of Alopece, of the same deme as
Socrates. His wealth had constantly been at Socrates disposal,
for he had gone bail for his appearance before the dicasts, and
he had offered with others to pay the money fine if the death-
sentence were commuted. Now we find him arranging plansfor Socrates escape and incidentally bribing the jailer. Wehear of him as present at the final scene and closing the eyes of
Socrates after the fatal dose of hemlock had taken effect.
He is credited by Diogenes Laertius with the authorship of
a book containing seventeen dialogues ;but the same authority
does not credit him with the arrangements for the escape here
described, but attributes the part here played by Crito to
Aeschines, and records the dream in connexion with him.
PAGE i
1. I. TtjviKaSe at this hour, not merely at this time. So 43
too ir-rjviKa /mWra below about what time of day ? or
about what o clock ?
PAGE 2
1. 5. (3a0vs, early ; the depth of early morning being apparently a parallel phrase to our in the depth of night. Cf.
St. Luke xxiv. i 6p6pov /3a^os (R.V. at early dawn ); Prof.
310 A TTJS Trape\dov<nis vvKrbs TavTrjtri, tri/3<x$e
os 6pdpov. 6pdposis the period of twilight before dawn.
I wonder how it was that the keeper of the prison consented to open the door to you. vTraxouii} is the regular wordfor to answer the door. Cf. Xen. Symp, i. II TI v-raKoixravTi.
1. 17. irdXcu 0avp.dtw : TrdXcu is used idiomatically in Greek Bwith the present tense as covering a stretch of past time. Cf.
Soph. EL I IOI MywQov ZvO"
1
$KT]KCV Iffropu irdXai. The idiomis not unknown in English, as Julius Caesar I. ii. Vexed I amOf late with passions of some difference.
29
30 CRITO
1. 19. SiaYns : the subjunctive is used instead of the optativeof strict sequence, because Crito wishes Socrates to continue to
be out of pain, not merely at the moment when he had hesitatedto wake him.
1. 21. TOV rpoirov : the causal genitive frequent with verbslike frXcD, /j-ciKapifa, etc. Cf. Soph. EL 1027 ^Xw ae TOV vov, rfjs
d dei\ias (TrvyCo. It is to be noticed that this genitive differs
from <rov above with dav/j-dfa, which rather is partitive.*I
wonder at this in you.1
0ai^dw is also found with the genitiveof Lhe_prson joined to a participle, 50 C.
1. 24. irXT][jL[AXs, lit. out of tune, then discordant, un
pleasant, bad.
1. 25. TT]XiKovrov : Socrates was seventy years old.
i 8ei is not the protasis of TrX^/i/xeX^s &v efy, but dependson ayavaKreiv, having almost the force of 6Vt, a constructionwhich is common after verbs expressing shame, wonder,indignation.
C 1. 29. rb\LJ\ ov\C : the ^ is used because it follows a verb of
hindering, the ofyl being added because the verb of hinderingis itself negated.
PAGE 3
1. 36. Iv TOIS Papvrara is to be explained by understanding(3a.pvTa.Ta <f>tpov<Tiv
to agree with rots. Adam quotes Plat. Crat.
427 E, where we get the full construction, 6 ST? doicel kv ro?5
fj.eyi<TTois ^tyi-ffTov dvai. This is better than to take TOIS as a- survival of the use of the article as a personal pronoun.
1. 38. T& irXoiov : the vessel(0ea>/ns)
sent every year by the
Athenians to the festival of the lesser Delia at Delos whichcommemorated the safe return of Theseus after slaying the
Minotaur in Crete. Plut. Theseus xxiii. says that this vessel
lasted till the time of Demetrius Phalereus (circ. 300 B.C.) andwas the actual thirty-oared vessel in which Theseus had sailed,
but so much patched and repaired that it was a regular subjectfor philosophical contention whether it was the same or not
the same. During its absence no public criminals could beexecuted ;
on this occasion it was as much as thirty days away.
1. 39. TeGvdvai : the Greek shrinks from the present describingthe painful moment of dissolution, preferring the perfect whichdenotes the resultant state. This Tedvdvai is constantly found
in Plato instead of dTroQvgffKeiv. Notice that Attic writers donot compound the perfect and pluperfect of dvgffKd) with OTTO, as
regularly in the other tenses.
D 1. 40. 8oKi (icy : n4v not followed by 6V is a frequent idiom in
clauses introduced by dXXd, following a negative clause which
NOTES 31
practically contains the adversative statement. But piv is also
found without 5^ in cases where there is an implied contrast
between opinion and certainty. Soph. El. 60 doKUJ /mev, ovdtv
prj/j-a<rvv Ktpdei Kai<6v (i.e. I think, but I don t know). See
Crit. App.1. 42. SovvCov : Sunium, now Cape Colonna at the SE.
corner of Attica, a prominent landmark for mariners as theyenter the Saronic Gulf. It is crowned by the remaining columnsof a temple of Athena, which give it its modern name. Byronspeaks of it in Childe Harold, ii. 86
Save where Tritonia s airy shrine adornsColonna s cliff and gleams along the wave.
1. I. ruxtl ofyaGT) : a formula of good omen, may it turn out
well. Jowett translates simply very well.
el Tavrrj KT\. : the resignation and submission to God s
will in this sentence, which is re-echoed in the closing wordsof the dialogue, reminds us of Not my will, but thine bedone ; andjuv. Sat. x.
^"jpermittes ipsis expendere numinibus,
quid \
conveniat nobis rebusque sit iitile nostris.
1. 5. vorepafa : this and similar forms are always used of 44
*days, y^pa being usually understood, though very rarely
expressed.
1. 6. ^ is used because it is virtually a comparative.
1. 7. ol TOVTWV Kvpioi : the Eleven, Commissioners of Police,who were charged with the superintendence of prisons, and hadto see that capital sentences were executed. Thus Critias handsover Theramenes to the care of the Eleven under Satyrus (Xen.Hell. ii. 3. 54).
1. 8. TTJS Triov<rqs=
to-day, the day which was just goingto begin. T^S erpas = to-morrow. Cf. 46 A.
1. II. TavTTjs TTJS VVKTOS : gen. of the time within which theevent will happen, like TTJS <*7rt.ov<n)$ i)ju.tpas above, not dependingon Trpbrepov. This night of the Greeks meant the nightthat was past, to us it generally means the night that is coming.Cf. Soph. Ant. 1 6 tv vvKrl rrj vvv. We have the Greek for
to-night in 46 A TT?S ^Trtot/cr^s j>i>fcr6j.
Socrates emphasizes the fact that it is a morning dream, andtherefore true. Cf. Moschus Idyll ii. 25 ITKTOS ore
(.Vrarat, tyyvOi 5 97015|
eure Kal
tdvos- bvdpwv : Hor. Sat. i. 10. 33 Quirinus\ post mediant
noctem visits, cum somnia vera. Uavies quotes from MichaelBruce, Elegy on Spring, And morning dreams, as poets tell,are true.
Kiv8vvVis almost = SOK&. It has the sense of probablyto be, and is used often to modify an assertion out of courtesy,
(M941) D
32 CRITO
where no real doubt is implied. Cf. Plat. Symp. 205 Da\rj6rj
11. II, 12. v Kcupw rivC : the editors notice that rivi hasalmost the force of a litotes= very opportunely.
1. 13. fjv 8* 8rj= and the vision was what?
1. 14. cSoKci^ methought.
1. 15. XevKo, : in accordance with Plato s directions in the
Laws that there should be no lamentation at funerals, and that
the funeral garb should be white.
PAGE 4
B 1. 1 6. ^arC Kv KT\. : the line is modified from Homer, //.
ix. 33 rffAarL K rpirdry ^>dirjv tpifi<jj\ov IKOL/J.TJI , where Achillesis speaking of his contemplated return to his home in Phthia.So Socrates speaks of death as going home.
1. 2. <tn Kal vvv= * even now, at the eleventh hour. Cf. Ar.Kan. 1235 d\X
, &yad\ fri Kal vvv ciTrodos. We seem to gatherthat Crito had made even earlier attempts to induce Socratesto escape.
ireCOov : it would have been possible to write iriQov Kal
(rudijTL, but the difference is that the aorist denotes an act, the
present the state of mind that leads to that act being performed ;
allow yourself to be influenced by this reasoning is the full
idea.
1. 3. ov fiCa : not one, i.e. more than one, not merely one (but
many). See Crit. App.
1. 4. \wpCs should be translated as an adverb ;there is a
balance between %wpts u.v and n 5 ^ffTepTJadai depends on
/jiol taTLv : the latter member of the sentence would be regularly
Xwpis 5 Kal TroXAotj doKew, but doKew would be awkward so far
away from anything which could be understood to govern it,
and the more direct form is therefore substituted, while xw />fr
is
altered to fri because the repetition of the same word without a
complete correspondence between the members of the sentence
would be objectionable. See Crit. App.
1. 5. ovScvctjjLT|
ITOTupt|<roj
: the usual rule of ovIJLTJ is that
(a) with the subj. it expresses strong negation, (b) with the future
indie, a strong prohibition, but there are occasional instances
of its use with the 1st and 3rd persons of the future expressing
negation. Thus in the first person cf. Soph. El. 1052 otf <roi
/J.TI nedtyofjua.1 Trore : also Ar. Ran 508. In the third person cf.
Soph. O. C. 175 $ T0i /-^TTOT^ 0" K TtDz S cdpdvUV, \
&"ytpOV,
rts #ei. There are even occasional passages where the
NOTES 33
second person signifies negation, not prohibition, e.g. Aeschines
iii. 177 roi)s wovripous ov /j.rjirore /ScXrioi S TrotTjcrere.
1. 6. ot <r
[iT|KT\. : fj.r;, not ov, because the sentence is virtually
conditional : if any one does not know us.
1. 8. dfJieXfjo-ai. depends on 56a;, cr^eii/ on oUs r &v : u>s goes Cwith ofos r &v, not with
1. 9. Q\8oKtv: an apparently redundant use of^, Tavn]s, a
gen. of comp., referring forward to this sentence (Riddell calls this
the pronominal pre-statement). Cf. Phaedo 89 D OVK &.v rts
TOVTOV KO.K.bv irdOoi i) \6yovs
1. 15. &iov 4>povriiv.It is to be noticed how frequently
certain adjectives are used without the copula. So dtos is used
again in 46 B and 53 C. 577X05 here and in 53 B. oUs re in 44 D,
46 A, 50 B. TO/U,OS (with which the omission is especially frequent)in 45 B. dvvaros in 44 D and advvaTos in 46 A.
I. 1 6. avrcL, the matter under discussion ; nothing has been
specifically mentioned to which aura could refer.
PAGE 5
II. 22, 23. Iv avrots, if charges are preferred against himbefore them. This is the forensic use of iv : cf. Soph. Ant.
459 tv 0eo?crt rr;v diKTjv 5u<reiv= at heaven s bar.
1. 24. cl -yap <5)<|>Aov
: when this expression had become stereo
typed, and&<pe\ov
had lost its original meaning of obligation,it was preceded by e?0e or yap, never by ei alone.
1. 26. tva oloi T* -?jcrav : iVa, ws, and OTTWS are used with the
secondary tenses of the indicative to express some purposeincapable of realization owing to the non-fulfilment of the
condition on which it depends. Cf. Soph. O.T. 1389 IVTJ
rv<p\6sre /cai K\V<JOI> /j.T)5tv.
Plato realized strongly that the strength of character requiredto do a great wrong may be utilized for great purposes. It is
those who are incapable of TO, /j-eyicrra, whether dyadd or KO.KO.,
whose case is most desperate. We may compare the storynarrated by Browning in the Statue and the Bust, which is
summed up thus :
I hear you reproach : but delay was best,For their end was a crime : oh, a crime will doAs well, I reply, to serve for a test,As a virtue golden through and through,Sufficient to vindicate itself,
And prove its worth at a moment s view.
There is a proverb, corrnptio optimi pessima ; there might beone, conversio pessiini optima.
34 CRITO
11. 26, 27. Kal KaXcos av t\v, then things would be well ;
ii\tv is not dependent on iva or coupled to fjaav as is proved bythe presence of dv, which never appears in final clauses in the
Indicative.
1.27. ovSerepa: either (a) adverbial Adam compares Theaet.
184 A Set 5 ovdercpa or (6) supply e^e/rydfccrtfcu. The latter wayseems the simpler.
1. 29. TTOIOVOTI 8 TOVTO # Tt &v Tv^oxTt : not they act whollyat random, but they treat a man as it occurs to them. Thefull construction would be iroiovai (TIVO. supplied out of (ppovi/JLov
and&(j>poi>a)
TOVTO 6 TL &v ri xwcn TTOIOVVTCS. For this character
istic of rapid action and rapid repentance on the part of the
Athenians compare their conduct to the six generals after
Arginusae in 406 B.C., and the hasty reconsideration of their
contemplated punishment of the Mitylenaeans in 42815.0.
E 1. I. TaOra refers to what has been said;rdSc to what follows.
1. 2. apa (iTJ =nnm, while 76 makes the question more
emphatic : you surely are not troubling about me, are you ?
1. 3. \t.-f\follows irpo/u.f)df) because it is practically a verb of
fearing.
I. 4. <rvKo4>dvTT]S: to understand the meaning of this word
we must clear our minds of the ideas associated with the Englishword sycophant. The Greek word means informer, and wasused generally to express a class of persons difficult to describe
under any one term, but embracing the meanings of rogue,
liar, pettifogger, blackmailer, busybody, etc. The derivation
is very doubtful. Plutarch explains it as referring to information
laid against a man for exporting figs. Bockh explains it rather
as applying to information against stealing. L. Shadwell prefersto connect it with the idea of discovering figs, and, quoting
Antiphon de Saltat. 43 &re /cattavKo<j>dvT(i, says that it probably
means to shake the fruit-tree, and is hence applied metaphorically to making men yield up their fruit (i.e. their riches) bybleeding them. Liddell and Scott have in their later editions
removed the unconscious witticism that the old derivation is a
figment.
45 1. 9. &KTOV avrb \aipeiv,{ dismiss the fear,
1
let it rest.
II. 9, 10. 8i<cuo o-fi.v : the Greek idiom is personal ; weshould say it is right that we
;cf. Dem. de Cor. 53 <f>r)/jt.l
TroXXy fj.eibvuv ZTI TOVTWV dupewv SlKaios elvai Tuy-^aveLV.
1. 12.[jL-r)
&XXo>s iro(i : commonly used with another imper.to add earnestness to an entreaty : do so without fail.
1. 13. Kal Tcun-a irpofATiOovfiai KT\., this is only one amongmany reasons for my uneasiness.
NOTES 35
PAGE 6
1. 16. OeXowri: ^0Au> means to be willing, to consent, /SouXo^ucu
to wish, to desire. In prose the initial e is omitted as a rule
only in stock phrases like ei 6e\LS, ei BeXere, ty debs de\rj.
Plato usually retains it even after a vowel.
1. 18. evT\ts, cheap (i.e. easily squared ). The GVKO-
(ftdvT-rjs is regarded as a marketable commodity. The scorn of
the whole passage is to be noticed, the word eirreAety, the
contemptuous TOVTOVS, and perhaps eirai>rovs,
this use of the
preposition being generally confined to inanimate objects,
according to Adam, though Keene suggests that it is a military
metaphor for the campaign against them.
1. 20. {iirdp\i, is at your service (Jowett).
jicv is answered by ^Tretra.
1. 21. KT|86(ivos : out of care for his personal safety, not his Bpurse, for Socrates would not think the loss of money an evil.
1. 22. OVTOI is deictic : here we have foreigners ready to
spend. He speaks as though they were actually present in
the prison. See Crit. App.
1. 23. frroifioi : for absence of copula see note on 44 c, and cf.
Soph. 0. 1\ 91 et T&vde XPV I-S ir\ri<ji.a.$bvTwv K\viv, |%TOL/J.OS
elirelv (sc. et/zi).
Simmias and Cebes were Thebans (and so safe from the
avKcxpavrai}. They both appear again as taking part in the
dialogue of the 1 haedo. Both wrote on philosophical subjects.
Simmias, according to Socrates, was the most eager disputantof the day, and Cebes, whom Lucian calls 6 KC/STJS ^/cetVoj, wasthe author of the famous HiVa. Simmias was not the authorof the well-known epigram on Sophocles, which is more probably the work of Simmias of Rhodes.
I. 26. 8irp Xt-yw, as 1 said? i.e. in the words/J.-/JT ravra
roivvv 0o/3ou.
II. 27, 28. 8 2\-yS tv TO>
8tKao~rr|pa> : Socrates had said in
his trial (ApoL 37 c) that it was useless to suggest exile as the
penalty for himself, for if his own countrymen were not able to
tolerate his discourse, how should it be expected that foreignerswould do so ?
1. 29. ef-eXOwv : leaving Athens, not the prison.
Xpwo is assimilated to the preceding optative ?x ij andstands for the interrogative subjunctive XPV of the direct question. Cf. Gorg. 486 B OVK &v xots o Tt Wn ff -<-
<ravT$dXX
6.v KT\. This assimilation to an optative occurs
36 CRITO
(i) regularly in protases and relative clauses ; (2) more rarely in
final clauses ; (3) very rarely in case of the indie, in indirect
question ; (4) freely in case of the subjunctive in indirect question. Cf. Goodwin G.M. T. 176 seq.
1. 30. &XXoo- : by inverse attraction for &\\odi. Cf. Soph.O.C. 1227 pfyai KfWev 6dtv irep $t.
C 1. I. SCicaiov, right, rather than just.
1. 2. <rcum>v irpoSovvcu is explanatory of irpdyfia.
eov : impersonal verbs, and verbs used impersonally (e.g.
flprj^voif), are used in the accusative instead of the genitiveabsolute. In other cases cl>s is used with the accusative absolute.
1. 4. ttirep dv Kcd 01 i\Qpol KT\. : Jowett paraphrases youare playing into your enemies hands.
PAGE 7
1. 6. vUis : Socrates had three sons, of whom the eldest,
Lamprocles, was fj.eipd.Kiov (in his teens), the others, Sophroniscusand Menexenus, quite young. In the declension of this word,the forms of the third declension only are used in the dual and
plural, and usually in the genitive and dative singular, as well
as viov, I icp. In the rest of the singular the forms of the
second declension only are used.
1. 7. -rrpoSiSovcu : not irpodovvai as above, for it denotes rather
the attempt to betray.
D 1. 8. K0pt v|/cu Kal Kirai8ti<rai : the prepositional prefixmeans to complete the education. rpofirj refers to physicaland moral education, iraideia to the more intellectual side.
ol)^T](rei KaTaXnrwv, you will go right away and leave
them. oixo/icu, having a perfect signification, expresses either
the completeness or suddenness of departure.
1. 9. TO <rbvp-cpos, for aught you do, they will fare as
chance directs. Contrast the construction with TTOIW at the
end of Chapter III. irparTu is sometimes used with neuters as
though adverbs. Cf. Ar. Aves 1703 o> iravr dyada Trpdrrovres.
1. II. oldirep lw0v : the sufferings of orphans are dwelt on
by Andromache in Iliad xxii. after she hears of the death of
Hector, and anticipates a hard time for Astyanax : ^o.p 8
6p(f>a.vLK.bv TravatprjXiKa TrcuSa Tidrjffi xxii. 490.
1. 13. o-vv8i,aTaXanrtopiv, to persevere to the end in the
task of . .
1. 14. TO, pq.9v[A6VaTa : Crito compares the indifference of
Socrates whether he lived or died to the trouble his friends
had been taking to secure his escape.
NOTES 37
1. 16.<j>d(TKOVTa
: the word nearly always insinuates a hint of
unreality; it is to -profess rather than ^press. There is
just a touch of bitterness here to which 5? adds. 8ia
TOV fiiov goes with (paffKOvra rather than
1. 21. elo-oSos : Adam sees an allusion to the stage ;he notices E
the double meaning of dyuv (pleading, acting), of efcroSos
(entrance of an actor or introduction of a case). With this view
we might translate ucnrep /carcr-y^Xus TTJS Trpd^ews, as though
reducing the whole affair to a farce, i.e. although it began as
a tragedy.
The whole moral of the passage, as Crito would press it, is
that it is harder to live well than to die well ;he therefore
taunts Socrates with pq.0vij.ia. and avavdpia. He, and in this
Socrates would agree with him, would l.ave little admiration
for suicide, the nobik leturn Catonis. For reading see Crit. App.
I. 22. ovfr?)
eureXOeiv : Socrates might have escaped betweenthe lodging of the indictment with the King Archon and the
actual trial. In that case the verdict would have gone againsthim by default. It is better to suppose that this is meant here
than to think that it refers to coming to terms with Anytus,which would not have been tolerated in a trial for cur^Seta as
an offence against the state.
II. 23, 24. TO T\VTaiov 8^| Tovxi : this last scene of all.
diaTre^evyevat. explains TOVTL just as above (ravrbv irpoSovvat
explains irpay^a.. ij^cLs is object, not subject, at being under
stood as subject out of rb Trpay/j-a rb irepi <;L
11. 26, 27. otnvS . . ov84 (TV : the grammar is somewhat 46
irregular; instead of the relative clause being continued, <rv
appears as though the subject of a principal verb in a mainsentence. We have to supply ^crwcras. Cf. Xen. Anab. I. iv.
9 i-^dviijv oi)s oi 2i/pot deovs ^vbjj.i.^ov Kal ct5t/ceZV OVK etwv ovd
ras
1. 27. oidv T* 8v Kal Svvardv, though perfectly practicable.
Couplets of two adjectives with similar_meaiiing..will best be
translated by an adverb and adjective! So too a couplet of
verbs is sometimes best translated by an adverb and verb, anda couplet of nouns by an adjective and noun.
1. 29. TO> Ka,K<5 is used substantively. TT/MS is used in the same
way as &/j.a here ; cf. Symp. 195 c v^os ptv tern, -n-pbs 8r<p
31. Pov\vo-0ai = to form plans; j3f^ov\evcrdai = to have
plans ready formed. See Charm. 1760 OVTOI, rjv 5 ^716, rl
Trotetj/; ovdfr, tyy 6 Xap/xiS^s, dXXci
38 CRITO
PAGE 8
B 1. 2. d|a : sc. tarlv,for if the optative of the copula is omitted
in an apodosis which would naturally require &v, the &v mustbe retained. For the mixed type of conditional sentence cf.
Apol. 19 E tird KO.I TOVTO yt fj.oi doKcl KO\OV clvai. et TIS olbs
r efy TrcuSeveiv.
1. 6. n-
i0e<r0cu : consecutive infinitive after olos.
TWV ejioiv : everything that is mine, including reasons as well
as property and friends.
1. 9. 2\-yov : the imperfect is used here, as below in 46 D and
47 A, of something that was said all through Socrates teaching.
I. 10.8p.oi<H
: either (a) is subject, and ^XrioTot, understoodfrom /SATioTos (paivrjTai, is predicate, similar opinions appearto me best ; or (d) is predicate, with ol \6yoc (understood) as
subject, but they seem to me the same, i.e. and therefore, as I
respected them before, there is nothing to make me cease to
respect them now. This latter seems the simpler.
II. II, 12. irpeo-pevw KalTi|ia>
: a couplet of verbs, see note on
46 A. We might translate I pay the utmost reverence. Trpecr-
|8etfa>=to give precedence to.
C 11. 13, 14. ov|iT)
0-01<nryX
a)P 1l
<rCl) : the I aor. subj. here, as ex
pressing strong negation ;see note on 44 B. For explanation of
construction see 48 c.
1. 16. [Aopp.oXx)TTT)Tai : to terrify with the Mop/tu6, a bogie usedto frighten children with in the Greek nursery. Others of the
same kind wereAKKU>, AX0tro>, Ad/ita, ~Mop/j,o\i>Krj, Topyu,
E0iaXr?7s, and "Efjiirovaa. So when the child in Theocr.
Idyll xv. wishes to go out with its mother it is induced to
remain at home by the threat Mop/xw Sd/ci/ei iiriros.
Gavdrovs : according to Wagner, the plural indicates the
various ways in which capital punishment may be inflicted ;
but 6a.va.TOL, (p5voi., etc., are very common plurals for the sake
of poetical or rhetorical effect.
I. 1 8. avrd, the question before us. The plural is put for
the singular, thereby, as Riddell says, enriching the style
(i) by varying it; (2) by representing the fact as a complex
phenomenon. So too raura and even 6drepa : see 5 2 A Svotv
6drepa.
II. 1 8, 19. -rrpwTov ^v here has no etra or ^ireira to balance it,
but is repeated below in 48 A, the second point being introduced
by dXXa plv drj.
1. 20. irdrepov : depending on the idea of questioning contained in \6yov
NOTES 39
1. 21. 8rt TCUS n^v KT\., that we must show discrimination
in the attention we pay to opinions.
1. 24. dXXws, at random (otherwise than ought to be). See DCrit. App. Jowett, talk for the sake of talking.
1. 25. ircuSia Kal<}>Xvapia
: here we have a couplet of sub
stantives, just as in 46 A and B we have had a couplet of adjectivesand of verbs. We might translate childish nonsense.
1. 27. dXXoi<$Tpos : the force of the comparative is expressed
by somewhat altered. This and 6 avrds are both predicates.
PAGE 9
I. 28. d(TOfiv \ntpfiv, we shall let it be. Cf. 45 A.
II. 30, 31. TWV olojJLcvtov TI Xeyeiv, who think that they speak
sensibly, opposed to ovdtv\tyeii>,
to speak nonsense.
1. 35. 8<ra-y rdvOpwireia = humanly speaking, in all human E
probability ;the 76 is limiting.
1. 36. irapa,Kpova>= to mislead, lit. to strike aside, a meta- 47
phor either (i) from wrestling, to trip up, or (2) from the
market, to strike off too much from the top of a measure.
1. I. TO, Toiavra refers to what follows, as not infrequently,for it is by no means an invariable rule that rotoCros refers to
what precedes and roibaoe to what follows.
: see note on eXeyov 46 B.
1. 2. TOVTO irpaTTwv, devoting himself to this, making this Bhis profession.
1. 3. vovv : it must be remembered that the regular proseword for mind is didvoca : vous, as a prose word, is confined
to certain stereotyped phrases, like vovvexo>,
vovv
1. 5. The larpos cures p6(ros, the -iraiSoTpip^s cures
these are the two branches of the art which looks after the body.Herodicus of Selymbria combined the two arts in his own
person.
PAGE 10
1. II. -rrpaKT^ov KT\. : the relations of these words can bebest shown thus: TrpaKreov, i.e. yv/uLfaareov for the 7rai.5oTpi(3r)s,
or (deffrtov Kal irortov for the tarpos.
1. 13. iri<rra.TT]= master of his art. Adam notices the
intended connexion between ciricrTdTrjs and ewaiuv, a real
confirmation of Socrates view that knowledge everywhere held
rule.
40 CRITO
C 1. 16. tlev : probably a mere interjection connected with ela,
and no part of the verb ei/j.1.
11. 21, 22. KCU ITCH reCvet KT\., whither does it tend and whatdoes it affect in him who does not follow instructions ?
Notice the chiastic arrangement of the adjectives, the words
expressing good and bad qualities being placed as in the figure
chiasmus, and not alternately. It would spoil this if the order
were altered, as Hirschig would alter it, to /ecu KoXwv /ecua.l<r\pGjv.
D 1. 34. exeivo = ^VXT)
1. 35. iyiyvero . . airwXXvro : the philosophical imperfect
expressing a fact which has been recognized as such by a
previous discussion. There is a very similar use, usually with
&pa, expressing a fact which had not been previously recognisedor understood. Cf. Ar. Eq, 382 ty &pa TTI /JJS 7 Zrepa 6epfj.oTepa,* so we see there are things hotter than fire ; Plat. Phaedr.
230 A S.p ov r6de f)v rb oevdpov t<p tiirep fjyes ijfjids ;is not this
after all the tree to which you were leading us?
PAGE 11
1. 2. voo-w8ovs= unwholesome. It has here an active mean
ing, being used of that which causes, not that which suffers
ill-health. The words healthy and unhealthy have both the
active and passive signification in English. We can speak of
a healthy climate and a healthy man, an unhealthy placeand an unhealthy constitution.
1. 3. HTJ comes after and not before Trei.d6fj.evoL because it
suggests the direct opposite dXAa ry -ruv /AT? i-jraiuvTuv.
E 1. 7. va(. : Crito assents to the statement that the body is
intended, not of course to the view that life is worth livingunder those circumstances.
1. 8. dp o5v PUOTOV KT\. : the Greeks looked upon physical
suffering in a very different light to that in which it is regarded
by Christian thought to-day. The sight of agony patiently bornewould not have had the value for them that it has for us
;
to them there would have been little meaning in the French
paradox Savoir souffrir c est tout savoir. So in the third bookof the Republic Socrates argues against the presence of manydoctors in a state, holding that their only true function is to
restore to health those of naturally sound physical and mentalconstitution. Those who lack these qualities they are to leave
severely alone : those who possess the opposite bad qualities
they are themselves to make away with. The valetudinarian is
especially to be censured, for no one has the time to spend his
whole existence in looking after his health. As R. L. Stevenson
NOTES 41
says in his essay Acs triplex : It is better to lose health like a
spendthrift than to waste it like a miser. It is better to live
and be done with it than to die daily in the sick-room.
1. 9. jj.o\0T]pds, afflicted, suffering /i6x#os : so bad.
1. 1 1. |iT Kivov = \fsvxw- This is an afortiori argument : wehave admitted that life is not worth living with a diseased body;much less then can it be with a diseased soul for the
superiorityof the soul to the body is almost axiomatic in Plato. o> is used
here and not 6 (though in Plato the accusative is commonestwith \updffdai, as in 471)) to avoid ambiguity as to subjectand object. Both cases are found with
Xu>/3ci0-0cu,but only the
accusative with OVLVO.VQ.L : but it is unnecessary to insert 6 in the
second clause, for in Greek relative sentences, when there is a
change of case, it is marked not by the repetition of the relative,
but, if at all, by the demonstrative in a new case; e.g. Plat.
Rep. 357 B at r/5orai 8<rai d/SXa/Sets /catp.-r^>kv
eis rov ^Tretra"X,p6vov
dia ravras yiyverat a\\o ?} xatpetv ^ojra.
11. 14, 15. TWV T|fiT^pa)v, whatever it is that is ours;
as 48
comprehensive a use as that of TUV i^dv in 46 B.
11. 21, 22. Tpot)<riv
<xXX 5 TI: we have the direct and indirect
way of introducing a question side by side. Cf. Soph. O. T. 71Tl 5p(JOV ?) Tl (piOVUlV Tlfjvde pVO aifJ.TJl TToXlI .
1.24. elo-Tj-yet, elo-rvYovfievos, propose. The proper wordfor formally introducing a motion.
PAGE 12
1. 28. diroKTivvvvai and O.TTOKTIWVS are much commoner in
Plato than dTro/cretVetv and dTroKTelvwv.
Socrates having answered Crito s first point that the opinionof the many should be respected, proceeds to answer his secondthat it must be especially respected, because they can kill those
of whom they disapprove.
1. 29. 8i]Xa 8f| Kal ravra : the assignment of these and the Bfollowing words to the different speakers has been a vexed
question with editors. It is probably best to take it that Crito
first comments with 5^Xa 5?j /cat raPra on Socrates observationthat the many can put to death
; Adam suggests that he says it
as an aside. This, Crito says, is obvious, as well as (/ecu) the
necessity of respecting their opinion. He then answers Socrates
0CU77 7 &v TIS with(f>airj yap &v, yes, he would say so. Socrates
replies, very true.
1. 32. oSrds T followed by Kal r6vSe aft (Tx:67ret, a variation onthe more natural Kal ode a5 6 \oyos (doKe i S/J.OLOS etrat /cat Trporepov),because it has yet to be determined whether this principle is
binding.
42 CRITO
I. 33. Kal irpoVepov : Kal here has its well-known sense of
comparison, like the Latin atque or ac. See Crit. App.II. 34, 35. TO t fjv and TO 6 f)v : the well-known contrast which
Aristotle emphasizes in the Politics, efi is further defined asKciXws Kal diKaiws because of its double meaning, to live
comfortably and to live virtuously, and also in order to pavethe way for diKaiov in the next chapter.
1. 36. dXXci jUvei, yes, that is settled.
1. I. K TWV6fioXo-yov[JLv>v, from our premises. The
present is used idiomatically without the idea of any particulartime. Cf. otrtp Xeyw 45 B.
1. 3. d<{>i.evTwv, let go, not permit, which would be
1. 4. impwjieOa : s
1. 5. &s 8^ o-v Xe^yeis TOLS o-K\J/is : the relative clause is putfirst for the sake of emphasis, and the antecedent is attracted
into the case of the relative which precedes it. Cf. Phaedo 66 E
-rnj.lv <rrcu ou<j>a/m.6t> epaaral dvai
(ppovr)<rews.
I. 7. TavTa : the antecedent is not<TK^S,
so that this is nota case of attraction to the gender of the predicate (such as hie
labor, hoc opus cst), but the word is to be referred to d^aXuxrews
Xpy/uLdTuv Kal do^rjs Kal iraiouv Tpotfiijs.
II. 7,8. |i^|. .
f]: the subjunctive with /j-rj depending on some
idea of fear becomes a cautious way of stating an affirmative
proposition. This construction, though rare between Homerand Plato, is important as being the probable key to the use
both of ov/UL-TJ
and /my ov with the subjunctive, the construction
with ov fj-rj being the way of negating such a cautious affirmative,while //r? ov cautiously states a negative. Thus /u,r; u>s d\T)Ousravra aKe^ara y, there is reason to believe that these are
questions, etc., i.e. they probably are; /A?; ou Se fl V7ro\oyie(r0ai,
1
there is reason to believe that it is not necessaiy to take into
account, i.e. it probably is not; ov /uri (rvy^wpriffw, there is noreason to believe that I shall agree, i.e. I certainly shall not.
I. 9. dvapicocrKOfJLevwv : the word is here causative ; more
ordinarily it means come to life again. The &v goes with the
participle only, which stands for ol avefiLuvKovTo y av, beingthe apodosis to el oloL r ^jaav.
The idea that it refers to the remorse felt by the Atheniansafter the execution of Socrates rests on a very uncertain tradition.
II. 9, 10. ouSevl o-vv vw : neither atv nor vovs is the ordinary
prose word, /iera-and didvoia being the words in use. avv is con
fined to liturgical formulae or cases where a closer connexion
than that implied by yuero, is intended, and vovs to certain stereo
typed phrases. See 47 B.
NOTES 43
1. 10. TOVTCOV : contemptuous, like Latin iste, those many of
whom you make so much. It is contemptuous also in 458TOUTOVS TOUS (7VKO(pdvTaS.
I. II. 6 Xo yos cupei, since reason so decides a stock
Platonic phrase. Editors quote Horace s ratio vincit or evincit.
The meaning of the word is nearly convict. Sometimes the
object is expressed ; e.g. Plat. Rep. x. 607 6 yap \6yos T//U.CIS
-gpet.
II. II, 12.p.^|
ov&v . . .fl
: see stipra.
PAGE 13
1. 13. T\OVVTS : it is unnecessary to imagine a zeugma with
Xa/HTcts after XP7?MOTO, reXoiWes, TeXelV ~x_a.pLv being a natural
phrase (instead of the ordinary ddfrai) for to pay a debt of
gratitude.
I. 15. e<ryovTes T Kal tfjo/yoficvoi : the plural is somewhat Dillogical, for strictly it was Crito who was (^dywv and Socrates
who was %ay6fj,vos, allowing himself to be led out.
II. 16, 17. K&V<j>aivwp.0a p-yad}JLvoi
= if it be shown that
we are acting wrongly, not of course if we appear to be acting
wrongly, which would be epydfradai.
1. 17. {nroXo-y^o-Ocu, to take into account ; properly of
something opposite to our present course, as it were, on the
other side of the ledger.
1. 1 8. -irapap-tvovTas, remaining here, as a faithful slave whodoes not run away.
1. 22. rl 8poifjLv : a deliberative subjunctive, here dependingon opa.
I. 25. iraverai : I. aor. imper. mid. The only active form of ETrotfw used intransitively is Traue.
II. 27-29. a>s e-yw . . &KOVTOS: adopting this reading in the text,which is Meiser s conjecture, followed by Adam, we translate,* for I think it important to persuade you, and not to dothis (i.e. stay in prison) without your consent. For further
discussion see Crit. App.
1. 30. xv Xe-yiyrcu : this is not a protasis with the apodosissuppressed, nor is it an indirect question, for fdv can never beused like el with the meaning of whether, but it here means if
by chance, in case.
1. I. eKovras dSiK^Tcov : an accusative appears as the subject 49of a verbal adjective, instead of the dative being used ; thereason is that dSiKrjreov is treated as equivalent to 5ft
Cf. Thuc. viii. 65 ws ovrep.L<jOo<poptiTfov eiij TOUS
44 CRITO
PAGE 14
1. 7. KKx.\jfivai, thrown away ; IK^U is probably a meta
phor from throwing goods overboard at sea (Lat. iactnra) ; it is
used of profuse extravagance, e.g. Soph. El. 1291 rd 5 e/cxe *>
r&
1. 8. TT]XiKo8e : Socrates was seventy years old. ytpovres is
probably a gloss to show that T7/\i/c6<r5e, which can mean so
young as well as so old, is used here in the latter meaning.For the combination of the two meanings cf. Soph. Ant. 726(Creon the father speaking of Haemon the son) ol rrjXiKoide
j| typovelv VTT Q.V5p
1. 10. iravros ptaXXov more than anything (a common useof ?ras) ;
so most assuredly, a frequent phrase in Plato.
I. 15. Tv-yxo-vci 6v= (
really is. Notice the asyndeton; the
direct rvyxavei is used after ourws xet without any direct
particle of connexion.
II. 19, 20. os ol iroXXol olovrai: the many think, as they
thought in the time of our Lord, that it was right to give an eye for
an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Such a lex talionis meets with
Socrates condemnation. In this, as in so many other respects,he shows himself above the prevailing morality of the time, but
there were others who shared his view, as Pittacus in Diog.Laert. i. 4. 78 0tXov /XTJ \tyeiv /ca/ccDs aXXd /JLrjdt ^x^P^v
1. 23. rC 8 8r| ; introduces a new departure of a more markedcharacter than rt 5^; which follows. Kaxovpytu is not merely to
wrong, but to act like a criminal, and therefore the transition
is greater from ddiKecv to Kanovpyew than from xaKovpyeiv to
1. 34. ovStva dvOpwircov is object, not subject of /ca/cws
ovS &v OTIOVV irao-xtl : in general propositions the subjectof subordinate clauses when easily understood is often to beinferred ; e.g. Apol. 29 A do/ce^
7<xpddfrat tyriv A OVK olSev.
1. 35. KaOonoXo-ywv, admitting point by point. Socrates
was fond of getting those who conversed with him to agree to
points one by one which seemed trivial, until they found suddenlythat they had taken up a position exactly opposite to that which
they had originally held.
PAGE 15
D 11. 38, 39. OVK &rri KOIV^I povXrj : this is true especially of
the point under consideration as to the justification of revenge ;
but, beyond that, the Philistine laughs at the philosopher as
unpractical, a crank, and a visionary, while the philosopher
laughs in his turn at the Philistine as a man of no ideas.
NOTES 45
1. 46. dp\f]S : the principle, the starting-point of the dis
cussion, here used in close connexion with
1. 47. irdXai Kal vvv ri : the Greeks express this co-ordin- Eately ; we rather say now, as long before. Cf. Soph. El. 676davbvr Op^a Trjv vvv re Kai TrdXcu \tyw.
1. 49. rbfJLCTo.
TOVTO = the next point referring to mere
succession, not like K TOVTOV to logical consecution.
1. 53. jjLciXXov B, or rather.
1. 54. TO) has no accent and stands for TLVL, depending on
1. 55. l^airaTtyreov : used as a variation for ou iroirjTtov, whichwould be naturally expected.
I. i. IK TOVTWV = in the light of this; denoting logical
consecution, not mere succession. Contrast TO /itrd TOVTO in the
last chapter.
II. I, 2. onriovTs and\if\
ireCo-avTes both take the place of a
protasis ; /*ij is used because it is conditional.
11. 4, 5. ols = roirrois &, and SIKCUOIS ovViv is attracted into 60
the same case instead of the regular Sinaia 6vTa.
PAGE 16
1. 7. ov -yap evvoca : Crito really sees to what Socrates
arguments must lead, but does not like to pronounce the
irrevocable words.
1. 8.(JL\\ov<riv TIJJLIV
: in the dative depending ona word regularly used for the appearance of visions.
1. 9. diro8i8pa.(rKi.v is the word for a runaway slave contrast
with Trapafjitvu in 48 D. Socrates uses the apologetic phraseafterwards, or whatever name you prefer to call it, in order
not to wound the feelings of Crito who had been so zealous onhis behalf. For the same reason he makes the argument that
he must stay and not escape come from the personified lawsand not himself.
11. 10, n. rb KOIVOVrr\<s
iroXews^ the government of the
city. Cf. Cic. Verr. ii. 2. 114 commune Siciliae.
1. II. el-rr^ JJLOI: the laws are speaking through a spokesman,just as the Coryphaeus in a Greek play speaks in the singular
though representing the whole chorus, and even the chorus as a
whole, as in the regular choral odes, employ the singular.
1. 12. tv vo> ?\ ls : see 47 B.
&X\o TIV\,
is it not the case that . . ? Some wordlike Troiets is understood with dXXo rt. The idiom became
46 CRITO
stereotyped to such an extent that sometimes &\\o TI is thusused interrogatively without ij.
1. 13. w em\ipis : usually eVtxetpea; takes the accusative of
neuter words, cf. 45 c, but the influence of the preceding ryhas here made the dative preferable.
B 1. 15. Tb crbv fipos= as far as you can. Cf. 45 D, where,however, the meaning was rather for aught you can.
8oKei <roi otdv TC : either (a) 5o/cet is parenthetical andfffriv must be supplied with oUv re, or (b) elvai must beunderstood. In either case we may notice, what is veryfrequent, the omission of the copula with olos re, and cf. note on&LOV 44 c.
1. 1 6. T^JV iroXiv clvai,*that the city should exist and not be
in ruins. dvcu has more than its usual force of to be andit is unnecessary to supply anything with it, such as rty 7r6\iv
jr6\iv elvai which has been proposed. See Crit. App. dvarc-
Tpd4>0aiis the perfect of the state resulting on an action.
11. 1 6, 17. vft
KT\. : we have heard in a very different connexion in our own days the importance of not interfering with the
chosejugle.
1. 1 8. &Kvpos = invalid, Kvpios= valid.
1. 22. diroXXufuvov = in a fair way to be destroyed. The
present is frequently used with a stretch of future time, called
vaguely the praesens propheticum ;but the use here can be more
nearly paralleled from the imperfect of imminence, as in Eur.
H.F. 538 Kai T&/J. dvri<TK TKV\ dirb}\\v/j.7jv 5 eyd. Theeditors see an allusion to the custom in Athens, when a law wasto be repealed, of appointing avv/ryopoi or advocates to speak onits behalf.
1. 24. 6n introduces the direct quotation, taking the place of
inverted commas, a usage familiar to readers of Xenophon andthe New Testament
;cf. Phaedo 60 A flirev . . . 6rt, ui
2u>K/)arej,
vcrrarov drj <re irpocrepova i vvv ol eVtr^Setot /cat av TOIJTOVS.
C "yapbecause or since, the real principal verb of the
sentence being dia.voovfj.ai. understood: yes, that is my intention,for . .
1. 25. ^Kpivev has much more force as aorist referring to the
definite occasion, despite the proximity of the imperfect ^Sket.
1. 2. Kal Tavra= the right to disobey laws of which you dis
approve.PAGE 17
1. 4. avTwv 0a\)|xdtoi|iv : for construction with 0av/j.dfa see
43 B. The construction is a civil mode of expressing dissent.
NOTES 47
1. 5. bVi : see note on 50 B.
1. 7. TO> IpoDTav re Kal dtroKp^v<r0ai : another phrase for
dia\tye<rdai. Socrates method of teaching was by question andanswer.
1. 9. irpwrov p.v has no 5^ clause nor even ^Tretra to answer Dit, but dAXd rots irepi, etc., corresponds.
1. 13. o>s ov KaXws 2\ovo-iv : to be taken as participle.
1.15. rpo<j>T|VT Kal Trai8e(av : rpofpri is the more general term,
but applied especially to the care of the body, TrcuSeta to the
care of the soul. The two words are often combined to implywhat we mean by education in its widest sense. CT. 45 D.
1. 1 8. fiovcriKT) and yu|jLvao-TiKTJ are the two branches of Greekeducation ; the former being for the training of the mind
(ircudeia), the latter for that of the body (rpocpri). The former
contained more than what we mean by music, though playingthe lyre formed an integral part of the education, but there
were also ypd/j./j,a,Ta (what we should call the three Rs), and
learning by heart from the poets. For a longer description see
Plato, Republic, Books II. and III.
1. 19. KaXo>s implies Socrates approval of /j.ov<nKri and yi>/ju>a-
(m/o? as the method of education that the state was to adopt,but he was a zealous educational reformer, and there was muchin the system actually in force of which he could not approve.
1. 2O.eTpd<J>Tis
Kal irai8v0T]s : see onTpo<p-q
and waideia Eabove.
I. 22. 8ov\os : for the idea of being a slave to the laws the
editors compare Ildt. vii. 104 eXevdepoi yap tovres ov irdvTa
\etQepol elai.. ^Treori yap <r<pL dfairdr^s vbp.o<>.This refers to
the Spartans.
II. 22, 23. O.VTOS re Kal ol <rol irpd-yovoi^ yourself, as yourforefathers before you. For this curious extension of the crxv^ -
KaO 8\ov Kal /J.tpos, where something really outside the subjectis treated as part of it, cf. Apol. 42 A dixaia Treirovdus
4y<j)
tffo/j.aiv<j> vfj.wv avr6s re Kal oi TrcuScs, and Soph. O. C. 461
^7raios /u&/, Oi StTrous, /carot/cnVat|
aur6s re 7ra?5^$ 6 ai 5e.
1. 24. dp e(; iVov KT\. . . SiKaiov etvai, do you think that
our rights against one another are on a footing of equality, anddo you regard it as just that you should repay whatever treatmentwe try to mete out to you ? See Crit. App.
1. 27. ^ irpbs [ikv &pa am KT\. : croi depends on ^ foov : for
the hyperbaton by which it is thrust between vrp6s and the
noun that it governs cf. Soph. Phil. 468 wpos vvv ae Trcrrpos
. . . keTTjs iKvovfjai, and the frequent Latin adjuration per te
deos oro. OVK goes with ^ foov and does not ask a question.(M941) E
48 CRITO
1. 30. KaKws aKovovra : d/cotfw is used as the passive ofu (cf. 53 I-:), especially with e?> and /ca/ciDs. In the same way
audio is used in Latin. Translate to give violent words for
violent words, or blows for blows."
This passage would be a vindication of Socrates against the
charge that he made children dishonour their parents. Thefirst count of the indictment against him was that he 5ia00eipTOI)S vtovs.
51 1. 33. &TTCLI should be read instead of e0rcu : sc. ^ teov rb
dlKCLiov. See Crit. App.
PAGE 18
1. 35. KaX . . Bt in co-ordinate clauses is fairly common. Insuch cases the 5^ couples the clauses, and the /ecu lays stress
upon the word that follows it;but this case differs, as the cV
introduces the apodosis, though its relation to /ecu is the sameas if in a co-ordinate clause.
1. 36. TriXi.pT|<ris: the direct interrogation in
is substituted for the consecutive clause in the accusative andinfinitive that would naturally have followed oxrre.
H- 37 3S. iroieiv = to do some particular thing, regarding it as
a result achieved; Trpdrra) to follow some particular line of
conduct. We might translate here, you will say that in
actions of this sort, your conduct is just. Cf. Ep. Rom. i. 32ov /Jidvov avra TTOLOuaiv dXAa /ecu avvevdoKOvo iv rcus
I. 38. 6 . . eirifieXofJievos : there is a certain subtle sarcasmin the use of the article here, you the (professed) devotee of
virtue. So ao(f)6s below, which was almost a nickname of
Socrates, and was used with the meaning not only of philosopherbut of sophist.
That the country had stronger claims on its children thantheir actual parents was almost a commonplace with ancient
writers, and is a view that pervades Cicero s works.
II. 42, 43. Iv p.^ovi fjioCpa= in greater esteem. Cf. Aesch.
P. V. 292 OVK <(?& 6ry /j-eifova ^oipav vei/j-aifjC ?) aoi.
1. 46. f)irdQtiv
-f)TToieiv = and, failing to persuade, must do
its bidding.
1. 49. els iroXefJiov &yr\ : Socrates himself had fought at
Potidaea (430), Delium (424), and Amphipolis (422).
11. 51, 52. vTreLKTeov, dvax^pTlTcov, XeiiTTtov T?|V Ta^v : Thethree verbs correspond with the three ypacfial, do-rparetas, SaXtas,
of which were punished by dri/mta (Wagner).is to give way, dvaxwp^w to retreat, Xenrw TT/V rd^v to
leave one s post.
NOTES 49
11. 54, 55. ^ ir0iv avTTJv : we have to supply del in sense from CTroL-rjToi>,
but it need not be added in the text, being understood
by a common idiom.
I. 55. irdQtiv and(3ux<r0ai
are constantly opposed.
PAGE 19
II. 2, 3. Both d\ii0f] and ou SIKCUO, are predicates : if this that
we say is true, your attempt to do what you are now doing is
not right.
1. 7. TW |ovcr(av irciroiTjKcvai, by the fact of having given Dpermission. %ov(riav is used here absolutely, without an infini
tive depending on it, but it is easy to supply one from the clause
which follows below \aj36vTa. airitvai.
1. 8. A0Tivcuv is a partitive genitive dependent on T
pov\ofjL^v<f yto any of the Athenians that wishes to avail himself
of it.
8oKi[iao-0fj refers to the SoKifj-aata els &i>8pas,when the
young Athenian at the age of eighteen was entered on the
\i}%iapxiKbv ypafji/j-aTeiov, the register of the deme, though it wasnot till the age of twenty that he had the rights of an Athenian
citizen, having to serve in the meantime as a Trep/TroAos or
frontier-guard. It was an examination as to his parentage and
adoption.
1. n. Xaf3ovTa : instead of the accusative as subject of the
dependent infinitive, the dative in agreement with $ might have
been used, and would be in fact more usual ; but this construc
tion can be easily paralleled.
l|eivai depends on irpoayopevo/j-ev.
I. 14. ls diroiKfav : to an Athenian colony, opposed to ^eroi-
KCIV, which means going to dwell in an altogether foreign state.
el|i:| dpeo-Koip-ev : a more remote supposition dependent
on the other, tdv -m f3ov\r]Tat. The optative, and not the
subjunctive, is used (a) to mark the fact that the conditions are
not parallel or alternative, (6) to emphasize the remoteness of
the preposterous notion that a citizen should not be contented
with the laws.
II. 15, 16. |iTotKiv IX0wv : the phrase together means to
transfer one s residence ; fJ.eroi.Kflv alone means to be a /^rot/cos
who has moved.
1. 19. Vfi-t]= thereby. This sense is common in philosophical E
Greek, and is best represented by the phrase ipso facto.
1. 22. vevvTycus: yevvrjTat = parents, yevvrJTai=
gentiles, heads
of families.
50 CRITO
PAGE 20
52 1. 28. TOVTCOV ovScrepa iroiei : the words are introduced for
clearness, but the sense is really complete without them, the
real verbs of the sentence being otfre Tretflercu, otfre ircldei. r//xas.
1. I. EwKpa.Ts: the omission of u> gives greater impressivenessas differing from the ordinary form of address. The effect
would be produced by the opposite process in English.
I. 2. V o-0cu, will be liable to. It is common to speakof this as the future middle used in a passive sense, but Jebb(on Soph. O. 7 . 672) says that the aorist forms alone are
peculiar to the middle ; the future, like the present and perfect,is used in both a middle and a passive sense.
II. 3,4. v TOIS (xclXurTa : see on 43 C tv rots ^apvrara : if wesupplied a participle here it would be frexo/J^vois, while belowit would be dfjLoXoyrjKoa Lv.
1. 5. KaOdirroivTo, attack.
1. 7. Tvyx-vw with a participle is a stronger and not a weaker
periphrasis of the simple verb : the fact is I have made this
acknowledgment, or it so happens I have made this acknow
ledgment. Thus Phaedo no A d"ioj> aKovaai ola
1. 8. TOVTWV looks forward to the clause rjfj.els r)pt<TKO[j,ev/cat
~fj
TroXts : for the plural used where the singular would be expectedcf. 52 A Bdrepa, 53 A Adrro;.
1. ii. 8ia4>pdvTtos, pre-eminently ; here with genitive of
comparison, more than all.
C7TiSi]|JLe ci>,to stay in one s country, as opposed to
dTTodrj^u, to live abroad. Socrates stayed very much in
Athens, seldom going beyond its walls, but Diog. Laert. quotesauthorities for visits paid by him to Samos, Delphi, and the
Isthmus. The latter statement may have been responsible for
the insertion of the words 6n yur? oVa ets lad^bv, which are
usually regarded as a gloss. See Crit. App.
1. 13. eirl 0wpiav: to attend the great festivals or public
games, the Olympian, Nemean, Pythian and Isthmian ; as
all the leading men of Athens attended these, the absence of
Socrates would be likely to excite comment.
1. 14. o-TpaTvo-djJLvos : see on 51 B for Socrates military
&X\oo- ov8afid(T, but not &\\7)v ovdefiLav aTroSyp.lav, in order
to avoid cacophony.
1. 15. eiroiTJo-w : the middle Troioufj.ai is always used with nouns
NOTES 51
when it is an analytical expression for a single verb ;it is used
to verbalize the meaning of the noun. The active would always
imply more ;thus TTOIW airodrip-lav might be to create, produce,
or organize a tour, iroiou/j.cu o.iro8-rip.ia.v to make a tour, i.e. to
travel.
It is said that Archelaus of Macedon tried to get Socrates
to visit his court, and, with less authority, that Scopas of
Crannon and Eurylochus of Larissa invited him.
1. 1 6. oio-irep ol ctXXoi ctvOpwiroi : especially as might be
expected from a philosopher. Solon, for instance, had been a
traveller, and Plato himself visited Cyrene, Egypt, MagnaGraecia and Sicily.
7ri0v|jLia governs the genitive fiXX^s 7r6Xea>s directly, andthe infinitive eiS&ai depends upon it also, as though it were an
indeterminate verb. Cf. Soph. EL 364 TTJS aijs 5 OVK tpu TI/UTJS
rvxeiv- The English would have been rather desire to knowanother state.
1. 19. oirrwo*<j>68pa r)[ias fipov, so marked was your preference C
for us.
PAGE 22
1. 23.<J>vyTJS
: at his trial Socrates had dismissed the idea of
suggesting exile as a counter-penalty to the sentence of death
on the ground that if his own countrymen could not tolerate
him strangers were still less likely to do so (Apol. 37 c). This
is the opposite idea to A prophet is without honour in his
own country. In an dyCov -H/ICT/TOS (i.e. to be assessed, not
already assessed) the accused could propose a counter-penalty ;
Socrates had proposed instead of death a fine of thirty minae.
1. 25. KaXXwmov KrX. : in Apology 37 -38 A.
1. 26. T0vdvai : see 43 C.
I. 28. oijT KLvoi>s KrX., you do not feel ashamed in the
presence of these words, which are here almost personifiedand made to confront him. This is stronger than eirl \6yoi.s,
ashamed of these words.
II. 31, 32. impel TCLS cruv0T|Kas : there had been actually no j)written compact, but the acknowledgment was the more bindingwhen expressed by deeds
;for Zpyy u/jLO\oytjKeyat cf. 51 E.
1. 37. clXXo TI ^ : cf. 50 A.
1. 41. TUJLO.S avrovs : ai roi s emphasizes ^/uay, and is notreflexive. It adds emphasis to the idea that the contract is
more binding as being made with the state, for the state is more
august, etc., than father and mother. This is better than treatingO.VTOVS as equivalent to dXXTjXous and really reciprocal.
52 CRITO
E 1. 42. ov\ vnrb dvd-yKTjs, not having had this agreementextorted from you by constraint or trickery.
I. 43. povX.uo-cur0ai= to make up your mind.
II. 46, 47. otirc AaKeSaC^ova irpOTjpov otfre Kprji-qv : Socrates
always admired the constitutions of Sparta and Crete, because
they seemed animated by a moral purpose and strove to producein the citizens an attainment to their ideal (limited though it
might be). Cf. Rep, viii. 5440. In the dialogue of the Lawsthe interlocutors with the Athenian citizen are a Cretan and a
Spartan.
53 1- 53- 8t]Xov 8ri : used without construction simply as an
advert), and placed for emphasis at the end of the sentence.
The reasoning is: No one could care for a city without laws:
you have shown by residence that you approve of the state ;
therefore you approve of her laws.
TAGE 23
1. I. Trapa(3as Kal |a|xapTava)v : the participles here take the
place of a protasis. The difference of tense is noticeable. Thecommission of sin (7rapa/3ds) would be a definite act (aorist), but
it left the transgressor in the position of being a sinner as an
abiding result (present), ravra is internal ace., guilty of these
transgressions.
B 1. 4. <rov ot 4irtTT|8ioi : <rov is better than ol crol both for
reasons of euphony and because ^Trtr^Seioi is not really a noun.
1. 5. <j>v-yav
= be exiled.
<TTpi]0f]vai TTJS IT. KT\. = to lose their citizenship or their
property.
1. 8. cvvofiovvTai : Socrates is adopting, perhaps with
sarcasm, one of the party catch-words of the oligarchs, a
party which monopolized for their political ends such wordsas crutypwv, Kocrfjiios, and eura/cros. Both Thebes and Megarawere oligarchical.
1. 10. TTJ TOVTCOV : i.e. of the Thebans and Megarians,understood from 0^/3afe ?) M^yapaSe. Though he might admire
the evvo^la of their constitutions, they would look askance at
one who had not shown regard for the constitution of his own
city, regarding him as little likely to be a friend to theirs.
1. 13. T?|V Sofjav : either (a) the opinion in the judges ownminds that they had done what was right, or (b] the opinion of
other people that the judges action was justified. The second
seems better. For the repetition of the idea in TTJV d6av worecf. 44 C rt s &v aicrx^ efy ratfr^s 56a ?}
NOTES 53
11. 15, 1 6. v&ov8ia<f>0opevs
: the first count of the indictment Cagainst Socrates in his trial was that he had corrupted youngmen. See on 50 E.
1. 1 8. TOVTO TTOIOVVTI : equivalent to a protasis, as Tra.pa.f3ds
at the beginning of the chapter.
1. 20.<xvcu<r\WTT|<ris
: as we should say, will you have the
face to . . For the participial construction cf. Apol. 31 B
1. 21. otioTrep : sc. 8ie\^yov.
PAGE 24
1. 22. irXeCo-rov &iov : notice (a) the use of the singular
adjective as the substantives form one idea, (/;) the use of the
neuter instead of the feminine to give an abstract character to
the sentence, (r) the omission of the copula ; cf. note on 44 C.
I. 24. &v4>o-Vi<r0ai
: unless the texts are altered, it must beadmitted that dV is found with the future in Plato and other
Attic writers, despite the great rarity and apparent illogicalityof the idiom. Many of the passages are altered by changingthe tense of the verb or making Q.V a prepositional prefix. SeeCrit. App.
II. 24, 25. TO TOV SwKpdrovs irpofyfio, the case of Socrates, Dalmost = Socrates. There is a kind of humorous self-disparagement in the phrase.
1. 25. ofoo-Ocu-y
e XP 1!* one musi think so, answering his
own question, a common phrase in Plato.
1. 26. diraptis : properly to weigh anchor from;then used
generally for to travel from.
1. 27. tls 0TTa\av : the Thessalians enjoyed the worstof reputations for dishonesty, unruliness, and licentiousness.
GeTTaXdv<r60tcr/ua (a Thessalian trick) was proverbial for
knavery. Dem. Olynth. \. 22 says of them rd TU>I> QerraXuv&TTicrTa yv dyirov (fivcrei Kal del iraaiv avdpu-rroLS. Xen. Mem.i. 2. 24 says Kpmcts . .
<f>vyuvet s QerraXia-v ^/cet ffvvrjv d
1. 34. (TKVT]v T . . is followed by /cat r6
1. 35. 8i<|>9^pa: a skin-coat worn by Athenian shepherds.
1. 36. vo-Kv<x<r9cu= dress themselves up in.
1. 42. To\|JLT|cras= you brought yourself to . . stooped to,
condescended.
1. 45. ovSels 8s epei, is there no one who will say ? Thecopula is omitted as in the common ovdeis oorts ov.
54 CRITO
KT\., perhaps not, if you cause offence to no one ; but
once do so, and you will have many scandals spread abroadabout you.
1.47. virtpxcfiai = truckle to. When used in this sense
the moods outside the indicative may be employed in the present,but when the word simply means to go under, like the simpleverb it takes the moods from el/ju.
11. 49, 50. wcrirep tirl Selirvov : Thessalian banquets had been
proverbial from mythological times. Pindar describes in the
4th Pythian Ode how Jason and his companions before startingin the Argo culled the sacred prime of good cheer for five
days and nights. The neighbouring state of Macedon was
similarly famed in the time of Archelaus when Agathon wents fj.oLKa.puv fvux<-
av( the feast of the blessed ), according to
Aristophanes in the Frogs, alluding to his visit to the court of
that monarch.
1. 52. TJp.iv: ethic dative,
{ what shall we find will becomeof.
PAGE 25
54 1.53. dXXd 8rj, oh, but you will say. Latin at.
TWV ircUSwv : for Socrates children see 45 C, note.
1. 57. a/iroXavo-axriv : ironical, that this may be the benefit
they reap from you. The word governs a genitive of the
object from which the enjoyment is derived except when that
object is a neuter pronoun as here. It is worth noticing howmuch more freely in Latin and Greek the neuter of pronounsand pronominal adjectives can be constructed with words that
naturally take other cases.
TOVTO = exile from one s own city, to the Greek mind the
worst of evils.
avrov : in Athens.
1. 58. 0p\}/ovTai : on the so-called future middle used passivelysee note on 52 A.
I. 59. O-VVOVTOS : the regular word for the relation betweenmaster and pupil in Plato, implying that Socrates would not
only be with them, but would be by to instruct his children, as
he had taught the children of others.
B 1. 64. <ro goes with tTriT-rjSeiuv.
II. 64, 65. oito-Ocu v\p"f\
: see 53 D.
1. 2. ircuSas, children, is more indefinite than roi)s TrcuSas
(your children) would have been.
1. 3. irpb TOV SIKCUOV, in preference to justice. The 7r/?6 is
NOTES 55
really pleonastic, not being needed after TrXefovos : cf. Fhaedo
99 A et /J.T] diKaiorepov (^/J.rjv Kal Kd\\tov eZVcu irpb rov
1. 5. Ki : used of the other world, even where the refer
ence is not so explicit as here ; so teeivos is used of the dead
man. v6<x8e = in this life.
1. 6. ravTd irpdrTOVTi is a protasis ;cf. 53 C.
The negatives of this sentence will perhaps be made mostclear by the appended scheme :
otfre ivOdde ( <ro.
\ ov8t &\\V*
-
5,
I. 9. dXXd vvv fxcv KT\. : it is not the laws that have
wronged you if wronged you have been but the men whomisinterpret the laws ; but it is on the laws that you will take
revenge by escape from prison.
PAGE 26
II. 13, 14. irapa(3ds Kal KO.KOL ep-ya.o-dp.evos explain the two Cprevious participles d^raSt/cTjcras re /cat avrtKaKOVpyrjaas.
1. 17. <x8A<J>o: the laws have been personified through so
large a portion of the dialogue that it scarcely comes as a
surprise that they should speak of their brothers, the laws
of the nether world.
1. 19. TO <rbv jipos= as far as you could.
[irj<r irefo-T), take care lest Crito persuade you. Cf.
480 for a subjunctive depending on a verb or idea understood,there one offear, here one of caution.
1. I. <S
<J>\ croupe Kp6ro>v: there is possibly a special D
pathos in the long form of address to Crito at the end of the
speech.
1. 2. KopvpavTiwvTS = to behave one s self like a Corybant.The form in -icico is used as though this unnatural excitementwere a form of disease
;cf. 6(j)da\iu.idu. /copu^aj/riacr/xos was
a form of illness in which the patient imagined he heard the
sound of flutes in his ears, a perpetual singing in his ears, perhapssuch as that which tortured the composer Schumann in his
latter days. The Corybantes were priests of the Great Motherof the gods, the Asiatic goddess, Cybele or Rhea, whose worshipwas accompanied with wild dancing and barbarous musicon cymbals, drums, and flutes. The expression CorybanticChristianity may still be remembered from a controversy ofa dozen years ago.
1. 4. Pop-Pei;
keeps singing, properly of the buzzing of a
56 CRITO
bee. The language which Socrates uses here of the pleadingof the laws is so much like that which he uses elsewhere of the
Sai/jibvLov that we may perhaps regard him as identifying them.
See Apol. 40 A, B.
PAGE 27
11. 5, 6. 8<ra ye, as far, after all, as my present opinion goes.
E 1. 10. Ha roivvv : sure that in this he is conforming to the
will of God (cf. 43 D) Socrates rejects all proposals to escape,and commits himself with pious resignation to the divine
guidance. The closing words of the dialogue suggest the last
words of the Apology : &5r]\ov iravriTr\r]i> ?) ry dey.
APPENDIX A
CRITICAL NOTES
THE best and oldest MS. of this part of Plato is the CodexClarkeianus in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, written in 895A.D., purchased from the monastery of St. John the Evangelistat Patmos, and this MS. has been generally followed by the
editors. Other MSS. of great importance are one at Paris of
about the same date, and one in the Library of St. Mark at
Venice of the twelfth century.
CHAP. I. Vp-yeTT|Tai : Lange prefers to follow the reading
evepyerelrai, because Crito was a rich man, and would there
fore be likely to tip the jailer each time he visited Socrates.
8oKt [lev [J.ot ij|iv : the MSS. as a rule read doKelv ph fj.ot
v, but one late MS. reads the words as in the printed text.
We have our choice between this and 5o/ceiv ptv /JLOL Tjei, in
which SoKelv is a limitative infinitive and is parenthetical.
CHAP. III. TrtLQov K<xl o-wOiyri : Tndcv has been proposed,for the sake of uniformity, against this, the MS. reading, but
unnecessarily.
ovjjita : the reading of one late MS. is obviously right against
ov5efj.la of the older MSS., which arose from a misunderstanding.
o-ov4<TTpf]<r0ai
: it is best to retain this, the reading of the
MSS. Sallier substitutes roD for<roO,
Ast inserts rov before (rov,
explaining the <5<? as apodotic, despite the fact that yuiv has
preceded. Madvig emends to <rov ^ffreprjao/jLai.
CHAP. IV. ofiroi v0d8 is a somewhat redundant colloca
tion, and some editors therefore omit one or other words, or
alter o5rot to Zn.
CHAP. V.i<rf]X0v
: the oldest MSS. read this, but the later
hand in the MS. in the Bodleian corrects to ei<T7jA0es,which goes
57
58 CRITO
better with tj-bv IJLTJ clffe\0ew. If dcryXOev is read the subject is
diKtj, and the word is used as the passive of eiadyd).
CHAP. VI. ov fiovov vuv is the reading of all the MSS., andit is best not to depart from it, but Wagner mentions an ancient
herm with the head of Socrates with this line quoted havingthe variant ov vvv irpCirov.
: Verrall has an ingenious emendation, tTrt/jiirov<ra,
taking the form of an fytTroucra," the word being suggested byits connexion with
\6-yov is bracketed by Adam as being a possible gloss.
ov\ iKavws : Hirschig emends to ovxl xaXtDs on account of
the reappearance of these words lower down, but this removesthe force of the climax.
ov8e irdvTtov dXXd TWV p.v, TCOV 8* oi are found added bylater hands in the older MSS. but they should be rejected, because
they have but slight MS. authority and answer to nothing in the
part that has preceded.
CHAP. VII. TOVS TWV iroXXwvX<vyovs
: read by all the best
texts, but the word \6yovs is omitted by many modern editors.
Kal alcrxpwv Kal KaXwv : Hirschig inverts the order for the
sake of regularity, but thereby spoils the chiastic arrangement.
CHAP. VIII.[if| TTJ TWV MSS. : rrj TUV ^77 Hirschig.
8f]Xa 8^ Kal ravra : see explanatory notes. Other ways of
arranging the text are (i) with Wohlrab to give 5?}Xa dr] Kal
raura to Socrates, (pa.ii] yap &v, &Zu>/cpares
to Crito, and
X^yeis to Socrates.
(2) with Schanz to bracket fialrj yap &i>,and to give both 5^
drj Kal raOra and dXtjdr) \eyeis to Crito.
(3) with Gobel to give 5rj\a dy Kal ravra, <f>air) yap at>,Si
2c6/cpares to Crito.
(4) Adam says that if any emendation were required, hewould transpose and read
<j>al-r) yap at> d-rj\adTj Kal ravra, &s, taking drjXadrj as an adverb, as it is in the MSS.
tffioios ^vai Kal irporepov : MSS. read rw Kal Trpbrepov, but
Madvig is right in omitting r$, for ry Trpbrepov used without a
participle, or for rw Trporepy, would be very unusual, and Kai
comes in awkwardly.
CHAP. IX.d4>iVTo)v
: one good MS. reads tfafrTuv, for
which see explanatory notes.
o>S *yw KrX. : the MSS. read ws ^70; -jrepl TTO\\OV iroiovfj-ai
ireiaai ere ravra Trpdrreiv dXXd /J.T) &KOVTOS. No satisfactory
meaning can be got out of this whether we take Socrates or Crito
APPENDIX A 59
as the subject. For what is ravra irpdrTeiv ? If Socrates is the
subject of ireio-ai it must mean cease urging these arguments,a most abnormally strained meaning ;
if Crito is the subject it
must mean that you should persuade me to attempt flight,
provided it be not done against my will, e/m.ov being understood
with &KOVTQS : but the last part of this gives the poorest sense,and the omission of /J.e is very awkward. Adam, following
Meiser, transposes to the reading printed in the text ;in this
Tretcrcu does not govern trpdrreLV, but is co-ordinate with it.
Another widely adopted emendation is TretVas for ireicra.i,
keeping the MSS. order : I think it important to do this after
gaining your consent, and not against your will.
CHAP. X. 8irp Kal dprt eXe-ye-To is read in the MSS. after
J) TTCUTCU, but the words are to be regarded as a gloss. Meiserwould read them after ?} and refer them to 46 D vvv dt
&pa
yepovres is probably a gloss on Trj\u<ol5f.
CHAP. XI. r?|v -rrdXiv dvai MSS. : Buttmann conjectures rrjv
irb\iv elvai : see explanatory notes.
CHAP. XII. e\dfif3avv : the imperfect may refer to the
length of the courtship or the permanence of the resulting union ;
it has been emended to Xa/3e for the sake of uniformity with
rots vdjjiois : rejected by some modern editors.
K<xi <ro MSS. : Stallbaum alters to Kal<ri/,
but Keene pointsout that the change need not be made on the ground that theconstruction is always diicaids eifu TrotetV, not diKaioi> fcrri /JLOI
Troieii>, quoting a jtassage to the contrary from Rep. 3440r6re roirroi S TOI)S ftev
MSS. : but Schanz s emendation ^crrat is probablycorrect, for e<rrcu will not make tolerable sense
; it is difficult
to supply anything to depend on it, and even then the parallelismof the sentence would be destroyed.
CHAP. XIII. T<U ov<riav Trirou]K vcu : Stephanus conjectures r<5.
yew-iyrcus : MSS. differ between this accentuation and yawf]-Tats : see explanatory notes.
irL0(r0ai : this is the reading of the MSS. and is best retained.
Madvig alters to 7retVe<r0cu on the ground that with the presentthe meaning is confitcor me faecre, with the future promitto mefacturum but as the sense of promise implies futurity, it is
possible to read the present here, just as in English we can sayI promise to do as well as I promise that I will do.
60 CRITO
CHAP. XIV. STIp.f| 6L-rra| ls lo-Q^dv : these words appear
in the margin of the MS. in the Bodleian and in inferior MSS.
after ^Xtfes, but are an interpolation, though already in the text
by the time of Athenaeus, who mentions a reference to the
journey to Isthmus as occurring in the Crito.
CHAP. XV. &v4>avi<r0ai
: the appearance of this rare and
irregular use of &v creates the usual crop of conjectural emendations. Hirschig proposes dvcupaveitzBai. Or &i> may have arisen
by dittography from the last two letters of Aax^JfJ-ov ; or mightit not be suggested that 6v was the original text, (fxtvelcrOcu beingused with the sense proved to be ?
alo-\pais : in the margin of the Bodleian MS. y\l<rxpM is
written.
CHAP. XVII. w4>CX Iratpe KpCrcov : this lengthened form
of address has special force, but editors omit various parts of it,
Cobet expunging Kp/rwy, and Gobel ercupe.
APPENDIX B
NOTES ON PARTICLES
dXXd : (a) despite the accent, this is the accusative pluralof #XXos and means on the other hand. Its principal use
is as a strong adversative, 43 D o& TOL dy d<piKTai,dXXd 5o/cet IAV
fj-oi ri^eiv TT7/uepoi>.Cf. 48 B ou TO rjv dXXd TO eft ^rfv, etc. The
adversative character may be between clause and clause andnot only in the same sentence.
(b] Sometimes English idiom would omit the adversative
particle in translating as in 47 Bd<77rdfc<r0cu roi)s tiraivovs TOI)S
TOU evos tKelvov, dXXd fj.r) TOI)S TUV Tro\\wv.
(c] dXXa is used rhetorically in asking questions, 47 EdXXd /JLCT eKeivov S.p r)/juv piurbv KT\.
,and a somewhat similar
use is where it appears in the answer to a question, where weshould, translate it certainly (cf. the Frenchman s use of mats),
48 B /cat Tov8e av ano-ira, ei ZTL ^vi KT\. dXXd ,ue/et.
(d] Sometimes it would rather be translated well, yieldingto entreaty, 49 A Kal Tretpw aTTOKpiveaOai. dXXd Tretpdcro/xai, cf.
43 1>-
((?) Often it is used with imperatives with an appealing force,
44 B dXX,& 5a.ifj.6vie 2c6/irpaTfs, ^rt Kal vvv fj.oi ireidov : cf. 45 A,
46 A, 49 E, etc.
(/) Or adding force to a question, 440 dXXd rl rjfuv OVTU
/j.t\ei ; 43 c, etc.
() It puts a case (cf. the use of Latin at), 53 D dXX <f*
TOVTUV TWV TOTVWV 6.TTo.pel.s,but let us suppose you leave
these parts.
(h] Or the same interrogatively, 54 A aXXd dri TUIV
AXXo TI{]
: a way of introducing an interrogative sentence= nonne]; some verb is easily supplied, 520 dtXXo TI (sc.
roiw/j.ei ,cf. 50 A) T) 6/j.o\oyu)/jiv ;
or strengthened by o$v, as
61
62 CRITO
ibid., a\\o TL ofiv (sc. Trotets) ?} avv6r)Kas Trapaftatveis : sometimesthe
-fjis omitted.
dpa so, then, after all a word especially used in rapidand lively argument always conveys an inference, but with
varying degrees of strength requisite in translation. Thus so
or then will be enough in 47 B Tavr-rj apa ai/ry irpaKreov KT\.,or 47 E, or the rapid passage of argument in 48 B, C, but in
46 D it requires more force in translating vvv de" KarddrjXos &patytvero, and so too perhaps in 48 A. In 50 E we have the word
repeated with a triumphant insistence on the argument.(A special use not found in this dialogue is with the so-called
Philosophic Imperfect (cf. 47 D), which recognizes a fact the
truth of which had been previously misunderstood or overlooked,or the result of a previous discussion, Soph. Phil. 978apa 6
&pa (compoujid^Jrjaai__5_and--A/)a : cf. Homeric ^pa) =really, indeed. Used to give force to questions, 470 apa
ovdev KctKbv TmVercu;
cf. 47 E, 50 E, 53 C. Also strengthenedwith ovv, 47 E dp
1
ovv fiiuTov . .;
In 44 E apd ye /J.T] e/j.ov irpo/Ji7)9rj KT\.; apa ^ shows that
the answer no is expected, while the addition of ye makes the
question slightly more emphatic.
aO, again, in the next place, 47 A 0^pe 5?), TTWS aO rol
TotaOra A^yero ;cf. 48 B, 49 E.
yap ; compounded of ye and dpa : its commonest use is (a) its
causal use, where it gives a reason for the statement contained
in the last sentence; e.g. (out of innumerable instances) 45 AZaaov avrb ^atpetv T^wets yap irov diKaiol ea/J.cv Kivdvveveiv.
(b] Sometimes it is introductory, but is best not translated,
44 A e7u>
aoi epu. rrf ydp TTOU vffTepaig. 8ei /me airodvyaKeLV %ft
d.v e\6rj TO Tr\olov.
(r) Sometimes found with xai, laying emphasis on the reason,where we should not translate the A:CU, 43 B /cat
7<xp d>,&
Kptrwi , TT\-r)/j.[Jie\es eirj dyavaKTew rr]\tKovTOv 6vra. So 45 A.
(d) Used with cl in wishes, 44 D ei yap &<t>e\ovoloi r elvai
ol TroXXot.
(<?)
In dialogue it often = yes* or no, 48 B 5?}Xa 5r? Kal raura*
ydp &v, & Sw/cpares, yes, one would say so.
In tragedy this use is especially common in <rrixoij.v6ia,both
in questions and answers.
ye, indeed, at any rate, is a particle which is largely used bythe Greeks to give liveliness, but which is more easily rendered
by the tone of the voice than by any actual English word.
(a) It gives emphasis usually to the word which immediately
APPENDIX B 63
precedes it, but sometimes to the whole clause, e.g. in 53 A edv
})fjui> ye ireidy, & SuJ/c/mres Kal ou KarayeXaaros ye &m ex. rrjs
7r6Xews eeX0u>j/ : the words emphasized are TJ/JLIV and KO.TO.-
ye\a<TTos,but in such sentences as 54 A et-rrep ye TI 50eXos avrCiv
effTiv, it is rather the idea in the whole clause that is emphasized.(b] Sometimes it has rather a limiting force, 54 D ticra ye TO.
vuv ep.ol doKovvra : cf. 44 1?.
(<)In dialogue it sometimes can be rendered by yes, 48 A
dXXa TLfjuurepov ;TroXiy ye. But is it more valuable ? Yes,
much more.
(d) It is found in lists emphasizing one word at or near the
end, but rather for the sake of variety than because any particularstress is laid on it, 47 B TO.VTT] &pa aiTif irpaKreov Kal yvfj-vaffreov
Kal e$e<TTOV ye Kal iroTeov.
The rendering at any rate, which is suitable where it has
a limiting force, is usually too strong a translation for ye unless
it is compounded asjji yovv (for -ye otv) or
^e 8% in 45 D
(f)da"KOvrd ye 5rj, and m ye Tot 8ri in 44 A (paai ye rot. 5rj ot
TOVTUV Kvpiot. At any rate, one knows that is what those whoare responsible for this say.
Si : for fj,ev . . 8t see under ph.(a) Besides its ordinary force in coupling sentences, we find it
used to introduce a fresh question with TL (49 A, 54 A), wherenotice that rl de drj ;
marks a more important transition than TI
5c alone.
(d) In Attic Greek we often have Kal . . de with some wordbetween (
= and moreover) where the 5^ couples the clauses andthe KCU gives emphasis to the word; thus Dem. Ol. iii. 15 KO.L
In the Crito there is an instance where Kal . . de is found in
the apodosis of a sentence, instead of connecting two co-ordinate
clauses, 51 A ware, eav ere e-mxeipu/Jiev Tj/j.els a.Tro\\vvat dlKaiov
ijyov/j.ei>OL elvai, Kal av Se r//uds TOVS v6/J.ovs eirL-xeipriffeLS dvra-
With /j.a\\ov it is used where we should render or, 49 E
r] av rb fj.era TOVTO, fj.a.XXov 5 epwrco.
8t|, which is either a strengthened form of 8-r) as ^v is of /JL^V,
or an abbreviated form ofjfjS-r^
is one of the hardest of the
Greek particles to reproduce in translation. It may denote a
slight inference, or give emphasis to a particular word, or conveya slight sneer. Its force is often more adequately represented bythe glance of the eye or the tone of the voice than by anytranslation.
(1) It may preserve the force of the original ^5r/, e.g. 43 Dov rot ST] a0t/crat.
(2) With inferential force, 43 D Kal avdyK-rj STJ et s atipLov &TTCU
(M941) F
64 CRITO
rbv fiiov (re reXeirrav. Cf. 52 A. Compare its use in
questions, 49 c, 52 E rl dt 77 ;
(3) It adds emphasis to a previous word, especially
(a) Imperatives: please, do, just, 48 E 6pa d 77
TT)S <TK(lfie<j)S TYjV 0.p~XT}V .
So commonly <j>epe dr/, aye drj, cub-tret. STJ, etc.
(b) With questions, 43 C dXXd ri STJ oi ru irpy
(r) With adverbs of place, 53 I) tuel yap 77.
(of) With adverbs of time, 46 I> uxrTrep j/Ov 677
Cf. 480, 53 A. In the Oxford text vvv dy are
written together as one word, vvvft-f}.
(<?)With superlatives, rather like our English quite.So we get it with reXeuratos, where it adds precision,
TO reXeuTcuoj> 677 TOVTL.
(4) It answers an imperative, 49 E dXXa X^ye. \^yu drj a5.
So frequently with Ka, Ar. Ares 175 /3Xe^OJ/ Karw. KO.!
STJ ^SXeTroj.
(5) With a slight sneer, 53 n r) &\\a ola 77 dwdainv tvffKfvd-
ol d?ro5i5pd(r/coj rey. Cf. 53 E I Trepxo/xevos 8r)
For dXXa77, y{ rot dr/, Kal STJ /cai see dXXd, ye and *af.
With fjifv it states and dismisses a previous considerationin order to proceed to the next, 43 B Kal iroXXd/aj
/nv d-r) ffe Kai irpbrepov Tjvdai/tioviffa. It is true that
I have often considered you fortunate . . but. Cf.
44 K raura ptv 5rj OUTWS ^x TU Ta^^>
& ^wKpares,dirt IJ.OL.
8rj is compounded with 77X01 to make one adverb, sometimeswritten as one word, Srj\ad^. 47 B, 48 B.
8TJirov= presumably, 490 ov Set d-frrov, &2wK/>ares.
8f)ra is interrogative or emphasizes a negative, 49 B ou5a/xw?
&pa del ddiKelv. ov drjra, certainly not.
(Ira expresses slight indignation and surprise, 43 A elra TTWS
OVK evdvs irr]yi.pds yue.
cire . . elre, as well as being used regularly in doubleconditional sentences, occasionally appear in double questionsinstead of trbrepov . . ?^, just as el is used instead oiirbrepov, e.g.
46 B (TKOTretcrflcu o$v XPV 7?Mas, efre ravra irpaKTeov efre ^77.
=secondly, 45 A, B. Idiomatically this is not followed
by 5^ even when a clause with fj.tv has preceded. So too elra.
?TI= moreover, 45 c, 52 c.
f\: besides its ordinary meanings of than, or, it puts the
APPENDIX B 65
second half of a question in which the first half is easily supplied.Cf. use of an in Latin, e.g. 43 A r) ov irpy e?rt ftr-riv; also 430,
SO c.
fj= certainly, assuredly, and is nearly always used in
questions. It is coupled to Kai, where it expresses emphatic
inquiry, 50 C ^ Kai ravra <jjfj.o\6yT)TO T\UJ.V re Kai <roi;
Ka, and, also.
(a) In 44 D Kai xciXws av fixer it should be translated then.
(6) Instead of adding another member to a catalogue it
occasionally sums up. 478 tira-ivy Kai ^67^ Kai 56rj (v.l.), his
praise and blame, in fact his opinion altogether.
(c) Kal8-r|
K.O.L introduces a climax or the crowning point of
a reasoning, 47 c, in point of fact.
(if) We sometimes find /ecu . . Kai instead of re . . Kai for
both . . and, 45 A Kal ravra irpo/j.ridovfj.ai, & KptYwy, Kai &\\a
KCLLT<H, and yet, 440.
p.a : see VT\.
|j^v . . 8^ are used irregularly in 44 B (the clauses not being
parallel), but here the reading is disputed. In 43 D we have
fj^v without any corresponding 5^ but following what is practicallyan adversative clause : ov TOI 8r) cupiKrai, d\\a doKef }ju6v /J.QI jj^eiv
Certain words follow a /j.ev clause, without 5^. Thus occasion
ally d\\d with a stronger adversative force than that possessed
by 5^, which is rather antithetic than adversative, or elra and
^Treira, cf. 45 A.
irpwTov (wv is several times used in this dialogue without anysucceeding de (or even elra or tireira) ; twice it is followed byaXXa, 48 A and 50 I)
; also see 46 c, 50 E, 52 D.
In fiv ofiv we must distinguish cases where the two particleshave their separate force, with a 5^ clause as in 52 D, from" cases
where they are used as the Latin immo vero, to correct some
previous statement or go beyond it (English nay, rather ), 43 ATTO.VV ptv ovv, 4411 tvapyts ptv ovv. Cf. Aesch. Enm. 38deiffaffa yap ypaus oudfr, di TiTrats jj.ev ovv. In this combinationot5v emphasizes the affirmative or denial and ptv is a very lightindeed.
}jLvTOt= however, 540 3/iws /i&rot d TI ofei TrX^oi iroirifftiv
\tye.
vf\ : only used with accusatives of the oath (which are governedby 6fj.w/uLt understood), 500 ravra VT] Ai a, u> ZaiArpares. VT\ is
66 CRITO
used in affirmative oaths, /zd being used with negative oaths,
except where vai precedes, in which case it is affirmative. For
/ted compare 43 B ov pa rbv Ata.
vvv = as it is, a contrast with a supposed state of things,
44!) ei yap &<j)\ov. . vvv 5 ovdtrepa oloi re, 53 A vvv 5e br} OVK
e^t/x-ej/ets rois ufj.o\oyr)/j.evois ;
ZTI Kal vvv even now, at the eleventh hour, 440 rt Kal
vvv e/ioi ireidov Kal (rujdtjTL. Compare Kal vvv Ti= and even
now, 49 E e/xot /j.ev yap Kal irdXat OVTW Kal vvv frt 5o/ce?.
OVKOVV therefore, 47 A, B, C (when accented OVKOVV = there
fore not ). Elmsley proposed to write the words always OVK
ovv, making it interrogative or not as the context requires, but
this rule breaks down in practice, for OVKOVV is found with the
meaning therefore with the imperative, e.g. OVKOVV t/cdvws
^X^ T<J}>
Plat. Fhaedr. 274 B.
ofiv is probably for tbv ^ = 6v), and so the accusative absolute
of the participle," this being so. Its first force is really/ cf.
ry 6vri.
In this dialogue it is used as a particle of inference, so, then,
accordingly, both in statements and in questions, e.g. 430STjXoi oftv K TOVT(t)v TUJV dyyeX&v, on ij^ei T7)/j,epov, and 47 E
ap ovv fiudrbv rjfjuv
(a) It is also used with 5^ before it, especially to dismiss some
previous consideration and resume the" original train of thought,
Soph. Ant. 688 crov 5* ovv irttyvKa iravra irpoffKOireiv.
(b] Also to emphasize one of the members of a disjunctivesentence with eire, /i?7re, or ovre. See also ptv ovv.
iroT is used with indefinite pronouns in the same way as our
English particle ever, 47 E 6 ri TTOT tarl TU>V ^
irov= presumably, I suppose, 44 A, 45 A, 47 E, 490, 530.
iro)s = in a sort of way, 46 D Ae^ero 5<: TTWS e/cdtrrore tide .
irois adds energy to a question, 43 B elra TTWS OVK evdvs
{n-rjyeipds u,e; how was it that you did not.
TC following o#re= but, 52 c OVT tieelvovs rou? \6yovs
al<rxvvet. . Tr/adrreis re.
rt= to some extent, in some way, 46 D ei ri /J.OL d\Xot6re/)os
, compounded of jrot_iyDU see and vvv then, retains
their separate forces, 44 A ov roivvv r^s eiriovo-rjs r//uepas
APPENDIX R 67
avrbTJeu>.
Sometimes like TOI it is used with the imperative,
5IC ffKoirei TOIVVV. In 52 C $TL roivvv ev aurfi ry Sixy e^v it
has to be translated moreover.
o>s strengthens adverbs, as 46 D, 48 C uJs a\rjdws. Beginninga new sentence it almost = for, 45 D ws tyuyc /cat virtp <rou . .
APPENDIX C
EXTRACT FROM JOWETT S TRANSLATION
JOWETT S Plato stands so high among standard English trans
lations that it would be difficult to go outside it for a model.It may not be as literal as the translation of an examineewould be expected to be, but it has surpassing merits as a
translation;the first is that it does not read like a translation
but like a work originally composed in English, an ideal at
which even the most literal translation should aim ; the second is
that it reflects the style of the original ; the subtle combinationof distinction and simplicity is reproduced in the English. Notranslation of Plato would be adequate which could be accusedof being grandiloquent or inflated ; but, on the other hand, there
will be a danger of simplicity degenerating into poverty, and
austerity becoming frigid. I here quote Jowett s translation of
Chapter XIII."
Soc. Then the laws will say : Consider, Socrates, if this is
true, that in your present attempt you are going to do us wrong.For, after having brought you into the world, and nurtured andeducated you, and given you and every other citizen a share in
every good that we had to give, we further proclaim and givethe right to every Athenian, that if he does not like us whenhe has come of age and has seen the ways of the city, and madeour acquaintance, he may go where he pleases and take his
goods with him;and none of us laws will forbid him or interfere
with him. Any of you who does not like us and the city, andwho wants to go to a colony or to any other city, may go wherehe likes, and take his goods with him. But he who has ex
perience of the manner in which we order justice and administer
the state, and still remains, has entered into an implied contract
that he will do as we command him. And he who disobeys us
is, as we maintain, thrice wrong ; first, because in disobeying us
he is disobeying his parents ; secondly, because we are the
authors of his education ; thirdly, because he has made an agreement with us that he will duly obey our commands ;
and heneither obeys them nor convinces us that our commands are
wrong ; and we do not rudely impose them, but give him the
alternative of obeying or convincing us ; that is what we offer,
and he does neither."
68
EXERCISES ON THE TEXT
N.B. The references to the chapters are rather as a source
of vocabulary than as illustrating the constructions.
EXERCISE I. Time. Chapters I. and II.
1. About what o clock do you go to the prison ?
2. I tried to rouse the jailer very early to-night, and have
long been afraid that he would not open the door.
3. I was very wakeful last night, but hope to see you in the
course of the coming day or the day after.
4. The day after Socrates was killed I arrived at Athens,and have been there a fairly long time.
5. To-day very early I come from Athens, tomorrow I shall
arrive at Sunium, and it seems likely that I shall be in Delos
the day after.
6. I wonder that you can sleep at this hour.
EXERCISE \\.-Indefinite Sentences. Chapters III. and IV.
1. Wherever he came, people welcomed him.
2. Whoever knows me well will not think that I regardthe opinions of foreigners.
3. Whenever the informers cause you trouble here, take myadvice and escape to Thessaly.
4. He did not know that wherever he wished to go he wouldhave to lose a great deal of money.
5. When he knew what to do with himself he was ready to
spend money.6. If you wish to do good, the friends you can take care of
are numerous.
EXERCISE III. Genitive and Accusative Absolute.
Chapters V . and VI.
I. Though it was nece-snry to educate his sons, he said that
others must look after them.
70 CRITO
2. Though it was forbidden to go to law under presentcircumstances, they said they would not wait.
3. You do not seem to have escaped when you had the
chance of getting away.4. When the city was betrayed, he and his children escaped.
5- While \ve were desiring to consider it fairly, Crito said
he would never agree to the plan.6. Since it must be done, it is time to do it.
EXERCISE IV. On tfv and U. Chapters VI. and VII.
[The sentences should he recast in very simple Greek withp.ei>
and 6e .]
1. His principles differed greatly Irom his practice.2. We should always discriminate in giving praise.
3. We must fear the praise of bad men, but not their blame.
4. Some men are wise, some are just, but many do not
combine justice and wisdom.
5. Among doctors knowledge of this subject is not universal
but partial.6. He disobeyed the doctor, but did not disobey the trainer.
EXERCISE V. ov, pr], ov/J.-TJ and /J.T] ov.
Chapters VIII. and IX.
1. Do not make these excuses : I am afraid there is notruth in what you say.
2. You certainly shall never say that I make life of more
importance than truth.
3. If you cannot see what we are to do, do not contradict.
4. If he had not understood all about it, he would not have
kept quiet.
5. Perhaps we have nothing to do except consider the
opinion of those who always speak the truth.
6. Are we to try to do what those recommend who do not
act justly themselves?
EXERCISE VI. The Infinitive and Verbals.
Chapters X. and XI.
1. We must say that in every way to do wrong is worse than
to be wronged.2. To shirk the argument does not differ from running away.
3. One must think that the many are right in saying that
seeing is believing.
4. What shall we say in answer to those who teach us that
abiding by wrong counsels is a good thing ?
EXERCISES ON THK TEXT 71
5. Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have
loved at all.
6. Since to do wrong is always disgraceful we must despisethe speakers who persuade the city in this way.
EXERCISE VII. Conditional Sentences, Chapter XII.
1. If the state orders it, we shall all have to obey.2. If you were to strike your father, would you be able to
say that you had acted justly because you had been struck first ?
3. He would not now be in the law-court if he had been
really wise.
4. If men do all the good they can to their country, theyare everywhere well spoken of.
5. If only you had not deserted ! What might you not benow if only you had then been brave !
6. If they say that all men are educated in music and
gymnastics, they are wrong : but whether we must blame themor not, I cannot say.
EXERCISE VIII. Particles. Chapters XIII. and XIV.
1. He might have gone away to Corinth, I suppose, but as
it is, you know, he is always in Athens.2. Do look. Why, pray? First because I told you,
and then because the sight will please you.
3. So no one could justly attack me at any rate for not havinggone after all to another city.
4. Do you really think that he is capable even now of givingevidence that he did this?
5. These are the laws which you must regard if you do wishto be a good citizen.
6. And yet who could believe that a man who said that hecared for his father would have said these words ?
EXERCISE IX. Prepositions. Chapter XV.
1. Having gone to Athens with Crito I was looked after byan old man from my town.
2. How could you bring yourself to run away to a strangerwhen you had escaped from prison ?
3. He is brave, and just as well as brave.
4. Those who talk about justice often speak for the sakeof talking without justice.
5. If you talk contrary to the laws you will be put to death
by the judges as working the ruin of the citizens.
72 CRITO
6. By heaven, I mean to leave these parts and go awayto Thessaly. In heaven s name do not do so.
EXERCISE ^.Active and Middle. Chapters XVI. and XVII.
1. I don t know what he did except that he made a journeyfrom which he gained nothing.
2. Do not make life of more account than doing good to
your friends.
3. Obey me and it will be better for you all.
4. I evidently did not persuade him though I tried to makehim show me the agreement.
5. Who could venture to say that our rulers are beginningto be wise ?
6. He made a resolution to appear to be his friend, even
if he was not really.
INDEX
ayuv Ti/i7?T6s, xii, 51
Academy, x
Accusative absolute, 36, 37Accusative with verbal, 43
Adeimantus, ix
aiptw, 43d/couw, passive to
\<.yu, 48
&Kvpos )( Kvpios, 46dXXd, 6 1
dXXa 57j, 54AXXo TI rj, 45, 51,61AXXws^at random, 39&v, with future, 53, 60
42<<j}, 48
Anniceris, x
Anytus, xi-xiv
diraipu:, 53
a.TrodvTi(TK(i}, 30aTroi/cia, 49
i, 41
, 54
Apology referred to, 35, 51
fipa, 62
dpa, 62
Archelaus, 51, 54Aristocles, ix
Arginusae, 34Attraction (inverse), 36, 42av, 62
avTa = the subject, 33, 38, 42
fiaOvs, 29Bodleian text, 57
,56
dp, 62
, 37
, 49Genitive, 30. 31
Glaucon, ix
dai/j-ovtov, xii, 56
56, 63817, 63SJjXa ST], 41, 58ATjXca, 3057;X#r on, 525i77roi , 645r}ra, 64
5t/uos, used personally, 34, 59
Dion, x
Dionysius, x
8oKl /J.V /JLOL TJ^ftV, 578oKel ffoi, 46SoKifjMaia, 4956^a ware 5o\-e?^, 5 2
73
74 CRITO
5oOXo$ TWJ> v6/j.(t}v, 47
INDEX
with 3rd person of subj.,
75
55
(J.T) 0V, 30, 42Middle future used passively,
50, 54Mixed conditional sentence, 38fjiop/j.o\i>TTOfj.ai, 38fj.ovcri.K-r] and yv/j,i>a.ffTiKr], 47
41
40"ovs, 39, 42 > 45vvv, 66
8/J.oi.os, 38tifj-oios KO.I
7rp6repoi>, 42Omission of copula, 33, 35, 46Optative assimilated, 35
Orphans in Greece, 36&rt, with direct quotation, 46, 47ov M, 32, 38, 4206 fda, 32, 57oi)5ets 6 s, 53
ouSeYepa, 34owcoOi
,66
ciV, 66
oCros, contemptuous, 43otfros, deictic, 35oSrot
4i>0d8e, 57
39TrciXat, 297raj>rds /iSXAov, 44irapaKpovw, 39Trapa/mtvd}, 43
Participle as protasis, 45, 52,
53. 55TraOcrat and ?raue, 43jreidfiv )( (3t.dfeff9ai, 49TTC^OU, 32, 57Perfect of resulting state, 46Pittacus, 44Plato, his real name, ix
; his
life, ix, x, xi
ir\elffTov &t.ov, 53irXij/A/AeXiJs, 30Plural, 38, 50
)( TTOltD, 5OTTOtW )( TT/XXTTW, 48Trore, 66TTOl
,66
Trpayfj-a, 53Trpa.KTOi>, 39Trpdrrw, 367r/)6, in preference to, 54TrpoStSoycu, 36irpos, 37irpCJTov fj.fr, 38, 47, 65Pronominal prestatement, 337TWJ, 66
TrcDy, 66
Relative followed by demonstrative, 41
Relative sentence passing into
main clause, 37
Repentance of democracy, 34
Satyrus, 31
2t/*/itfas, 35Socrates as soldier, 48, 50Socrates champion of the laws,
xvi
Socratic method, 44, 47
Sophroniscus, 36^.OVVLOV, 31
Stevenson, R. L., 40Suffering as viewed by Greeks,
40Suicide, 37
ffVKoQdvTtjs, 34ffvv, 42
, 46Ko.0 S\ov Kal /j.tpo$ (illo-
gically extended), 47
re, 66
redvavou, 30reXew ^.dpiv, 43Tetralogy composed by Plato,
x
Tetralogy of Dialogues, xv
44, 3029
76 CRITO
i, 66i 8t 8
..
rt followed by 6rt, 41
rtj, understood, 44rts, with force of litotes, 32r6 /ACTO, TOUTO, 45rb ffbv /i^pos, 36, 46, 55roivvv, 66
TOIOVTOS, 39rpcxfir) and TrcuSeia, 47Travels of Socrates, 50Ti/7xdvw, with participle, 44,
5?Ti>x?7 ^70^77, 31
29
, 48, 54
Hyperbaton, 47vTTo\oyi^ofj.aL, 43
, 31
<f>aii>ofjLat,with participle, 43
37, 32
xvii
Chiasmus, 40, 58X^pi s, adverbial, 32
, omitted, 50wj, 67
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