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.RONOMASIA

IN THE OLD TESTAMENT

DISSERTATION

'ISENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES

OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE

DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 1892

BY

IMMANUEL M. CASANOWICZ

^ VV"

'Uiri7EE.;T7)iojr

:?ifoetS!^

BOSTON, MASS.

1894

PARONOMASIA

IN THE OLD TESTAMENT

DISSERTATION

PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES

OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE

DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 1892

BY

IMMANUEL M. CASANOWICZ

K OF THr *-^ ,^.

BOSTON, MASS.

1894

NortoDott J^rtsi:

J. S. Gushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith.

Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

rff^-T^

PREFACE.

The occurrence of the figures of paronomasia in the Old Testa-

ment has often been noticed. Besides occasional remarks in many

commentaries to the Old Testament on single passages where these

figures occur, some writers have devoted special chapters to this

subject.*

All these treatises, besides giving numerous examples from the Old

and New Testaments, contain many valuable observations and com-

ments on the use and force of these figures.

Most of this literature, however, being out of print and rare even

in University libraries, came to my knowledge after the material for

this study had been collected and partly arranged ; and it will, I

hope, be found that the present essay was not forestalled by the

above-mentioned writings. It differs from them, not only in the

completeness of the material here presented, the result of repeated

* Among the more noteworthy references may be mentioned : Glassii, Philo-

logia Sacra, ed. Dathe, p. 1 335-1 342; Eisner, Paulus Apost. et jfesaias Propheta

inter se comparati, Vratislaviae, 1821, p. 23-27; Gesenius, Lehrgebaude der

hebrdischen Sprache, 1830, §§ 237 f., p. 856-860, and Wenrich, De poeseos Hebrai-

cae atque Arabicae commejttatio, Lipsiae, 1843, P- 241 f. 263. — Besides these

briefer notices the subject has been treated in monographs by I. F. Boettcher, De

paronomasia finitimisque ei figuris Paulo Apost. frequentatis, Lipsiae, 1823, and

lo. Christoph. Decker, Dissertatio inaugur, de paronomasia sacra praeside Chr.

^Ben. Michaele, Halis, 1737.— Alliteration, from the point of view of a metrical

form of Hebrew poetry, has been discussed in a series of essays by Julius Ley

:

De alliteratione^ quae vacatur, in sacris Hebraeorum litteris usurpata (Progr.),

Heidelberg, 1859; Die metrischen Formen der hebrdischen Poesie, Leipsic, 1866;

GrundzUge des Rhythmus, des Vers-und Strophenbaues in der hebrdischen Poesie,

Halle, 1875, ^^^ ^"^ several articles in the ZDMG, XX., p. 180-184, and

yahrbiicher fiir Philologie und Padagogik, 1864, p. 246-258, and 1865, p. 69 ff.

IV PREFACE.

reading of the Hebrew text of the Old Testament from beginning to

end, but also in the more methodical and systematic manner of the

treatment, and in the comparison drawn between the use of these

figures in the Old Testament and in other literatures.

In the list of the passages in which paronomasia occurs, the alpha-

betical order of the stem-consonants of the first part of the combina-

tion is followed. In cases where the second word coincides with

the end of the first, that of the second part is followed. Nomina

deverbalia follow the order of their initial consonants, while proper

names are arranged according to the stems from which they are

etymologically derived ; for inst. pHit'' under pHlC, Dp!?'' under Dp^",

etc.— Of each distinct paronomasia, only one example is quoted,

mere reference being made to the others. In addition to this, a Hst

has been prepared of all the passages of the Old Testament in which

paronomasia occurs, arranged in the order of the books.

In addition to the Hebrew, the English rendering, as well as that

of the ancient versions, are given in those cases where it seemed to

be of interest to text criticism.

I desire to take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to

Dr. Weissbach, Librarian of the Royal University Library of Leipsic,

for his kindness in placing at my disposal some of the above-men-

tioned rare dissertations on paronomasia. I am especially indebted

to my teacher. Prof. Paul Haupt, for many valuable suggestions, and

for his generous permission to use his library, in which I collected

most of the philological and critical material embodied in this essay,

otherwise inaccessible to me. Finally I wish to acknowledge my

deep obligations to Prof. George F. Moore, of the Andover Theo-

logical Seminary, who, as editor of the " Journal of Biblical Litera-

ture," in which the greater part of this essay was originally published,

gave it the benefit of his careful editorial supervision, and of his

well-grounded erudition in the Old Testament literature.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Preface iii, iv

I. Paronomasia in General 1-20

A. Nature of Paronomasia, its Relation to Other Figures, and its

Limits 1-7

§ I. Name and Definition 1-4

§ 2. Relation of Paronomasia to Other Devices of Style . . 4, 5

§ 3. The Sphere and Value of the Figures of Paronomasia in

General 5~7

B. The Use of Paronomasia in the Classical and Some of the

Modern Languages 8-20

§ 4. Alliteration and Rime 8-10

§ 5. Alliteration and Rime in Formulae and Proverbial Phrases, 11, 12

§ 6. Play upon Words: its Relation to Alliteration and Rime . 12, 13

§ 7. General Sphere of Play upon Words 13

§ 8. Play upon Common Nouns in the Classical and Modern

Languages I3~'7

§ 9. Play upon Proper Names 17-20

IL Paronomasia in the Semitic Languages 20-25

§ 10. Embellishments of Speech in the Semitic Languages in

General. 20,21

§ ir. Instances of Paronomasia in Several of the Semitic Dia-

lects 21-25

IIL Paronomasia in the Old Testament 26-43

A. Limits and Conditions of Paronomasia in Hebrewr 26-29

§ I. Limits of Paronomasia as a Device of Style 26, 27

§ 2. Intentional and Accidental Congruence of Sound ... 27, 28

§ 3. Consonants which alliterate with Each Other 28, 29

V

Vi CONTENTS.

PAGB

B. The Various Forms of Paronomasia in the Old Testament . . 30-43

§ 4. Alliteration in Syntactically Co-ordinated Words, and in

Formulae 30

§ 5. The Mutual Relation of the Words 30, 31

§ 6. Alliteration in Grammatically Subordinated Words . . . 31, 32

§ 7. Simple and Strengthened Alliteration 32

§ 8. Assonance 33

§ 9- Rime 33

§ 10. Epanastrophe 33

§ II. Play upon Words 33-35

§ 12. Play upon Proper Names 36-40

§ 13. Relation of Paronomasia to Diction in the Old Testament, 40-42

§ 14. Atto^ \ey6fjL€va, and Unusual Forms of Paronomasia . . 42, 43

Appendix. Paronomasia in Post-Biblical Literature . . . . . 43, 44

List of Cases of Paronomasia in the Old Testament alphabeti-

cally ARRANGED 44-84

Classification of the Cases of Paronomasia quoted in the List, 84-86

Index to the Passages containing Paronomasia 87-92

Statistical Table 93» 94

Part I.

I. PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL.

A. NATURE OF PARONOMASIA, ITS RELATION TO OTHERFIGURES, AND ITS LIMITS.

§ I. Name and Definition.

THE figures based on similarity of sound found a place in the

rhetoric of the Greeks and Romans, being classed among the

figures of words (crx^/^Ta t^s Xc'^cw?, figurae verborum)

.

Plato refers to them under the general term of " lo-a " (Symp. 185").

The equally comprehensive term " laa. (Tyy]\xja.ra. " is still used by Her-

mogenes (Trepi /u,e0. 8«v., II., 426, ed. Spengel). The more special

terms irapiorwcris and Trdptaov, Trapo/xoi'wtn?, ofxoLorekevTOv, used first by

Arist., Rhet., III., c. 9, passed over into the general use of later

rhetoric, and with their variations and further differentiations, as

Trapo/AOiov, ofxoioapKTov or ofioLOKaTapKTOv, ofioioTTTWTOv, ofioioKaraXrjKTOVy

laoKaTaXrjKTov, became, aside from many inconsistencies of defini-

tion,^ characteristic of this chapter in ancient rhetoric, the usual

terminology for the likeness or similarity of sound at the beginning

and the end of words, either in immediate succession, or in the same

clause.

It must, however, be borne in mind that in the older rhetoric these

figures were not considered from the point of view of the similarity

of sound for its own sake, but rather as an element of the periodical

structure, to mark the end, or help the recognition of its divisions.

Thus they were associated with antithesis ; comp. Arist., Rh., III.,

1 Thus irapla-uffii is applied by Arist., /.c, to the equahty in length of the

clauses of a period Q' Olv ta-a ri *cwXa"), cf. also Dion. Hal., De compos, verb.,

c. IX., Cornif., IV., 20, 27; the later rhetoricians use for it the more appropriate

term labKoiKov, and iraplffwais, when the equal members also terminate in equal

«ounds. irdpiaov is restricted by Hermog. (/.c, p. 421) to the combination of

various compounds of the same stem Q' 6Ta» rb aiirb Svo/jm dWijv kuI AXXtjv

vpoffXafibv ffv\\api}v dtacpdpus diavolas ^xv")'> by others it is applied either to

any similarity of sound in general, or in the initial consonant; cf. Alexander, III.,

40; Tiberius, III., 74, 440; Quint., IX., 3, 75 ss. For the latter is used, besides

6fj.oi6apKTov (Maxim. Planudes Schol. to Hermog., V., 511, 6, ed. Walz), also

irapdfwtov (Donatus to Ter. Eun., 780, Diomedes, II., 441), and 6fMioirp6(popov

(Mart. Capella, V., 514).

2 PARONOMASU IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

c. 8 ; Dion. Hal., Ep. II. ad Amm., c. 2 ; De admir. vi., c. 40 ; DeThuc. hist, jud., c. 24 ; Cornif. IV., 14, 15.^

The post-AristoteUan terms Trap-jxv^'-^ ^^^ Trapovofma-ia. were applied

to the greater or less similarity of sound of whole words, without

regard to the kola of the period, iraprjxqo'i.'i is defined by Hermog.

{jT^pl evpeaews, 251, ed. Sp.) : koWo's bfxoLOiv ovo/xarwv cv Bui<f>6p(i) yvwau

TavTov r/ôvvToiv ' ytverai 8c orav 8vo rj rpeis rj T€<Tcrapa<i Xiq€.L<i rj ovopxiTa

tLirrf Tts ofJLOia fikv -^xovvTa, 8id(popov 8k SrjXwcnv exovra. Among the

examples which he gives are : Tretêi t6v Trei^t'av (Xen. Hell., VII., i,

-41) ; IS^vTreCOu TTudovTo (Od., XXIV., 465) ; and eXeo-t— cAetv—

"EAecot

(Thuc, I., no).

The term 7rapovofia<TLa is applied by Hermog. (Trept tS. (3', II., 367,

ed. Sp., where he treats of the various kinds of Spt/xvTT/s) to the use

of the same word in its proper and transferred sense : orav Kvpiw nvl

ovopxLTi 77 prffJMTL xpTjadfJicvoi cTt^ €v6v'i €ir6fx.€voi TOUTft) xprjcrwfxeOa, Koi

i<f)' ov fir] KvpLov i(TTL irpa.ypxiTO';' olov (Dem., 9, 17) ei fx-q koX tovs to.

fJL7]X''-VT] p-cLTa i<f>L(rTdvTa<i flprjvtfv dyav (f)i^(r€Te, cws av air a rots TCi-

Xecrtv TJSrj itpocrayay(ofTw ; and, probably dependent upon Hermog.,

Tiberius (p. 556* ^) ' orav irpouprjfjiivov tov Kvpiov irapovop-darj Tts

avTov Tr]v p.€Ta(f)opdv ; and not much differently Phoebammon, who

(p. 500, 10) considers tt. a species of irXoKiq : êVis t^s avr^s Ae'lews

€7r' aXAou KoX aVAov (rr]p.aivofi€vov kut' ivaXXayr]v tov vov, o ttXoktJs lSlov.

Generally, however, the term paronomasia receives in ancient rhetoric

a wider scope, being applied to the proximity of two words varying

only slightly in form, and having a different meaning. Thus, Alex-

ander (ttcjoi o-^^/i.) : ôipx^ p-€Ta7roLi^cravTCpovrjp.aTi.

Almost the same words are used by Herodian. So also the Romanrhetoricians, who, for the most part, render Trapovofxaa-ia by annomi-

natio. Cic (De orat., II., 63, 256; comp. III., 54, 206) : quod

habet parvam verbi immutationem . . . ut nobiliorem mobiliorem.

This definition is copied by Aquila Romanus and Mart. Capella. Adetailed definition, or rather description, of paronomasia is given by

Cornif. (IV., 21) : attenuatione aut complexione eiusdem litterae

(example, venit— for veniit from veneo— quam Romam venit)

;

productione (hunc avium dulcedo ducit ad avium) ; brevitate

(tantum ciiriam diligit quam Curiam) ; addendis litteris (temperare

— obtemperare); demendis litteris (lenones— leones) ; transfe-

rendis (vano— navo) ; commutandis (deligere— diligere) ; casus

2 Comp. also Gerber, Die Sprache als Kunst, 11.2, p_ j^^^ ff

PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. 3

commutatione. Quint., IX., 3, 66 ss., also includes the repetition of

the same word in a different sense, or in the same meaning, but with

a qualifying addition (homo, hostis homo), and the change of prepo-

sitions in compounds.^ The repetition of a word in two different

meanings is also designated by a special term : dvTamKXaons (Alex.,

p. 37, dvTt/xeTaêo-ts, crvyKpiats, or ttKokt^ ; Cornif., IV., 14, 20, ^ra-

ductio, which he applies also to the repetition of a word in the same

sense— dmStTrXaxris). The recurrence of a word in different cases

is usually called TroAvTrruTov, while that of the same stem in various

derivations irap-qyixivov, comp. Jul. Rufinianus, p. 51, 33: cum ex

supra dicto verbo aliud derivatur, giving as examples : gravis gravi-

terque, voce vocat, etc. The term l-rravaaTpof^-q Kara. (rvWaPrjv,

lastly, is used by Hermog. (p. 286, 7) for the repetition of the end-

syllable of a word at the beginning of the following, orav rts fitav

X€$iv fJ.epLa-a<i ras TeXeuTatas cruAAa/Sas OLp)(r)V tov iincfiepofjiivov Troirjo-rjTaL

KwXov (evidently an error for t^s im<f)€pofx€vr]<; Ac'êws) cis . . . (Thuc,

VIII., 16) 2a/xta fiM vavs . . . Koi . . . (Hom,, II., II., 758) Up69oo<i

6o6<; rjyeiJiovtvcv.

In modern treatises, the terms used for figures brought about by

coincidence of sound are : Alliteration, — a word coined by the

Italian humanist Joannes Jovianus Pontanus, who lived in the 15th

century,— the recurrence of the same initial letter (or its phonetic

equivalent) in two or more words in close or immediate succession

;

Rime, in its wider sense, for the agreement of sound at the end of

words ; with the rime may also be mentioned Assonance, in a nar-

8 The difference between parechese and paronomasia in the old rhetoric is

variously defined by modern writers. Thus, for instance, Blass (Attische Bered-

samkeit, II., p. 160), parech. is the similarity of sound within the same clause,

paron. the play with the same word or word-stem in the same or a different

meaning. Others (comp. Buchhold, De Paromoeoseos apud veteres Romanorum

poetas usu.. Diss., Lipsiae, 1883, p. 32) assign to parech. the combination of words

of the same root, and to paron. the similarity of two words in sound. But it

would seem that the ancients made no real distinction between paron. and

parech. Thus Zonaeus {jepX ax-. III-, 169, and Anon., Ill,, 185, ed. Sp.), after

defining and illustrating paron., add : koX Trapi^x'?''''* fivo/uCiferai. So also Eust.

.(Horn. II., II., 758, v., 350) uses the terms interchangeably. How little the old

' rhetoricians and scholiasts kept the single terms and definitions asunder shows,

for instance, Greg. Corinth, in a scholion to Hermog., Trepi ^le^. Seiv, CXVI., VII.,

p. 1262, 15, ed. Walz : a 5^ vvv aiirbi Xêi irdpiaa, rtvis Trapovoixairlav iKd\e<rav,

AXKoi Si Kal irap-qxw-^t olov, KarriyopT^ffu yhp aiirbs iju rijs i/iijs etre dvovolas,.

etre dvolas. The term parechese, moreover, was not adopted by the Roman

rhetoricians, and even in Greek rhetoric, where it originated, it seems not to have

been much employed, and was ultimately superseded by the term paronomasia.

4 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

rower sense, for the likeness of the vowels without that of the conso-

nants in the end-syllables of words, as, nice and might, feel and

need, is very frequent in the Romance languages, especially Spanish,

in a wider sense, for the coincidence of sound in general ; and Play

upon words (pun, quibble), when, by the combination of words of

similar sound, a witticism or jest is produced.

The Arabian grammarians use as a general term for the plays

brought about by the similarity of sound, ginasun, or tagnisun, words

derived from the Latin genus, homogeneity, or the causing of homo-

geneity.

In Hebrew, we find in Qamchi's commentary to Micah i, lo the

expression TW^l Tj"!*! ptT^ 7^ T'S13 ptl^/' ^°^ coincidens (sono)

cum alia, elegantiae causa.*

§ 2. Relation of Paronomasia to Other Devices of Style.

In paronomasia, the physical side of language, its phonetic material,

is employed as a means of style. The tropes and other figures are

concerned, as it were, with the psychical side of language, i.e. with

the effect brought about by the special signification, or grammatical

and logical relation, of a word or clause. Paronomasia leaves these

elements unaffected. Its material is the sound, and although it

attains, as will be seen below, many and various ends, its primary

object and immediate effect is simply to attract the ear, and by it the

attention to the sound.

Of all devices of style, Onomatopoeia, the imitation of the sound of

an object, be it a single word, or the rhythmical movement of a series

of words, is most cognate to paronomasia, as both paronomasia and

onomatopoeia operate with sound, and bring out to a certain degree

the picturesque and plastic element of language. A language rich in

onomatopoeia is apt to indulge, therefore, in plays of sound, as one

figure suggests the other. Thus, in the Old Testament, the passages

which abound in onomatopoeia, abound also in paronomasia, and,

indeed, both figures are often found united.^ The difference between

onomatopoeia and paronomasia, however, is that in the one the sound

* As the term paronomasia is the most frequent and the most comprehensive

in ancient rhetoric, it has been adopted in this study, for the sake of brevity, as a

general denomination for the whole range of the figures of sound in the OldTestament; a proceeding which is further justified by the traditional use of the

term.

'" Comp., for inst., Is., cc. xxiv.-xxix.


is used to represent a sensation or impression, that is, to reflect the

effect produced by the object on the perceiving subject,® while in the

other it points out the mutual relation of two ideas. In onomato-

poeia, the sound is made to conform to the sensation, and is thus

used in its natural union with the meaning of the word ; in parono-

masia, however, the sound is, as it were, separated from the meaning

of the word, and depends for its effect upon the accession of another

equal or similar sound/ Onomatopoeia thus characterizes, parono-

masia combines ; the former brings out more the symbolic, pictur-

esque side of language, the latter more the musical, harmonious

element

Paronomasia is independent of Rhythm and Metre. Even regu-

larly recurring alliteration and rime are possible in a non-rhythmical

diction, i.e. a diction without equal and regular intervals marked by

an ictus.^ They may, however, support the rhythm, bringing the

metrical joints more into relief. But there can be rhythm without

metre. Such, for example, are the rhythms in the Old Testament

poetry which vary in accordance with the emotion to be expressed,^

and those found in popular songs. Of this irregular or non-metrical

rhythm, the figures of paronomasia may become a constituent ele-

ment, and compensate for the lack of a strict ictus by giving promi-

nence to certain words or syllables, and thus effecting a division and

grouping in the diction.

§ 3. The Sphere and Value of the Figures of Paronomasia

in General. %

The figures based on the similarity of sound probably date beyond

the rise of any regular literature, and originated in popular poetry

and proverbs. Even now so-called popular songs are marked by

strong rhythms, intonations and cadences of tone, with alliterations

and assonances ; and many proverbs and witty idiomatic sayings

derive much of their point from this element, to which they fre-

quently owe their popularity and preservation. It is true that

alliteration makes its appearance in a most conspicuous manner in'' 'p-

6 Comp. Steinthal, Abriss der Sprachwissenschaft,!., p. 376.'' Comp. Gerber, Die Sprache ah Kunst, II., p. 113, 130.

® Comp. Westphal, Metrik der Griechen, Yl?, p. 30; Gerber, I.e., p. 351.

^ Lobeck, Aglaophamus, II., p. 853, observes this also in reference to the verses

of the Greek oracles : poesim sacram neque dim legibus metricis inserviisse neque

nunc adstrictam teneri.

i^'-'

ii-^^\'i


earlier Latin, and in Old-German and Anglo-Saxon poetry ; but

poetry could avail itself of alliteration as a distinguishing feature

only when it found in the language a series of alliterative combina-

tions and formulae. Speaking of these figures in general, it can be

said that they recommend themselves by their very nature to the

popular mind and the popular ear. They are not concerned with

lofty transformations of meanings, or with the intricacies of construc-

tion, bringing out the subtle relations of thought, or the fine middle-

tones of feeling and expression ; they work immediately as a concrete

sensuous means, appealing directly to the ear, and by it, not so muchto the intellect as to the attention, imagination, and emotion. Theyare, on this account, easily formed and easily appreciated even bythe untrained mind. Similar sounds suggest one another, and it is

often more difficult to avoid them than to combine them. " Similar-

ity of sound," says Grimm, " enters easily into language unsought

and unintentionally, and was probably early employed by most peo-

ples in poetry, or, at least, in formulae or proverbs."^"

From the popular language, these figures passed over into literature

as a device of style, and, unlike the higher beauties of thought and

expression, their proper home in literary style will have to be sought

in a diction which approaches the popular speech. Single figures

are peculiar to the genius of certain languages, as, for instance,

alliteration to that of the Gothic family ; nevertheless, it can be said

that they are, in general, not entirely ahen to any language or species

of literature. Georg Ebers has found alliteration and rime in Old-

Egyptian," and that alliteration was not unknown to the Assyrians

will be seen later. The literary sphere and the merit of the single

figures of paronomasia will be discussed further on. Here, it maybe said, in general, that, by virtue of the manifold effects which

similarity of sound can produce, it lends itself as a means of style to

almost any kind of literature. In the first place, there is a natural

force and charm in the harmony of sound and sense.^^ It is keener

and livelier in a primitive phase of language and Culture, but is, bythe very nature of speech, inherent in language as such. Every

1'^ Zur Geschichte des Reims, Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 185 1,

p. 697 :" Gleichklang findet sich leicht unbeabsichtigt und von selbst ein, und

ist wahrscheinlich yon den meisten Volkern shon in fruhen Zeiten in der

Dichtung oder doch in Formeln oder Spriichwortern angewendet worden."" Comp. " Nord und Siid," I., pp. i ss.

^2 Cic, Orat., XLIX., 163: duae sunt res, quae permulceant aures: sonus et

numerus.

original and vigorous language retains to some degree a tendency to

symbolism and painting by tones and sounds.^* This exhibits itself

most markedly by the formation of onomatopoeia, but also by arrang-

ing the words into a sound-picture, which, in combining, by the

congruence of sound, correlated ideas, make, as it were, the sound

an echo to the sense. " It is," says J. Schneider, " the effect and

utterance of a general aesthetic law innate in all language, by reason

of which we are fond of giving, by means of the assonance of the

various members, an adequate symbolical expression not only to

ideas cognate in meaning and derivation, but also to those which are

opposite to one another." " Besides this flattering of the ear, and

satisfaction of an aesthetic feeling, there is also an intellectual pleasure

experienced in these figures based on the general principle of the

similarity in the dissimilarity which underlies them, which also plays

a great part in the phonology of language.

Judiciously employed, and subordinated to the higher ends of

speech, these figures can be made to give tone and color to an entire

passage. In prose, they may serve to bring into relief the most

important ideas, to combine correlated words by the concrete bond

of sound, and to impress them on mind and memory. In poetry,

they contribute to its music, and give it characteristic tone and

energy. They support the serenity and liveliness of comedy, while

to the tragic tone they may convey a certain dignity and solemnity."'

^^ Comp. Rehdantz, Demosth. Neun Philippische Reden., Index I., s.v. Alliter-

ation.

^* System und geschichtliche Darstellung der Deutschen Verskunst, Tubingen,

l86i, p. 66, § 59: " Es ist Wirkung und Aeusserung eines allgemeinen in jeder

Sprache liegenden Schonheitsgesetzes, kraft dessen man sich gedrungen oder

veranlast sieht, nicht nur den Sinn- und stammverwandten, sondern auch den

entgegengesetzten Begriffen des wechselnden Gedankenspieles auch in der

Sprache durch den antonenden Gleichklang verschiedenartiger Glieder einen

entsprechenden Ausdruck zu geben." Comp. also Dion. Hal. De comp. verb.,

c. 20: Set t6v dyadbv noiriT'/iv re Kal p-ffTopa ix.ifX7]TLKbv elvai tQv irpayndruv, virip

(Sv civ Toiis \6yovs iKcp^py, 1x7} iibvov Kara, ttjv iKXoyrjv tQv dvofidTuu, dWi Kal

Kara r rj v <ri vde<T iv.

15 Cic, De orat., II., 61, 248: hoc mementote quoscumque locos attingam,

i&ide ridicula ducantur, ex iisdem locis fere etiam graves sententias posse duci . . .

nullum genus est joci, quo non ex eodem severa et gravia sumantur.

^^ Of THB •

lUHIVBRSITT]

PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

B. THE USE OF PARONOMASIA IN THE CLASSICAL, ANDSOME OF THE MODERN, LANGUAGES.

§ 4. Alliteration and Rime.

Alliteration is the simplest, most frequent, and probably the oldest

form of paronomasia. It was the formal principle of Old-German,

Anglo-Saxon, Old-Scandinavian, and it is still of Icelandic, poetry.

The basis of the verse (at least, in Old-German poetry) was the

accented and the most emphatic words, and these, as a rule, two

in the first hemistich (" Kurzzeile"), and one in the second,

were bound together by the equal anlaut, whence alliteration was

called " Stabreim," and the alliterative words or syllables " Lied-

stabe," as the bearers and supporters of the whole verse or Hne

("Langzeile").

Alliteration as a regular form of diction can produce an imposing

effect only so long as language and people are still in a primitive

stage of development : when language is as yet more the symbolical

expression of perception than of the logical idea ; when the conso-

nants still retain their original hardness and sharpness ; when the

organs of speech are still strong and rough, and the ear susceptible

to the sensuous, plastic formation of the words ; and when the con-

tents of the poetry are simple and natural.^^ In a more softened and

developed condition of language, and to a more advanced and refined

esthetic feeling, regularly occurring alliteration would have the same

effect as the frequent pounding or stamping of the popular speaker.

Thus alliteration, as a form of poetry, was, from the 9th century on,"

under the influence of ecclesiastical poetry, gradually supplanted by

the less obtrusive rime, which has become an essential element in

modern poetry.^^

Assonance, or the vowel-rime in the middle of the word, is, as was

said above (§1), favored by the Romance languages with their

18 Comp. Vilmar, Deutsche Literaturgeschichte, Marburg & Leipzig, 1873, p. 23;

J. Ley, Metrische Formen, p. 1 1

.

1^ In old-English poetry, alliteration lingered until the 14th century; comp.

Laymon's poem, " The Brut," and " Pierse the Plowman." Still later alliteration

is much employed by Spenser in " Faerie Queene " and " Shepheard's Calendar."

1* " The Germanic stabreim [alliteration] is more spiritual and ideal ; the

Celto-romance rime more sensuous and real." Adolf Ebers, Allgemeine Ge-

schichte der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abendlande, IIL, p. 8 ; comp. also

G. G. Gervinus, Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung, I.^, p. 1 21 f.

richness in sonorous vowels. It may be considered as an unfinished

rime.^^

In the classical languages, alliteration and rime never attained to

the importance of an organic element of poetry. Classical poetry

did not need it and did not want it. The metres and rhythms of

Greek and Latin based, not on the accent, but on the symmetrical

division of the words, make the whole language resounding and

waving with music ; the echoing of similar sounds would only dis-

turb the harmonious and majestic movement of the metres. Rime

appeared in Latin poetry only after it had ceased to be read metri-

cally. But even as an accessory ornament of style, alliteration and

rime were little cultivated in Greek, although it had, like Latin, by

reason of its flexions, an especial aptitude for the rime {ofioioirTwra)

.

The Greeks paid but little attention to similarity of sound in itself,

unless it served the symmetry and balance of the period, or carried

with it some point of meaning (a 8pvfj.vTrj?) .^ Still there can be

found instances of conscious alliteration and o/xoiotttwtov in almost

every classical author. "The painting by letters," says Rehdantz,^^

"was deeply established in the artistic feeling of the classical

authors." For instances in Homer comp. Bekker, Homerische

Blatter, p. 185-193, and in general Mahly, N. Schweizerisches

Museum, 1864, p. 245 ff.

These figures were in greater favor with the Romans,^ perhaps by

reason of their proneness to fulness of speech and tautology. Allit-

eration in Latin is prominent in the Saturnian verse ; it obtrudes

itself in Ennius and Plautus. In the former, sometimes all the

words of a verse are alliterative; e.g. Annaks, 113: O, Tite, tute

tati tibi tanta tyranne tulisti; 558 : Machina multa minax minitantur

maxima muris. It fades away in later poetry the more it comes

under Greek influence.^ Vergil employs it, especially in splendid

19 «< Prevalence of consonants exhibits a predominance of the reasoning mind;

prevalence of vowels a predominance of sensuous emotion." " Alliteration sounds

like character, Assonance like music." Gerber, Die Sprache ah Kunst, I., p. 202;

II., p. 163. 2'^ Comp. above, § i, p. 2.

^21 Demosth., Neun Phil. Reden., Index I., I.e.

" 5(22 On alliteration in Latin, comp. Naecke, De allit. sermonis Latini, Rhein.

Mus. III. (1829), p. 324 ff.; Bergk, Opusc. Phil., I., p. loi; Ed. Wolfflin, Die

alliterirenden Verbindungen in der Latein. Sprache, Sitzungsbericht der Bayri-

schen Akademie, 1881, p. i ff.; L. Buchhold, De Paromoeseos apud veteres

Roman, poetas usu (diss.), Leipzig, 1883; C. Boetticher, De Alliter. apud Rom.

vi et usu (diss.), Berlin, 1884.

2* Comp. Westphal, Griechische Metrik, W'}, p. 38.

lO PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

descriptions. So, for inst., ^n. I., 51 ss. (description of the dwell-

ing of ^olus) ; II., 201 ss. (Laocoon) ; III., 412 ss. (Scylla and

Charybdis) ; IV., 175 ss. (Fama).^* In Apuleius, there is what-may

be called a renaissance of alliteration after Cicero.^^ Among prose

writers, alliteration is characteristic of Cicero, especially in the

excited and pathetic passages of his orations, and in solemn perora-

tions ; it was employed to a certain degree by Sallust and Tacitus.^"

But in Latin, as in the Teutonic languages, alliteration existed before

the rise of any regular literature. It is found in many ancient phrases

of a popular, religious, and judicial character. So also is the rime in

Latin met with in the phraseology of witchcraft and incantations.-''

In the Germanic languages, alliteration, though as an organic

element of poetry superseded by the rime, yet remained a favorite

ornament of ordinary diction. In English, it is conspicuous after

the 14th century, especially in Spenser. Shakesp. occasionally ridi-

cules it.^ Still he was not unmindful of its power to give coloring

and add to the solemnity of the description of a scene. Macb., I., i :

" Fair is foul and foul is fair : Hover through the fog and filthy air ";

K. Lear, I., i : ''Though last not least in love"; Cymb., IV., 2 :

" With wildwood leaves and weeds." Of recent writers who employ

it, Dickens, Tennyson, and especially Swinburne, who is excessive in

the use of it both in poetry or prose, may be mentioned.^

Among German writers, alliteration is conspicuous in Fouqu^,

Riickert, in Simrock's translations of alliterative Old-German poems,

in Richard Wagner's dramas, and especially in Wilhelm Jordan, who,

in his " Nibelunge," even tried to revive it as a metrical form.^

2* Comp. Kvicala, Neue Beitrdge zur Erkl'drung der Aen., p. 447.25 Comp. H. Kretschmar, De Latinitate L. Apulei Madaurensis, p. 11 ff.

26 For instances in Tac, comp. C. Boetticher, I.e., p. 39 ff.

2^ On rime in Latin, comp. Ed. Wolfflin, Der Reim im Lateinisehen, Archiv

fiir latein. Lexicographic und Grammatik, I., p. 350 ff. and : Zur Alliter. undzum Reim, ibid., IIL, p. 454.

28 Love's Labours Lost (itself an alliteration), IV., 2: "I will something affect

the letter, for it argues facility : The preyful princers pierc'd and prick'd a pretty

pleasing pricket." Mids., V., i :" Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful

blade, he bravely broached his boiling bloody breast."29 Comp. the latter's stanza :

" When the hounds of spring are on winter's

braces— The mother of months in meadows or plain— Fills the shadows andwindy places— With lisp of leaves and ripple of rain." Professor Gildersleeve

kindly calls my attention to the fact that Kolbing has collected a vast number of

examples in his recent edition of Byron's Siege of Cor.85 Comp. the passage :

" Das leise Gelispel im Laube der Linde ; — Wie amFelsen gebrochen das Brausen der Brandung."

PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. II

§ 5. Alliteration and Rime in Formtilcs and Proverbial

Phrases.

The sphere of alliteration and rime common to all languages is in

proverbial phrases and other brief sayings which have become stereo-

typed or idiomatic expressions. In these syntactically co-ordinated

words, as a rule synonyms, or words related to one another in mean-

ing, are combined by the sound to give an idea greater emphasis and

solemnity, or merely more fulness.^^ The function of the similarity

of sound in this case is to rivet the important and cognate words

together, and thus give them a higher union. It is a kind of an

incomplete reduplication with the advantage of variety and of repre-

senting the same idea from another side. This use of the figures is

quite in harmony with their presumable origin. The popular speech,

as it delights in re-echoing of sounds, so, by reason of its hardiness

and vigor, is fond of fulness and exuberance of expression. Similar-

ity of sound affects the feeling as well as the meaning. On this

spontaneous, psychological process many of the so-called popular

etymologies are based. With " stand " is associated " stop, stay,

stiff, stick"; with "glow," "gleam, glitter, glisten," and so on.**

But it has its reason perhaps also in the nature of language. For,

in any original and homogeneous language, particular combinations

of consonants are found to occur frequently in stems of the same

primitive signification, so that, of a given number of words having

the same combination of consonants, many will be more or less

nearly allied in sense. On the other hand, cognate words will often

be found together as the ideas or things which they represent usually

belong to the same sphere.

Such combinations are, for instance, Xi/xo6 koL XoLfioi, Hesiod. *E/)ya,

226 ; Matt, xxiv. 7 ;^(dyjv koL ttvotJv, Acts xvii. 25 ; <}>66voi ^oVos,

acrvvcTos da-vvOeTo?, Rom. i. 29 ;— purus putus ; inter sacrum et

saxum ; domus duellique ; sane sarteque, bene beateque ; felix faus-

tus ; do dico addico ; maria montesque polliceri ; oleum et operam

perdere ;— near and dear ; tear and wear

;part and parcel ; forgive

aivd forget ; fast and furious ;— Stock und Stein ; Stumpf und Stil

;

Weg und Steg ; Dach und Fach ; Hiille und Fiille ; Sang und

Klang ;— dru et menu ; sain et sauf ; bel et bon ; fort et ferme ; ni

^1 Comp. Dietrich, Abhandlungen zur hebraischen Grammatik, p. 249 ff,

82 Comp. Georg von der Gabelentz, Die Sprachwissenshaft, ihre Aufgaben,

Methoden und bisherigeti Ergebnisse, Leipzig, 1891, p. 131 and 221.


pain ni pate ; ni vu ni connu.— In some of these combinations, the

second part is obsolete and meaningless in itself, and is simply an

onomatopoetic echo of the first word : toil and moil ; might and

main ; or, even the whole combination has no longer any etymologi-

cal signification, and owes its preservation and use to the similarity

of sound : pell-mell ; harum scarum ; helter skelter. The striving

after similarity of sound occasionally influences not only the choice

of a word, as, for inst., in Latin : an albus an ater, instead of the

more usual niger, but also the phonology. So, for inst., in German :

liigen und triigen, originally triegen ; in Italian : greve, alongside of

grave, in combination with leve.^ In some of these formulae, words

of opposite meaning are combined, but with the object of expressing

absoluteness, totality either including by this union all parts of a

thing, or indicating indifference towards the contrast : from top to

toe ; head and heel ; amidst trials and triumphs ; through thick and

thin ; in Freud und Leid ; Walder und Felder, etc.

§ 6. Play upon Word: its Relation to Alliteration andRime.

In plays upon word, besides the similarity in sound, some point in

the meaning of the combined words is taken into consideration.

Alliteration, rime, and assonance can therefore be comprised as

sound-paronomasia, because the whole stress in them lies on the

congruence of sound only, while plays upon word can be considered

as sense-paronomasia. Alliteration and rime combine preferably

synonyms and co-ordinated ideas (comp. the preceding §), while

play upon word has to do with an antithesis, or some surprising

contrast ; or, in alliteration and rime, one idea is expressed by two

words ; in play upon word, two opposite, or at least different, ideas

find expression, as it were, in one word, or in two words pronounced

alike. Sound-paronomasia is a spontaneous outgrowth of the genius

of language, or, at least, engendered by instinct and natural law

;

sense-paronomasia is rather an artificial offspring of the former. Theline of separation between both is, moreover, uncertain and shifting

;

in many cases only the connection can decide.

In the modern understanding, a play upon words implies a verbal

jest, or even something of the ludicrous and ridiculous. To this,

ancient rhetoric applied the term yeAotov, of which several kinds were

33 Comp. von der Gabelentz, l.c.

3

distinguished,^ while for those plays which fall under paronomasia a

certain pungent form of expression was sufficient.

The play upon words can be divided into plays upon commonnouns, and those upon proper names.

§ 7. General Sphere of Play upon Words.

Unlike alliteration, plays upon words are more frequent and easily

formed in languages in proportion as they are less original and poor

in words. Greek is more moderate in the use of play upon words

than Latin, although the latter has less aptitude for them, and its

play upon words have somewhat of the sternness and severity of the

Roman character. Of the modern languages, German has less than

English, while they are all excelled in the frequency of play upon

words by French, by reason of its numerous homonyms. For, while

alliteration attaches itself preferably to synonyms, the favorite domain

of plays upon word are homonyms. While alliteration is most effec-

tive in lyric poetry, and in passages of a descriptive and pathetic

nature, where it aids in arousing a certain disposition of the soul, and

causes it to hold fast to emotions, the proper sphere of the play upon

word would be in the " middle speech," as in conversations, the

epistolary style, in proverbs, epigrams, satires, and dialogues,^ where

a jest is admissible. But it may have its place in grave and excited

speech, giving it a tinge of sharpness and sarcasm. Thus Demosthe-

nes, for instance, wields the play upon word as a mighty weapon of

his 8avoTj;s, and in a similar manner was it employed by the greatest

prophets in their most earnest sermons.^

§ 8. Play upon Commo7t Nouns in the Classical and Modern

Languages?^

The ways of producing a play upon words are numerous and

various.

8* Comp. Volkmann, Rhetorik der Griechen und Romer, p. 288.

^ Arist., Rhet., III., 2, 7, says, the sophist employs homonyms, the poet syno-

nyms: tG)v 5' dvofidriov Ti? oratore, II., 61, 248: Hoc mementote, quoscumque locos

attingam, unde ridicula ducantur, ex iisdem locis fere etiam graves sententias

posse duci. . . . Nullum genus est joci, quo non ex eodem severa et gravia

sumantur; and Quint, VI., 3, 68: Quid ironia? nonne etiam, quae severissime

fit, joci prope genus est.

^^ On play upon words in Greek, comp. C. Holzinger, De verborum lusu apud

Aristoph., Vienna, 1876; Grasberger, Die griechischen Stichnamen, Wurzburg,

I. As the chief point in the play upon word is the combination of

two contrasting ideas, it can be effected by a single word, which

either unites in itself two different meanings, or suggests by its form

another word similar in sound, but different in signification, and is

employed with this object in view.

a. The first, i.e. the ambiguous interpretation of words, was sug-

gested by the oracles.** Comedy chiefly made use of it as a means

of yeXotoi/. Aristoph., Peace, 1286 : Oayprfa-fTovTo (they armed them-

selves, and they got drunk), comp. Frogs, 941 (^apo-i), 1002

{irvevfjia) ; Plaut., Captivi, V., 68 : invocatus (invited, and unin-

vited); Terence, Eim., III., i, 13: mirum (wonderful, and queer),

comp. III., I, 19. But the tragedians also employed it in the service

of tragical irony. So especially in Soph. Oedip. King.^* In Demosth.,

9, 5 : ovV ^TTTjaO' u/Acts, dAA.' ovSe KeKtvrjcrOc (nor have you been

defeated, on the contrary you have not even been dislodged from

your position— you have not even stirred from your place), comp.

Demosth., 3, 5 (o-w^ets), 4, 26 (dyopdv); Cic, Verr., I., 121: jus

Verrinum (the laws of Verres, and the juice of a wild boar). Some

one said : Cadmus was the first postboy ; he carried letters from

Phoenicia to Greece. Seine Frau ist ihm theuer (dear or costly).

In Riickerts' Macamen des Hariri, 26 : Darf ein Glaubiger sich

wahrsagen lassen ? Ja ! das Liigenreden soil er hassen. Wie wenn

ieh sehe mein Bruder ist unbedacht? Er werde von dir unter Dach

gebracht. Ambiguous words are also the point of many riddles and

puzzles.

b. The second implies the allusions to words of similar sound, and,

in general, the jocose, often arbitrary, use of speech which does not

shrink even from the distorting of words, or division of syllables, and

deviation from the usual pronunciation, the 7rapaTreTroir}fji.eva, irapa

ypdix/xa <TK<jip,fxaTa and p-traarpi(j>uv ovopa, in Arist., Rhet., III., II.

It borders on parody, and has its proper sphere in comedy. Ari-

stoph., Knights, 59 : fivpa-ivr} (instead of pvpa-Lvrj) ; Plut., Anton.,

c. 81 : ovK dyaOov TroXvKaia-apia ; <o BSeu Sc'crTrora (instead of w Zeu).

Sueton, III., 42, relates that Tiberius was called Biberius, propter

nimiam vini aviditatem. Platen, Oedipus, Nimmermann for Immer-

mann. Shakesp., Caes., I., i : What trade art thou? ... a mender

of bad soles ... a surgeon to old shoes ; when they are in danger I

1883;— in Latin, Ed. Wolfflin, Das lateinische Wordspiel. Sitzungsbericht der

Bayrischen Akademie, 1887, II., p. 187 ff.

38 Comp. Rehdantz, Demost. Neun Phil. Reden., Index I., sub " Wordspiel."39 Comp. Arnold Hugo in Philologus, XXXI., p. 66 ff.

5

recover them. Antisthenes (in Diogen. Laert., VI., 3) said of a

student he needed ypa(j>tSiov kmvov (km vov) ; in Itahan : spirito

divino (di vino). Racine, Les Plaideurs, III., 3 (Petit Jean):

Quand je vois les :6tats des Babiboniens (Babylon.), Transfer's des

Serpens (Persans) aux Nac'doniens (Mac^d.), etc. Sheridan, TheRivals (Mrs. Malaprop) : Sure, if I reprehend (compr.) any thing

in this world, it is the use of my oracular (vernacular) tongue, and a

nice derangement (arrang.) of epitaphs (epithets).

2. But play upon word, as it is commonly understood, and as

illustrated by the definitions and examples given by ancient rhetoric

of paronomasia (comp. above, §1), implies the combination of two

words of like or similar sound, but with different meanings.

a. Of this class, the use of one and the same word in two different

senses {atitanaclasis) most resembles the preceding.

a. The two different meanings may be proper and natural to the

word. Arist., Rhet., III., 11, speaking of the afrruov in style, quotes

Isocr., 4, no: rrjv apxw '''V""oA-ei o.pXW ^*vaL twv KaKwv

',COmp.

2 Cor. V. 21 : Tov fXT] yvovTa afjuipriav VTrep rjjxijiiv afiapTtav iTTOirjcrev,

Ovid's Metam., XI., 488 : egerit hie fluctus aequorque refundit in

aequor. Shakesp., Merch. of Ven., V., i, 129 f. (Portia): Let megive light, but let me not be light ; For a light wife doth make a

heavy husband. Milton, P. L. : At one light bound high overleaped

all bound. Proverb : In thy youth learn some craft, that in thy old

age thou mayest get thy living without craft. Platen : Mag er im

Anzug sein (approaching) ! Mein Anzug (suit of cloth) passt nicht

fur den Krieg. Riickert, Weisheit der Brahrnanen : Ahnen ehrt

ihr nicht, sonst wurdet ihr dies ahnen. Lichtenberg, Vermischie

Schriften : Der Pastor baut den Acker Gottes, und der Arzt den

Gottesacker. Haug : Du flogst ja Hymen's Tempel zu, Jetzt ringest

Du die Hande : Zu welchem Ende freitest Du ? Ach Gott ! Zu

meinem Ende. Louis XVI. asked Bievre for a calembour. Sur

quel sujet votre majesty d^sire-t-elle? Sur moi. Mais, Sire, un roi

n'est pas un sujet.

/8. The same word is used first in its proper sense, then in a

transferred sense. Demoth., 19, 289 : cycb 8e ov rovro Se8oi.Ka ei

^t'XtTTTTOs ^rj r] T€Tvr}K£v, dW el Trj<i ttoXcws TervrjKe to tous dSi/covvras

fiKTUv Kal TLfJiopuaOai. Matt. viii. 2 2 : dt^cs tovs vcKpous 6a.il/ai, tous

eauTovs vcKpous. Sueton, Nero, 39 : quis negat ^neae magna de

stirpe Neronem ? sustulit hie matrem, sustuht ille patrem. Shakesp.,

0th., v., 2 (Othello, with the light in the hand, about to kill Desde-

mona) : Put out the light, and then put out the light. Hamlet, HI.,

1

6

PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENl'.

4, 34 f. : Leave wringing of your hands : peace ! sit you down, Andlet me wring your heart.

y. The meanings are the same, but in the second member of- the

combination, the word is quahfied or emphasized. Epigr. : Trpos

Atos ct fxe (piXus, Ila/i^tXe, firj fx.€ <^tA«. Martial : Atque ut vivamus

vivere desinimus.

^, Words of different meaning are either spelled alike (homonyms)

,

or pronounced alike. Heraclitus, LXVI. (ed. Bywater) : rov /3lov

ovvofxxL ^Lo<;, tpyov Se ^araros. Amari jucundum est si curetur, ne

quid insit amari. Shakesp., Caes., III., i : O, world ! thou wast the

forest of this hart ; And this indeed, O, world ! the heart of thee.

Riickert, Weisheit der Brahmanen : An Manen glaubt ihr nicht,

sonst wiirden sie euch mahnen. Platen, Verhdngiiissvolle Gabel

:

Fixe ideen und Dukaten, die man Fiichse nennt.

c. Plays upon word produced by a change of voice of the verb. So

in the famous saying of Aristippus : exo^ ovk exofxai. Demosth., 45, 37 :

iTnTpoTrevaai— i-rrLTpoTrcvOrjvaL. Gal. iv. 8 : vvv Se yvovTes 6c6v, fxdXXov

Be yvcoo-^cVre? viro Oeov. Hor. : Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit.

d. A cognate class which is of great effect in antithesis and oxymo-

ron consists in the juxtaposition of a simplex with a compound, or

of two different compounds of the same stem. Soph., Ant., 1261 :

iw <fipev!Ji)v Sv(Tcf>p£vC)v ap-apT-^fiara ; comp. 1277. Lys., 14, 29: fiera-

fxiXu— jLte'Xa. Demosth., i, 19 : et 8e p-r] TrpocrSeL, p-aXXov 8' arravTos

ivSei Tov TTopov; 4, 3 : aOvfirjOiov— iv6vp.r]6iov. Isocr., 9, 55, comp.

Xen., Mem., II., i, 9: yvwp.r} cruyyi/w/u-T^s. Emperor Julian: cyvwv,

dvlyvtDv, Kariyvoiv. The old rhetoricians bring forward as an example

the following (comp. Rhett., Gr. ed., Spengel, III., p. 36) : to a

contentious vintager was said : at a/XTreXot crov ov KXrjpxiTa aXk' iyKXrj-

/Aara <f)epovo-Lv. In the New Testament, this kind of paronomasia is

especially affected by Paul ; 2 Cor. viii. 4 : airopovficvoi, dXX' ovk

iiaTTopovp-evoi, Comp. v. 6, vi. 10 ; Phil. iii. 3 : /SXeireTe tyjv KaraKOfirju,

rfP^cU yap eap.cv rj TrepiToixrj (English version: concision— circum-

cision; Luther: Zerschneidung— Beschn.). Enn., amicus certus in

re incerta cernitur. Cic, Cat., I., 11 : ut abs te non emissus ex

urbe, sed inmissus in urbem, in Pis., 5, 11 : non interfuisti solum,

verum etiam crudelissime praefuisti, Ter., And., IV., 4, 38 : Pro-

volvam teque in luto ibidem pervolvam. Aspiro dum exspiro. Manproposes ; God disposes. Qui s'excuse, s'accuse. Lass auf dich

etvvas rechten Eindruck machen, So wirst du schnell den rechten

Ausdruck finden ; Und kannst du nur den rechten Ausdruck finden,

So wirst du schnell den rechten Eindruck machen.

7

e. Play upon words which imply a "parva mutatio verbi," either

by change, or by addition and detration of a letter. Plato, Lach.,

1 88* : e/iot \ikv ovv ovSev arjOc'i oi8' av arjBk<i vtto SwKparous fiaaavL-

t,€crdai ; Phaedr., 8^'^ : bfi6TpoTr6<i re kol 6/u.oV/30<ôs yiyvtaOaL ; Prot.,

322" : TToXewv Koa-fioL re kol BecrfJiOL ; Demosth., 8, 27 : jneAAei TroXtopKciv

— fiiXcL yap Ttvi tovtwv tcov ttjv Acrtav oIkovvtwv EAAt^vcdv, COmp. 6, 15,

and Soph., Ant., 1334 ; 9> 35 ^ fj.eWoij.tv koI fjxi\KLOfj.€v ; Isocr., 9, 45 :

•^youjU.evos ciAA' ovk dyo/xevos ', ^schin., 3, 78 : ov yap tov Tpoirov aXXh

Tov TOTTOV fxovov fJ.€Trj\Xaâv. Aristoph., FrogS, 740 : ooTis ye TTiveiv

oI8e KOL fSLveiv fiovov ; 1057: îcrairo yap €1 fjxi)^€craLTO ; 1434 : 6 fxev

cro<f>(i)<i yap chev, 6 8' €T€po<i o-a<âjj, Ter., Heaut., 356 : Tibi erunt

parate verba, huic homini verbera; And., 218 : inceptiost amentium,

haud amantium. Plant., Trin., III., 2, 43 : Is mores hominum moros

et morosos efificit. Cic. Verr. : Sicilia te non praetorem, sed praedo-

nem habuit ; Velleius, 2, 108 : Marbod natione magis quam ratione

barbarus ; Cornif., IV., 29 : Videte judices, utrum homini navo an

vano credere malitis. Shakesp., Macb., I., 7, 4 : And catch with his

surcease success; Merch. of Ven., IV., i, 123 : Not on thy sole, but

on thy soul. Milton, P. L., V., 869 : To begirt the Almighty throne

Beseeching or besieging ; Abraham a Sancta Clara : Dermalen gilt

Argentum mehr als Argumentum. Platen, Fer/i. Gabel : Soil ich

dem Herrn mit dem Flegel die Beine befliigeln? Uhland {^Den

Landstanderi) : Den wird man fiir erlaucht erkennen, Der von demRecht erleuchtet ist. . . . Der wird als Burger sich bewahren, Der

seine Burg zu shirmen weiss. To Napoleon's saying, L'empire c'est

la paix, was retorted, L'empire c'est I'epê.

§ 9. Play upon Proper Names.

A name, as representing something individual, is especially a

tempting mark for a witticism or pun. There is, moreover, another

element in the playing with proper names. There is, as it were, an

innate desire in every one to etymologize ; i.e. to explain the origin

of words and their mutual connection,*' and the explanation of proper

names, or the connecting of things and events with the signification

0/ names, are the favorite field of this tendency. This practice pre-

vailed in various times, peoples, and languages. Heinrich Brugsch-

says of the Egyptian monuments that " they afford numerous instances.

^'^ Comp. Forstemann, Ueber deutsche Volksetymologien in Aufrecht und Kuhn's

Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Sprachforschung, I., p. i ff., Georg von der Gabe-

lentz, Die Sprachwissenschaft, p. 218.

^sT CAtit

1

8

PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

which prove the application of the linguistic theory in the most exten-

sive degree by the Egyptians. . . . For, in the mythological writings

of the Egyptians, there is frequently noticeable the endeavor to

explain theological names and expressions, or the catch-word of a

myth, in a linguistic manner and in an etymological form, and thus

to prove their contents from their form and signification." *^ And,

according to L. Geiger,*- the play on the signification of the names

of the gods is also frequent in the older parts of the Indian Rigveda-

sanhita. But it was most favored by the Semites and the Greeks.^

There can be drawn a certain parallel between the Greeks and the

Semites in regard to proper names. In the Semitic languages, as

well as in Greek, the proper names are still in living contact with the

language, their meaning and form is still clear and transparent. Both

the Semites and the Greeks paid much attention to the sound and

signification of a name ; it had something solemn and religious for

them.^^ Ancient rhetoric takes notice of the use made of the signifi-

cation of proper names. Arist., J?/ief., 11., 23, 29 : aXXo? ctTro rov

ovo/xaros (the inference drawn from the signification of a name);

Cic, ToJ>., 8, 35 : Multa etiam ex notatione sumuntur ; ea est autem,

cum ex vi nominis argumentum elicitur, quara Graeci irvfioXoyLav

appellant, id est, verbum ex vierbo, and Z>e mventione, II., 9, 28 :

Nam et de nomine nonnunquam ahquid suspicionis nascitur, nomenautem cum dicimus, cognomen quoque intellegatur oportet. Dehominis enim certo et proprio vocabulo agitur, ut si dicamus idcirco

aliquem Caldum vocari, quod temerario et repentino consilio sit, and

De orat., II., 63, 257: Etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen,

cum ad ridiculum convertas, quamobrem ita quis vocetur; comp.

also Quintil., VI., 3, 53 ss. Hom., II., VI., 201 : rj tol 6 koltt' ttcSlov t6

^^ Relis^on und Mythologie der alien Aegypter"^, Leipzig, 1891, p. 35: "DieDenkmaler gewahren uns zahlreiche Zeugnisse, welche die Anwendung der

linguistischen Theorie in ausgedehntestem Masse bei den Aegyptern bekunden.

. . . Es tritt namlich in den mythologischen Schriftvverken der Aegypter haufig

das deutliche Bestreben hervor, die theologischen Namen und Ausdriicke oder

das besondere Stichwort eines Mythos auf linguistischem Wege und in etymolo-

gischer Fassung zu erklaren und ihren Inhalt gleichsam sprachlich zu begriinden."

*2 Urspruug und Entwickelung der menschlichen Sprache und Vermmft, I.,

p. 120.

*2 On play upon proper names in Greek, comp., besides Grasberger, quoted in

the preceding §, Hugo Steiger, Der Eigenname in der attischen Kovwdie, Acta

Seminarii philol. Erlangensis, V., p. i ff.

** Comp.Tycho Momsen in Zeitschrift fur Alterthumswissenschaft, IV., No. 13,

Steiger, I.e., p. 4.

PARONOMASIA IN GENERAL. ig

AXrjLOV oTos aXaTO',

XIX., 91 : "Attj, rj Travras darat ; Od., I., 62:

'OSuo-o-eus . . . Ti vv ol TocTov (x>hv<Tao, comp. XIX., 406 ; XXIV., 465 :

EwTTCtêt TTudovr', etc.'*^ Many of the puns which Plato, with his

characteristically serene gravity, introduces to somewhat relieve the

seriousness of a discourse are on proper names. Symp., 185'':

Ilaucraviov Se Travo-a/xcVou ; 198* : Topyiov Aoyos . . . Vopyiov K£<âAi;

;

Prot., 362" : KoAXia tw koAAw )(a.pi^6fx.tvo<i ; Rep., 580* : o 'ApioTcovos

rtos Tov apLCTTov . . . €Kpive, comp. 614*; Euth., 291''; Laws, 969".

With the comedians it was a requisite that the names which they

gave to the dramatis personcB should bear a relation to the character

and habitus which they ascribed to them. Arist., Poetics, 9, 5, says

of the comedians : 8ia twv ei/coruv to. Tv\6vTa ovofiara vTtoTiOiacn.v.'^

Donatus to Ter. Ad., I., i, i : Nomina personarum in comoediis

duntaxat habere debent rationem et etymologiam. Thus a great

number of the jokes in comedy is based on the treatment of proper

names, and if the real etymology of a name did not present a comical

relation, a fictitious one was supplied, or names were distorted to

obtain one. For numerous instances in Aristoph., comp. Grasberger

and Steiger, I.e. But the tragedians also did not disdain to allude

ominis causa to the signification of proper names, and this in the

most solemn and pathetic passages, as if to indicate by the' meaning

of the name, the character and destiny of its bearer. Aeschyl., Ag.,

686 ss. (speaking of Helene) : cAeVas, eAavSpo?, eXe-n-oXi^ ; 1080 ss.

:

"AttoWov . . . aTToXXwv ifxos . . . dn-wA-ecras ; Prom., 85 ; t/'£u8<ovv)U,a>s (re

Saifxoves TlpofxrjOia KaXovaiv' avTov yap ere Set irpofxrjdiai'i ', Soph., Aj.,

432 S. ; Ata? . . . vvv yap 7rdp€(TTi Kal 8ts aidêiv ifxot ; Ant., 1175 :

Alfxwv oAwAev* avToxeip 8' aifid(raeTaL> The name IIoAwetKiys is

brought in connection with vetKos by all the three tragedians,

Aeschyl., Seven ag. Th., 658 and 829; Soph., Ant., no; Eur.,

Phoen., 636 and 1493. In the New Testament, Philemon v. 20

:

eyw (TOV 6vaCp.r]v iv Kvpm is considered a play on the name of 'Ovjyo-i-

/X05.— In Latin, it is again chiefly Plautus and Cicero who use proper

names as material for puns. Plant., Mil. GL, 288 : Quod ego Scele-

dre, scelus ex te audio, comp. 329, 493 ; Pseud., 223 : Phoenicium

poenicio corio; 691 : Charinus . . . euge, iam xdpiv rovrta ttoiw;

"Bacch., 129 : Non omnis aetas, Lude, ludo convenit ; 240 : opus est

chryso Chrysalo, comp. 271. Cic, Verr. A., II., I., 46: jus tarn

nequam esse Verrinum ; IV., 24 : Quod unquam, judices, huiusce

** Comp. Lersch, Die Sprachphilosophie der Alten, III., p. 3 fF.

*^ Comp. Susemihl to this passage.


modi everriculum uUa in provincia fuit? comp. Lig., 34, Plane, 34,

58, Mur., 57, Rose, Am., 46; Verg., Aen., vi., 844: vel te sulco,

Serrane, serentem. Ovid: Cur ego non dicam, Furia, te furiam?

Suet., Tiber., 70, relates the people cried : Tiberium in Tiberim.

Shakesp., Rich. II., II., i, 73 : Gaunt ! O how that name befits mycomposition ! Old Gaunt, indeed ; and gaunt in being old. Schiller,

Wallensteins Lager (Capuchin's sermon) : Der Rheinstrom ist worden

zu einem Peinstrom . . . Lasst sich nennen den Wallenstein; Ja frei-

hch ist er uns alien ein Stein des Anstosses und Aergernisses, Und so

lang' der Kaiser diesen Friedland Lasst walten, so wird nicht Fried

im Land. Riickert : Ich kost' im Kosegarten, Schon matt von

Matthison. . . . O, du schmahlich halbvergessener, Unvergesshch

mir, o Gessner. Dante, Purg., XIII., 109 f. : Savia non fui, avvegna

che Sapia fossi chiamata.

IL PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITICLANGUAGES.

§ 10. Embellishments of Speech in the Semitic Languages

in General.

The fondness of the Orientals for little niceties of literary produc-

tion, and for mere external devices and artifices of style, is well

known. The proverb, the epigram, the riddle, the fable, and similar

elegantly set and felicitously expressed brevities of literature have

always been fondly cultivated and cherished by the Orientals, and the

mechanical embellishments, calculated more for the eye and ear than

for the intellect, play with them an important part in the estimation

of the beauty of style.*'' The figures produced by similarity of sound

are especially in favor with them.*^ They correspond to the charac-

teristic tendency of the Semites to emphasis, absoluteness, and vivid-

ness of expression,'*^ which shows itself also in the frequency of the

*^ Comp. I. V. Hammer, Geschichte der schonen Redekunste Persiens, p. 33;

Schack, Poesie und Kunst der Araber, I., p. 92 ff.

*8 Comp. Verschuir, Dissert, philol. exeget., p. 172: "Nihil Orientalibus in

stylo sublimiore elegantius habetur paronomasiae figura, nihil apud poetas fre-

quentius, nihil magis est in deliciis, ifi(paTiK6T€pov nihil"; comp. idid, p. 181.

*^ Comp. Renan, De Porigine du langage, p. 190: "... devaient etre emi-

nemment propres aux energiques declamations des voyants et k la peinture de

fugitives impressions," and idem, Histoire des langues semitiques, p. 135: " une

langue qui ne connnatt qu'une seule regie : exprimer avec vivacite, au moyen des

cjs mechanismes naturds, ce qu'elle veut exprimer."

PARONOMASIA IN THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES. 21

figura etymologica, in the tendency to repetition and to the accumu-

lation of synonyms, and in the so-called parallelisnius membrorutn in

Hebrew. But the nature of the Semitic languages favors the occur-

rence of similar sounds. The Semitic languages have retained muchof the primitive sensuousness and plastic character of speech. Theprimary concrete signification of the words is still transparent in

many cases ; thus intensity of an idea is expressed by the doubling

of consonants, originally by reduplication.*" The same roots, or even

stems, often develop widely different meanings ; on the other hand,

siRce many of the present three-consonantal stems in Hebrew have

beeh differentiated from original two-consonantal roots, the concur-

rence of similarly sounding words mutually related in meaning is

faciUtated and even often unavoidable.*^ In Hebrew, words different

in the principal form (3d person perfect) may become quite alike,

or very similar in form and pronunciation in the derivative forms.

So, for inst., X*l^ and HK"! in the imperf. 3d pers. plur., only distin-

guished by the different place of the accent and the quantity. With

regard to Hebrew, there should also be mentioned its comparatively

large number of onomatopoetic words, a circumstance which stands

in close relation to the occurrence of similarity of sound,*^ and its

unsurpassed aptitude for depicting by means of tones and sounds.*^

§ II. histances of Paronomasia in Several of the Semitic

Dialects.

Of all the Semitic dialects, Arabic takes the lead in deHghting in

plays of sound, and, by reason of the pliancy and flexibility of its

words, in affording facilities for punning and for ambiguous expres-

sions.** The whole range of these figures is comprised by the

Arabian grammarians under the term of gindsun, or tagnUun^^ of

which they distinguish a great number of varieties.*^ There may

^^ Comp. Stade, Lehrbuch, § 157".

^^ Comp. Herder, Geist der hebr'dischen Poesie : " Zu alien dissen half ausser-

ordentlich die Sprache, die in so wenige einander so ahnliche Wurzelworter

zusammengeht und mit ihren einfachen Veranderungen so viel verandert."

' ? ^^ Comp. above, § 2, p. 4.

^3 Comp. Delitzsch's Commentary on the Psalms, English edition, I., p. 31.

^ Comp. Ahlwardt, Ueber Poesie uitd Poetik bei den Arabern, p. 74.

^ Comp. above, § i, p. 4.

^ They are treated in detail by Mehren, Die Rhetorik der Araber, Kopenha-

gen und Wien, 1853, p. 154 ff.; Freytag, Darstellung der arabischen Verskunst,

p. 522 ff.; Garcin de Tassy, Rhetorique ei Prosodie des langues de l^orient

2 2 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

follow examples of the principal divisions. It is called a complete

homogeneity Qindsu-et-tdman) when words alike in form and pro-

nunciation are different in meaning, as, for inst.. Sure, 30, 54 *f.

:

vayauma taqumu-s-sdatu yuqsimu-l-mu^grimuna ; md labitku gaira

sdatin. " On the day whereon the resurrection shall take place, the

wicked will swear that they have not tarried above an hour'' Imper-

fect Qindsu-l-muharrafi), when the consonants are the same, but

the vowels different : (saying of the prophet) al dainu sainu-l-dint.

" The making of debts disgraces the religion." Incomplete Qindsu-

t-thaqi^i), when one of the words has a letter more than the other

(Sure, 75, 29 f.) : valtaffati-s-sdqu bissdqi ; 'ild rabbika yaiinididi-

l-masdqu. "And one leg shall be joined with the other leg (in

death) ; on that day unto thy Lord shall he be driven." (Proverb)

:

gaddi, gahdi. " My happiness (lies in) my exertion." Composite

{gindsii-t-tarktbi) , when one part of the combination consists of two

words, or of a word and part of one (Busti) : *idd malikun lam

yakun dd hibahu faddhu fadaulatuhu ddhibahu. "When a king is

not generous, let him alone, for his reign is transitory." Transposed

{^gindsu-l-maqMbi) : Hlldhumniu Hstur 'aurdtmd vdmin raiidtina.

" O, God, cover our nakedness, and strengthen our frightened hearts."

Corresponding to alliteration and rime in formulae and proverbial

phrases treated above,^'' the Arabic has 'itbd'un (properly " following,

assimilation"), treated by Dr. Max Griinert.*^ This is one of the

methods of strengthening and emphasizing of a word externally, i.e.

by postposition, employed for rhetorical effects, and consists in a

word being followed by another one in itself often meaningless, or

originally belonging to another notional sphere, but conforming in

form and sound to the first, and thus forming with it a formula

conceived as its synonym.^^ For inst., hasanun basanun, very nice;

habtthim bantthiin, very mean ; saifdnti laitdnu, Satan ! hafuydn

mariydn, prosit ! Similar to the formulas in the Indo-European

languages,*** the Arabic iibd originated in the old popular language,

and is especially frequent in proverbs.**

Cognate to the itbd in form and object, but different in nature,

is the strengthening of an idea by the etymojt, also treated by

Muselman, p. 120 ff.; comp. also Riickert, Grammatik, Poetik tind Rhetorik

der Perser, p. 91 ff.; Noldecke, Geschichte des Qordns, p. 32 f.^'

§ 5.

58 Die Alliteration im Alt-Arabischen ( Verhandlungen des VII. internaiionalen

Orientalisten- Congress) Wien, 1886, p. 183-227; comp, also the review by Prof.

Pratorius in ZDMG, XLII., p. 677 ff.

69 Comp, above, § 5.eo Griinert, I.e., p. 188.

Dr. Griinert.^^ It consists in a noun being followed by another one,

which latter is etymologically connected with the former, and has

for itself a definite meaning and grammatical position, but in this

combination serves to strengthen the idea of the first word, making

it, as it were, a superlative. For inst., "su'giun sd'gilun, urgent, difficult

task ; mautun md'itun, painful, hard death ; tilun talilun, deep, dark

shadow; âbada-l-dbddi, for ever and ever; comp. also Sure, 3, 12;

4, 60 ; 8, T ; 10, II ; 14, 27, etc.

Rime is not only employed by the Arabs in poetry, but in all

elevated speech."^ This rime of poetic prose, called sagun, divides

the speech in short members concluding with similar endings ; comp.,

for inst., Sure, 75, 5-10, 20-30. For the sake of rime, the usual form

of words is sometimes changed ; for inst.. Sure, 95, 2 : vaturi sinina

(and by the Mount Sinai) for sina, in order to make it rime with

the following el-'amini!^ Rime is also a favorite form with Arabian

authors for titles and headings of books.*'^

In Ethiopic, alliteration and play upon word are rare. In poetry,

the single lines of a stanza end with the identical syllable. For

instance, in the poetical encomium to the biographical sketch of

Melchizedek (De viris Sanctis. E Synaxariis, Dillmann, Chrestojna-

thia Ethiopica, p. 16) :

Salim la-Malka (êdek amsalu wasutafu

la-za-ma?ea' qui ba-damanS dengel 'ajefu

tabibSn geber ba-kama âhafu

la-segS 'adam haba tahanega me'erifu

zenetu kahen yenaber la-zelufu.

" Hail to Melchizedek, type and associate

Of Him who came— the Word (Logos) — in the cloud of the virgin as His

garment,

As it is written by the wise men.

Where the resting-place for the body of Adam is built.

There shall he remain a priest for ever."

Syriac poetry is distinguished by rime."^ Single cases of parono-

masia, for inst., Peshiio, Jer. xlviii. 36, 112X1 piD!*' J^n'^TS, they did

• what was evil and perished ; Acts ii. 30, 737 D"T1X "jDIST i<"li<S p^^ Die Begriffsverst'drkung durch das Etymon. SitzungsberichU der Wiener

Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Volume CXXV. (1891), p. 1-46,

reviewed by Th. N. in Zancke's Literarisches Centralblatt, 1892, p. 410.

^^ Comp. Noldeke, Geschichte des Qordn, p. 27. ^3 Comp. Noldeke, I.e., p. 30.

6* Comp. W. Bacher, ZDMG, XLVI., p. 54. On plays upon proper names in

Arabic, comp. Mehren, I.e., p. 131. ^^ Comp. Zingerle, ZDMG, X., p. no ff.

']''D"nD, from the fruit of thy loins will I set (one) upon thy throne.

Ephraemi carmina (Roediger's Chrestomathia Syriaca, p. 84, 5 ss.)

:

noia no ><-i^'ir3i

" For his mouth is foul with invectives,

And his tongue with maledictions,

And in foul mud he is submerged."

Comp. idem (p. 87, 2) : prT^T^lDn KnT'T'DI, and the brides in their

coronets.

In Assyrian, there has thus far been found only a single fragment

of an alliterative hymn.^ The hymn, which was probably composed

as a prayer for a prince, consists of stanzas of five lines each, and the

lines of each stanza begin with the same two consonants. Thus the

second stanza reads :

Arxu u sattu liktarubu esagila 9iri

Arrube ^" Marduk lippita§u liktarab

Arax §a balati isimi akiti ligsakin nigfltu

Arba'a kibrati litatala zimeSu

ArriS ^^ zaninisu balat tub libbi listaraq.

" May month and year bring blessing to exalted Esagila;

May its whole extent bless Marduk the Great.

In the month of life, at the New Year's festival let there music be made.

May the four quarters (of the heavens) look upon his countenance;

May he grant the- ruler, giver of liberal offerings, a life of joy."

Perhaps there also belong here such combinations as zikru u zinnistu,

men and women ; milsu u urru, day and night ; rltu u masqtiu, food

and drink. An intentional rime is found in II R., 9, 28-31'''*

:

sa aba u. ummula isa

sa abasu ummaSum ida.

" Father and mother

He had not;

His father and his mother

He did not know." 69

^ Published in Pinches' Babylonian Texts, No. 4, p. 15 fF.

6^ For ana rub8, in order to accord with the other lines.

68 For ana riS, comp. the preceding remark.69 Comp. the observation of Prof. Haupt, Sumerische Familiengesetze, p. 57,

rem. i : "It is interesting here to note the rime for the sake of which ummu was

chosen at the end of the first line instead of umma.^'

An allusion to the meaning of his name is made by Sargon (= Sarru

Kenu), I R., 36, 40 ss. : Kima zikir sumia sa ana nagar ketti

(= kenti) u misari sutesur la li'i la xabal ensi imbuinni ilani rabuti.

" In accordance with the meaning of my name whereby the great

gods have called me to protect right and justice, to guide the feeble,

not to destroy the weak."™

""^ Dr. Christopher Johnston kindly calls my attention to the plays upon word

in K 595 (Harper, Assyrian Letters, p. 7 f.) obverse 1. 16: qinnu kentu, true

stock, and 1. 27 : ina qinnu iunu luleribu, may they receive them into the family;

and 1. 18, 19: <;alam Bel, counterfeit of the god Bel, and 1. 20: ina pi ia II

b'ele, from the mouth {i.e. by the will) of the two lords.

Part IL^

III. PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

A. LIMITS AND CONDITIONS OF PARONOMASIA INHEBREW.

I. Limits of Paronomasia as a Device of Style.

THE charm and effect of paronomasia lie, as has been observed

elsewhere,- in the union of similarity of sound with dissimilarity

of sense. Hence it does not include the reiteration of the same

words or word-stems in the same meaning. Is. xxviii, lo lUiS lit

nty n^3:T a^ n^^t ipS 1p \^h Ip l^b 12:, "precept upon precept,

precept upon precept, rule upon rule, rule upon rule, here a little,

there a little," and similar passages, though powerful and impressive,

do not contain a paronomasia, as the effect is not produced by the

sound, but by the sense, of the words. Furthermore, to fall under

the definition of paronomasia as an artifice of style, the similarity of

sound must be manifestly designed by the author, not the result of an

unavoidable coincidence, as, for instance, the first words of the Old

Testament, i<nS D^^X^D, or the beginning of the Psalter, n^X"l^X ^''KH ; or of logical necessity, as in the combination of cor-

related words, Di<1 SX, nm p, mnSI riK ; or of a grammatical

peculiarity of the language, as in the figiira etymological the colloca-

tion of an infinitive with its finite verb or of a noun in the singular with

its own plural to form a superlative ; or of grammatical congruence,

as Ps. viii. 5 inpsn ^3 m« pi inDin ^d t?i2>? ns:, i sam. xviu. 7

vmnann nm rsbi^a bi»sir riDn ; comp. also Gen. iv. 23,

Jud. xiv. 18, xvi. 24, Ps. cxxiv., and similar passages, which are often

adduced as instances of rime in the Old Testament.^ For the same

^ Appeared in the Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. XII., Pt. ii., p. 105 ff.

2Pt. i., §3; §6.

8 The frequency or infrequency with which this construction is employed mayamount to a peculiarity of style ; the figure in itself cannot be so regarded.

* Comp. Reuss, Geschichte der Heiligen Schriften Alien Testaments, §125;and on the other hand, Delitzsch, in his Commentary on Ps. cxxiv., and Introduc-

tion to the Psalter, p. 28 f. (English transL).

26

PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 27

reason, the auxiliary prefixes do not count in alliteration; else all

imperfect and participle forms (with the exception of ptcp. Qal)

would alliterate. The nominal preformatives are an exception to

this rule, because they were no longer felt to be formative elements/

as in XDIttI KliClJS, going out and coming in (202 ; comp. 205 a. o.).^

In the few cases where a stem-consonant alliterates with a prefix,

the similarity extends to the whole words, as "[ll "111, the guilty and

the pure (loi ; comp. 45, 54, 143, 204, 223, 383, 461).

2. Intentional and Accidental Congruence of Sound.

The observations made in the preceding paragraph suggest the

question, How are we to know whether the agreement in sound

between two or more words is intentional or not ? It is impossible

to give a universal criterion applicable to every particular case. In

many instances the decision will be a matter of individual feeling.

It must also be borne in mind, on the one hand, that since parono-

masia exists for the ear, not for the eye, harmonies of sound may be

overlooked by the reader of a foreign, and especially of a dead,

language ; on the other hand, that the critic, who is in search of

them, is apt to perceive assonances even in cases which would not

be recognized as such in the living speech. We must also distin-

guish between the intention of the writer and the genius of the

language. A writer may use a paronomasia unintentionally and

unconsciously, merely because the language has a tendency to, and

an aptitude for, these figures.'' So much may be said in general.

There can be no doubt that the congruence of sound is intended in

those combinations which recur often, and have thus the character

of a formula ; in those in which unusual words or forms are employed

in order to produce similarity of sound ; and in the plays upon proper

names. Accumulation is also an evidence of design ; that is, where

either several words assonate with one another,^ or two or more paro-

nomasias occur in the same verse.^ Intention is to be assumed more

6 Thus, in Latin also, cura alliterates with cogitatio, plane with perspicue, etc.

;

^omp. Wolfilin, Die alliterativen Verbindungen im Lateinischen (Sitzungsbericht

der Bayrischen Akademie, 1881), p. 4 f.

6 The numbers refer to the list of passages in the Old Testament in which

paronomasia occurs ; below, p. 44 ff.

^ Comp. Ley, Die metrischen Formen der hebr'dischen Poesie, Leipzig, 1866,

p. 18.

8 Comp. List, No. 41, 62, etc.

8 Comp. No. 43, 59, 71, etc.

2 8 PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

frequently in syntactically co-ordinated than in subordinated words,

especially when the combination is distributed over two parallel

members.''^ Besides this the diction of the passages in which they

occur and the relation they bear to it must be considered. In

elevated speech, where the paronomasias add to its solemnity and

impressiveness, they may be deemed intentional. In less elevated

style, such combinations as add but little to the emphasis and

significance may generally be deemed accidental.

3. Consonants which alliterate with Each Other.

In Latin, Old German, and Anglo-Saxon, alliteration is restricted

to precisely the same consonants.^^ In Hebrew, however, there is

greater liberty.

K alliterates with '^ in "IS'^JI pD>$, powder and dust (4), pX7^3?!, misery and distress (12; comp. also 36, 316, 319, 324).

The interchange of ^ with X in several cases, as 3X71X2 Am. vi. 8,

^7X1312 and ^h^'^ Mai. i. 7, and DXHS side by side with ^yna,^^

would show that in Hebrew, as in the Aramean dialects, the distinc-

tion in pronunciation between '57 and >5 began early to be effaced,

although that between 'J7 and '^ (= Arab, gain) is still to be traced

in the transcription of proper names in the Septuagint. But even

in Arabic, where the enunciation of these gutturals is sharply distin-

guished, they are found in alliteration.^^

The niutce medics may alliterate with tenues. Thus 3 with & in

D31^7 37S niiT ^yi, swallow up, O Lord, divide their tongue (51

;

comp. 46, 332); J with p in D'^'^'J DD "]^1p ^a\1, lift up thy voice,

daughter Gallim (72); 3 with p in 123 D"ip ^3 T\'2, Bel hath

bowed down, Nebo hath crouched (182; comp. 173, 181, 386);

1 with to in fl!?!! D^IO, judgment and knowledge (152) ; T with fl

in ^TlTn pi, corn and wine (80) ; tO with fl in 7Sn TtD, those

that daub with untempered mortar (153). All these consonants

interchange freely in the various Semitic dialects, and not infre-

quently within one and the same language. So 3 with S : rTHSl?

1" Comp. No. 12, 14, 42, icx), etc.

^1 Comp. Wolfflin, Die alliter. Verbindungen im Lat., p. 3 f. ; Vilmar, Gramm.,II., p. 21 f. ; Hofer, Alliteration bei Gower, p. 76 f.

^2 Comp. Ewald, § 59 c, and Wright, Comparative Grammar of the Semitic

Languages, p. 48 f., 63 f.

1^ Comp. Griinert, Die Alliteration im Alt-Arabischen ( Verhandlungen des

VII. Internationalen Orientalisten Congresses, Semitische Section), Wien., 1886;

p. 188.

and KnnX, lead ; nSl, KD^t and XnSt, Arab, zift (which is, how-

ever, a loan-word), pitch ; *11S and IH (Ps. Ixviii. 31, Dan. xi. 42),

spread out, scatter." \ D and p, IPID and Arab, gahada, deny,

conceal; "IJD and "130, close, shut; tD^p, KtO^TIp, but Mand.

Kl^'^ria, truth ;^^ 3;513 and 3731p, head-gear,— compare, in Assyrian,

the dialectic variety of qdtu and gd(u, hand, qaqqadu and gaggadu,

head;^" 1, 10 and H, as in Hebrew and Aram. 'r'tOp, Arab, and

Ethiop. qatala, S^tOH and S^m, to snatch away, HS'l and Syr. X3D,

rumor, report, S^H and Arab, //x^^, tambourine, "IH and "IIH,

Arab. </ar and tar, period.^"

In like manner, the sibilants alliterate with each other : 1 with D

in KmOl hh^^, glutton and drunkard (105); T with '^ in anS f'XI

D^Dt nDvTJ "IDD "'D "iDt^, neither have they any more a reward,

for the memory of them is forgotten long ago (416); D with tT in

CTniD '^"y^, thy rulers are rebels (422; comp. 278, 281, 423);

D with ^ in IDty^ SSU7D OnÛ?:?! D-'D-l DÎCnSiD -JaDn jn?, folly

is enthroned on great heights, while the rich sit in low place (286;

comp. 280); "ty with ty in D''Ttri nnS2t?, joy and songs (417;

comp. 418, 421, 425, and many others); 1 interchanges with D in

"lit and IID, turn away, and by partial assimilation in 31^ and "^Dtt,

mixed drink ; tT and tT are later differentiations of an old-Semitic Jf,'*

and interchange in Hebrew and in Aramaic and Arabic.^^ D and înterchange not only in the various Semitic languages, but also dia-

lectically in Hebrew, as hSdO and D^Dt^, Jud. xii. 6 ; and jVItt^,

coat of mail, occurs with all these three sibilants, i Sam. xvii. 5, ^Z,

Ps. xxix. 6, and Jer. xlvi. 4, li. 3.

n and 3 are perhaps found in alliteration in HipSIin ''D ']*1DDn,

she will bring thee honor, when thou dost cherish her (168).^

1* In Assyrian, the same word is written now with 3, now with £3; for example,

epeiu and ebeiu, do, napiitu and nalnitu, soul, life, diipu and diibu = t^^l,

honey; comp. Haupt, Beitrdge zur assyr. Lautlehre, p. 102, n. 3.

15 Comp. Wright, I.e., p. 50.

16 In Latin also, g alliterates with c and q ; comp. Kvicala, Neue Beitr'dge zur

Erkldrung der Aeneis, p. 442 f.

, '}' Comp. Wright, I.e., p. 53. In Arabic also, t and d alliterate with /; comp.

Griinert, I.e., p. 188.

18 Comp. Haupt in ZDMG, XXXIV., p. 757-63.

13Jf is changed to s in the Assyrian pronominal suffixes when it is preceded by

another sibilant or dental, as viatsu, his country, uiaknisunuti (= uiaknissunuti

= uiakniJiunuti), I subdued them; comp. Delitzsch, Assyr. Gramm., § 51.

2" On the mutual relation of these two consonants, and on the transcription of

Arab, h by 5, see ZDMG, XXXVII., p. 458 f.; Wright, l.c., p. 51.


B. THE VARIOUS FORMS OF PARONOMASIA IN THEOLD TESTAMENT.

4. Alliteration in Syntactically Co-ordinated Words and in

Formules.

Alliteration is the most frequent form of paronomasia in the Old

Testament. As in other languages/^ its proper nidus is in syntacti-

cally co-ordinated words, where, in not a few cases, it forms set

phrases. The force of alliteration in these combinations is, as in

other languages, that of emphasis and impressiveness.^^ By far the

larger number of such collocations consist of synonyms. The pro-

portion of paronomasia in words of opposite sense to that of cognate

is as one to seven. Antithesis is in general more rare in language

than the juxtaposition of synonyms, as more reflection and skill are

required for the former than for the latter, and especially in parono-

masia, where the similarity of sound must be considered. With

regard to the parts of speech, nouns are more frequently combined

with nouns in paronomasia than either verbs with verbs, or verbs with

nouns, the proportion of these to the former being i : 2.62, and

I : 3.5 respectively.

5. The Mutual Relation of the Words.

I . The relative position of the words in alliteration is the same

which obtains generally in the collocation of synonyms. The longer

word, or the word with the more specific sense, stands usually in the

second place, forming a kind of climax : lim mil, glory and splen-

dor (91); pnm Cin trnn, thou shalt thresh mountains and

crush (crumble) them (82) ; ^"11^51 D^li^, enemy and lier in wait

(16); înxi ''Db n>{ ^t:h (10; Prov. xxiii. 29); mriDî nnsî, and

they smote them and crushed them (186). In some combinations the

words often change their position : bX^Î pi^ and pKI 7X3!?, misery

and wretchedness, or sin and iniquity (12) ; '?2!'"!l^m pi and tl?n^ri

|m, corn and wine (80) ; nX2im S^n and '^^Hl mDin, wall and

rampart (120). It is not necessary that the combined words should

follow in immediate succession. They may even be distributed

between the parallel members of a verse : T'^t2??D "^JTlXSiS mn^DHK rntyXS ']l37iC3, Jahveh, when thou wentest out of Seir, when

thou didst march out of the field of Edom (365) ; *ipV^^ DlStT ^'^^

21 Comp. Pt. i., § 5 and § 11. 22 Comp. the paragraphs cited in the last note.

1

*]''m3J3'nS3 m7tn, let there be peace in thy ramparts and prosperity

in thy palaces (464). Asyndeton of the combined words— essential

in Arabic ^ and Latin ^*— is the exception.

2. With regard to the relation of thought between the combined

words, they are either strictly synonymous, as ^SV) pSK, powder

and dust (4) ; m3JC1 HSID, storm and tempest (278) ; HflX:^! jltTtT,

joy and gladness (414) ; or express cognate ideas, as TlSib mn^ Dp3V!l''i<7 Sin 110131, Jahveh is an avenger to his adversaries, and he

keepeth wrath to his enemies (269) ; hs^\'^^ pv, cloud and darkness

(314); p'^mn DlS^m 1K2:n nnatrn ^S, for with joyshallye go

forth, and with peace shall ye be led (418) ; or the ideas belong to

the same sphere, as Dll "131, pestilence and bloodshed (79) ; n^JH

D^2Cni, spear and arrows (132) ; HSpl flSp, the pelican and porcu-

pine (371) ; the words may express a contrast, and be combined to

express indifference to the contrast,^ as S31X21 i^2i1tt, the going out

and coming in (202); or present the extremes of a series, thus

expressing absoluteness, totality, as DIIVI H2£3? DSJ<1, and there is

neither he that is shut up, nor he that is loose, i.e. none whatever

(320) ; TlyS^ "13? . . . nirf ^1D^ jahveh will exterminate watcher (or

caller) and answerer, i.e. every one (323).^

Combinations of derivatives from the same stem :^ rib?1^X21 nst2?,

waste and desolation (426), i.e. utter desolation ; iT3><1 rT^KH, moan-

ing and bemoaning, i.e. exceeding lamentation (497),— a kind of

superlative similar to D'^tt^lp tTIp, holy of holies, the most holy.^^

Instances of antithesis are inSS K7l ntODS, I trust, and am not

afraid (46) ; niH Kif^ HtDn Dnn, instead of wheat come out thorns

(113); nston':' ^trn nxinn n^^n':' pn^ nSi:;©, the work of the

righteous tendeth to hfe, the income of the wicked to sin (115) ; etc.

6. Alliteration in Grammatically Subordinated Words.

The number of instances of paronomasia in grammatically subor-

dinated words is comparatively small. Besides, it is in such cases

often more difficult to decide than in co-ordinated words whether

the accordance of sound was intended, or is merely accidental.^

The following may serve as examples :—

I. The combined words stand in the relation of subject and predi-

cate : pi5 n'^SK Th% curse consumed the earth (26) ; D^XSX'? IDm

28 Grflnert, I.e., p. 187. 24 Wolfflin, Die alliter. Verb., l.c., p. 13.

2S Cf. Pt. i., § 5.26 cf. Ft. i., § 5, and Pratorius, ZDMG, XLII., p. 678.

"Cf. Pt. i., §11. 28Comp. Ewald, §313 c. 29 cf. above, § 2.

nKtOn, but sin is the reproach of nations (134) ; D'^^tT nnHD, her

merchants are princes (281).

2. Predicate and object : TTl IpHS, when he set a compass (138) ;

irT;2{ 11^, they beset our steps (352); T\^p W^p, they reap

thorns (376).

3. The combined words stand in genitive relation to one another :

D^n ^'^Sn, slain by the sword (124) ; XDIPI StI, the wealth of the

sinner (366) ;\T^'^ DtT, a name of joy (467).

4. One member of the combination is a complement, or contains

an adverbial qualification of the other: D''3VDX7 ''33S DK, I was

father to the needy (i) ; n^t2hi< D'^b^bi^, dumb idols (30) ; DHmnnT^'nTl nnn—, thou wllt slay their young men with the sword (45).

5

.

The combination forms a comparison : mSDÎD D'^DDPl ^"121,

the words of the wise are like goads (78); IIS^ "ISND "mM, he

scattereth hoar-frost like ashes (179); SltO ]fy^t2 DU? 31tD, a good

name is better than precious ointment (469).

In all these cases, the similarity of sound strengthens and illustrates

the relation of the words to one another.

7. Simple and Strengthened Alliteration.

To constitute an alliteration, the agreement of one sound, i.e. of

the first consonant, is sufficient. Quite frequently, however, it is

extended to two or more consonants, and to the similarity of the

consonants there is added that of the vowels, so that the words

correspond almost entirely in sound : pliCSSI "llltti, siege and afflic-

tion (228); "ISXI *ia:?, dust and ashes (316); ^T^^ DV1, thunder

and earthquake (409). So also sometimes three or more words

aUiterate : HSI DnSI inS), terror, and a pit, and a snare (330) ;

MDIDÎ HDIDXÎ nX2inS2 DT, a day of discomfiture, and of treading

down, and of perplexity (199); DIpX: p^TX^lS: DnX2 TD3 KDDmn^ h)Xy^^ nipa irtrnpa, throne of glory, exalted from the begin-

ning, place of our sanctuary, hope of Israel— Jahveh (176) ; or several

alliterative couples stand together : îXtTI CST ^231 p3, progeny and

offspring, name and remnant (258, 468; Is. xiv. 22); 137 t'J?'^^

Tm mXîn Xr^^ TW^'^, a city of strength is ours, salvation doth he

appoint for walls and bulwarks (303 ; Is. xxvi. i).


8. Assonance.

Of the subtle assonance ^ there are in Hebrew, in which the con-

sonantal element predominates, hardly any instances, except perhaps

mi?21 "niD p, a rebellious and refractory son (289) ;\\'^'y^ J1S"I^,

blasting and mildew (442) ; 111137 p3»''3ir pHttn, shyness, madness,

and bhndness (500). If such cases as those quoted by Ley,^^ e.g.

nnX 13311 11S1, and his rider falls back, be considered as exam-

ples of this figure, it would be possible to find assonance in every line

of the Old Testament.

9. Rime.

Excluding, in accordance with what was said above,^^ the congru-

ence of sound in the flexional endings, and Hmiting rime as a species

of paronomasia to the cases in which the similarity is in a stem-

syllable, the number of instances of rime in the Old Testament is

comparatively small ; and it is always combined with assonance of

the whole word, as in j^lXH 11733 ni3>^, the earth is stricken down

and withered (2); D^^ni Dni« (15); pXH tmni tr3?3ni, and

the earth shaketh and quaketh ( 74) ; niKSD flltO'!?, a crown of

glory (302); ID^IEI T1^, an escaped one and survivor {zz?>)',

nap T^'^T "hi nJ2^, a bud that doth not bring forth meal (362);

P)i£p P|5iU?3, in the overflowing of anger (492) ; IHSI infl, waste

and void (499), etc.

10. Epanastrophe.

There are only a few instances in the Old Testament of the

recurrence of the final syllable of a word at the beginning of the

immediately following word, a figure disapproved of by the old

rhetoricians :^ H^H tT'^SIK VD1K, his enemies I will clothe with

shame (61) ; DHS 7\tlT\ 1122113 DUtT, that they are beasts with regard

to themselves (97) ; 'h'Tw ntt^l t2?"lS, he hath spread a net for myfeet (411), etc.

1 1 . Play upon Words.

I. There are only a few cases in the Old Testament of plays pro-

duced by a single word which suggests by its form, or alludes to,,

another word similar to it in sound, but of contrasted signification,^

as in |1S ^"IIPID, the young men of Hehopolis (11), where |1H, the

Hebrew name of that city, is spitefully altered to |1X, idolatry, wicked-

8^ Cf. Pt. i., § I. ^^ Die metriscken Formen, u.s.w., p. 95.

82 § I, p. 26 f. 83 Cf. Quint, ix., 4, 41. 34 Cf. Pt. i., § 8, I.

ness, and in pi^ IT^ )bVT\ 7S1, which contains a bitter parody on

Bethel. In D'^n VBISi, his watchmen (prophets) are dreaming (93), a

sarcastic allusion to D'în, seers, may be seen. According to Professor

Haupt, I'D], in Eccl. xii. i, alludes to IS].'" A play on the double

meaning of a word is perhaps contained in H? "miCXS ^llit pHI, and

Tyre built for herself a bulwark, or siege (353, note). A case of the

division of one word into two is perhaps to be found in CJVXiS lIDn,

the spite of the haughty (63), where the qere D''3V ^îh is thought

by some commentators to allude to the U^^V, Greeks,^" and in jl'^ppl

1"fn3 hV, and disgrace upon thy glory (384), reminding of Spjl7p.^ In this connection may also be mentioned a case in which

there is no similarity of sound, and the play is only on the thought

:

n^n nn:? nâtr nn^V n^h na:?. Pass thou away, O inhabitress

of Shaphir (Fairtown), stripped in shame (491), where Shaphir is

probably altered from Shamir,^ in order to play on its appellative

signification.

2. But the mass of plays upon words in the Old Testament are

such as are brought about by the combination of two words, and

following the classification given in Part i. (§8, 2), we may distin-

guish the following cases :—

a. The repetition of the same word in a different meaning {antan-

aclasis) .

a. The same word is repeated in two different meanings, both of

which properly belong to it: tT^K ^TH Slpb 'h>< DnVtttr? ^hnnnn 9x . . .m-n n^h Kip ^3in . . . Vnxb, ye have not hearkened

unto me to proclaim liberty every one to his brother, . . . behold I

^proclaim liberty to you ... to the sword (87) ; mn^lXS . . . HmH ''S

XllSnT' mnSlXS *h Vn XllOnb, because Ephraim hath made a multi-

tude of altars to sin, the altars became to him a punishment (114^'')

;

comp. Nos. 117, 146, 219, 252, 253, 266, 296, 368, 379, 407, 455,

474, 483.

/8. The same word is repeated in its proper and transferred sense,

as in nW IXtTJI . . . Urvh^: ^T ^n«tr3, I lifted up my hand against

them . ..

, and they shall bear their sin, i.e. the consequence of it, pun-

ishment (272); K^X2, burden, and oracle (234^"); comp. Nos. 154,

375,443, 457. 484-

y. The meaning in the repetition is qualified, or emphasized : ITliT

WT^ lin'^ frin^ 73 "[l^ n?:-l, Jahveh, thy hand hath been lifted up,

but they saw it not; they shall ste— and be ashamed (112).

86 Cf. No. 58, note. 86 cf. No. 63, n. 28. 87 cf. No. 384, note.

b. Combination of homonyms : . . . DTl*lttn "llttn *Tl?2Hn TI73

'il Tl^Dn, with the jaw-bone of an ass heaps of heaps . . . have I

smitten (129); TDH finn D^"l^Dn '!'1p3, as the sound of thorns

under the pot (so is the sport of the fool; 283) ; comp. Nos. 232,

295, 305, 450.

c. Change of voice of the verb : pXH SItS Dn:?tttri HXn DXI'^SXn nnn Onnttl 13Xan DKI ibsxn, if ye are wiUing and obey,

ye shall eat the good of the land, but if ye refuse and rebel, ye

shall be devoured by the sword (24) ; \imr\ kS ^3 irttSin kS Q«,

if ye beUeve not, verily ye will not remain (31); comp. Nos. iii,

164, 260, 291, 311, 375, 428, 474.

d. The other plays upon words, which imply a "parva mutatio

verbi," cannot be minutely classified. The following groups may,

however, be distinguished :—

a. The consonants are alike and stand in the same order, but the

vowel is different : "jp^H vTO "^p^HS, in the smooth stones of the

brook is thy portion (126) ; 0^3 3^(1 CI? |S2C sSpf . . . IHpTI, and

he made him suck milk of sheep with fat of rams (128) ; 7!? D"in

rT'XS^ti h^ Din D'^n^DH, sword upon the Chaldseans, drought upon

their waters (142) ; comp. 249, 324, etc.

^. One consonant, either in the beginning, middle, or end of the

word, is different : bx "^IttX TlttH, they rebelled against the words

of God (32) ; r\'pi n3m v^^'y^ na^D n:m x^t^'^'ch ipi, and

he hoped for justice, but behold oppression, for righteousness, but

behold a cry (240) ; K12^ ''3 "ntTtt Kl^n kSi K3nn X\^h DltTS,

when the tongue scourgeth thou shalt be hidden, and thou shalt not

fear destruction when it cometh (447).

y. One word has an additional syllable : )^^ ''Tt^JS "lltTS, hke a

destruction from Shaddai will it come (438) ; SSS D^lSStr 'mU?:;^

Dniii D'^tOStrn, when I shall execute judgment on all those that

despise them (486) ; T\T\ Ssb n"IIK IIT'^J 731, and all his auxiliary

troops I will scatter to every wind (299).

8. The consonants are transposed: ^xhz bn V3:?3 ^l"^ f'^IT'

D31J<, he delivers the afflicted in his affliction, and opens his ear in

oppression (125); "ISX TP^T\ *li<S, a coronet in place of ashes

"(^28); psaxb D'XS ^Ki1S3 Dtr\ he turned water-springs into a

thirsty ground (360).

^^^ OF THB ^'

'U5I7BRSIT7]

iIPO«^


1 2. Plays Upon Proper Names.

With the Hebrews a name was a speaking reaUty, even more than

with the Greeks.^ Not only were thoughts and sentiments attached

to names/'' but even most of the historical lore was grouped around

them as landmarks and milestones.*' The names of persons, tribes,

and places were made to suggest the moral character attributed to

them, or the important events connected with them. This explains

the numerous etymological explanations of proper names in the

historical books of the Old Testament.^^

It would be out of place to consider here the historical value of

the etymological explanations of names, and the relation between

them and the narratives which form their material basis ; we have to

do with them merely from a philological point of view, that is, only

as far as they bear upon paronomasia.

These explanations are not properly plays upon words,— at least,

they are not intended as such, and there would, therefore, be no

reason to quote them in a discussion of paronomasia, but for the

circumstance that, in many instances, the relation between the proper

name and the appellative which should explain it is not etymological,

but consists in a mere similarity of sound by means of which some

sentiment or fact is brought into connection with a name.^^ Thus

the very first etymological explanation of a name given in the Old

Testament seems to be philologically impossible : iTiTK X"lp'' HKHnnp7 '(Z^'^X^ "^3, she shall be called woman, because she was taken

out of man, Gen. ii. 23 (37) ; for comparison with the other Semitic

languages shows that ^''S and H^X have a different tT, and conse-

quently are derived from different roots. The equivalent of UtTX in

Arabic is ^unta, in Aram. J^DflX or KHriSSl. It has thus, according

88 Comp. Pt. i., § 9.

*9 Comp. the blessing of Noah, Gen. ix. 27, and that of Jacob, Gen. xlix.

*" Herder, Werke, Vol. XII., p. 193 (ed. Suphan) : "Von den altesten Zeiten

an war bei den Ebraern Alles an Namen geheftet," and p. 197 : " Bei den Ebraern

beruht Geschichte und Dichtkunst grossen Theiles auf Paronomasien, wie auf

Originibus der Sprache."*i According to E. Nestle, Die hraelitischen Eigennamen, p. 5, there are more

than a hundred explanations of proper names in the Old Testament, of which

fifty-one occur in Genesis alone.

*2 This was recognized even by Simonis, Onomastica, p. 5 :" Scriptura sacra,

sicubi nomina propria explicat, non semper per eandem radicem unde descendunt,

sed interdum per cognatam iJ facere solet, non tam verborum quam rerum habita

ratione."

to Professor Haupt's table of the differentiation of the sibilants in the

Semitic languages/^ a tTi, and comes from a stem ^3X, Assyr. ene'su,

be weak ; while '(T'^K comes from a stem ^1>^, be strong, which is

extant in I^^TXrin, show yourselves men, Is. xlvi. 8, and in the

proper name tZ^KliT, or U?K1^, 2 Ki. xii. i, 20.^

The name Hiy?: is explained by: IH^n^irXS 0^X2.1 p ^3, for I

drew him out of the water. But H^tt as participle active can only

mean " extrahens," not " extractus." *^ In reality, niTXS is probably

not a Hebrew name, but the Hebraized Egyptian mesu, child (Lauth-

Ebers). An Egyptian etymology was suggested by Josephus, Antt. ii.

9, 6 (comp. Contra Apionem, i. 31 ; Philo, Vita Mosis, i. 4; Clem.

Alex., Strom., i. 343), accommodating it to the explanation given in

Exod. ii. 10 : to ya/a vhiup (xdv ol AlyvirTLOi KoXovaiv, ecr^s 8e tows [_cc

rSaTos] (Tw$evTa<;.*^ The name of the son of Moses Dt^nil is explained

by rr^'HS] |^"1XD "'iTM ^H, a stranger am I in a foreign country (75),

as if it were a compound of "13 and Dv2^ (for Dt2^) ; whereas it prob-

ably comes from t27*l3, drive out, with the nominal ending dm, instead

of the usual on.*^

So also 13773 is explained to be a compound of ^J, heap, and IV,

witness ( 70) , while it is probably connected with the Arabic gal'ad,

something hard, rough.

'^SD is derived from 773, mix, confuse (39), as if it were a

contraction of hlhz ;^ but it is known from the Assyrian cuneiform

*8 Die Sumerischen Familiengesetze, p. 20, rem. 3.

** See Haupt, I.e., p. 25, rem. 6, and Fried. Delitzsch, Prolegomena zu einem

neuen Wortei-buch Uber das Alte Test.,^. 160-164; comp., however, Noldeke in

his review of this book in ZDMG, XL., p. 739 f. The difference of the two

stems was already noticed by P. von Bohlen, Die Genesis, 1835, p. 36, n. 22,

*5 Dillmann's proposition to take it as ptcp. Poal with aphaeresis of the pre-

formative (comp. Ewald, § 169'', and Gesen., § 52, 2, rem. 6), would be too

forced in this case.

*« Professor Haupt, in an unpublished paper of 1877, " Die biblische und semi-

tische Sprachwissenschaft," which he kindly placed at my disposal, suggests that the

name Hiyo originated in the mission of Moses as deliverer of Israel from Egypt.

A kind of parallel to it is found in the Hiduie Agadoth (nn:« 'tynn) on Hulin,

• 139* : " Before he was named so by the daughter of Pharaoh the Tora called him

by this name, because he led and drew out Israel from the sea, . . . and therefore

was he called, ' He who has drawn out,' and not ' He who was drawn out '

"

Ninty DB? ^-^ nr oiyn mix minn nxip n;nj3 nn n^ S;; p Nipjiy mip)

.('^t:?? i« nK/D3 kSi nro K-»pj p h";;! . . . D'n p S«iiy' nx nc^oi K'Vin

*'^ Comp. Stade, § 296".

*8 As 331J = 3333, mSCJiO = r>1£3D3^; comp. Ewald, § 158"; Stade, § I24».

38 PARONOMASIA EST THE OLD TESTAMENT.

inscriptions that Babilu, the corresponding Assyrian name of the

city, is a compound of bdb, gate, and ilu, god, the gate of god.^^

But in many cases it is quite apparent that it is not an etymology

which is intended, but a paronomasia. So when Hi is explained

from littW HT, this one will comfort us (255), on which even

Ber. rabba comments that " the explanation does not suit the name,

nor the name the explanation ; it should either read, Noah will give

us rest (which the LXX have, KaraTravo-ei) , or Nahman will comfort

us."* So also ^KlXSiy is derived from Sstt?, to ask (427), while it

can only be either a contraction from 7S! V1^'5?^> heard by God (like

73D1"11) ," or, better, a compound from h)^ Dt2^, name of God, the

1 being the old nominative ending, as in Ilvti'intt, 7K13S, the Phoeni-

cian ^'JJSIIV, Hasdrubal, etc."^ The explanation given is probably

due to a confusion of '^XIXStT with SlKtl^. "113:: p^!?, the valley of

trouble (307), is derived from the name p^, and it is interesting

that, perhaps in consequence of this etymology, the Chronicler

(i Chr. ii. 7) changed the latter name into "13V.

Thus in most of the explanations of proper names in the Old

Testament we have examples of popular etymology, which is satisfied

with a partial agreement in sound between the name and the appel-

lative which was suggested by it.

In the plays upon proper names, still less regard is had to the real

meaning. Occasionally the true etymology of a name is hit upon,

but in general the appellative is suggested by the sound. pStmS^tT\T\ pntt D: r\T\ r\'h^ latrn, in Hesbon (Counting Town), they

designed evil against her, and thou also Madmen (Dunghill) wilt be

brought to silence (149, 84) ; np:?n \r\p'T\ .THD rOli:? HT:? ^3, for

Gaza (Stronghold) will be abandoned, and Ekron (Extermination)

will be exterminated (297, 322); n^|'^3 T\)^ Tl'lSm, and I shall

cut off the Cherethites (183); ^tl^ pT p, Dan will judge his

" Comp. 1. R., 52, No. 5, 2, 7, II; IV., 18, 11; 27, 29* {Ba-H-lu); IV., 12,

14; 20, No. 3, 13; 29, 22" {Ba-H-lim); Neb. Grot. L, 7 {Ba-bi-lam) ; I., 4,

No. XV., I, 2; 35, No. I, 23; 48, No. 5, 3; II., 13, 25<"*; IV., 12, 13 {Ka-dingir-ra).

6J -yyrh «ip yiv n'n xb t^non xin nt^n «Si db^h xin ts'inon xSUOnr ni JDHJ IX Un^r nr n: 1X Xbx. Rashi, after Midrash Tanhuma,divides IJOHJ' into ^J:? DJ', and finds the etymology of the name Noah in the

first part.

*i So Ewald, § 275, rem. 3.

^2 Comp. Stade, § 344*; Judah Hayyug and Ibn Ezra even propose the reading


people (86*; comp. 86"); t^^^S fintTV tT^nS n^DnXSH Dm,harness the swift steed to the chariot, O inhabitress of Lachish (192).

One and the same name is sometimes variously played upon,

either with reference to different meanings of the same word, or to a

different word. Thus the name *13 is explained by 1JD, with good

luck, or in J53, good luck hath come (Gen. xxx. 11 ; No. 65"). In

the blessing of Jacob the play is made : ^p'2 IT XIHI imr 1113 "IJ,

Gad, troops will crowd against him, but he will overcome (prop., cut

off) the rear (Gen. xlix. 19; No. 65*). Both the notion of luck

and of a troop, which are suggested by the name li, are connected

with the same stem 1*13, and its by-form 113. Its proper meaning is,

' cut'

; comp. Deut. xiv. i, 1113nn X7, ye shall not cut yourselves;

then, cut one's part, give him as his lot ; hence 13, Syr. X13, Arab.gadd,

luck ;^ 13il, or 13 ^V^, Jos. xi. 17, xii. 7, xiii. 5, the god of fortune.*^

On the other hand, 1113, a troop, i.e. a division.

So also the name npT is first explained by W2 np:?n nm 111,

and his hand was holding the heel of Esau (Gen. xxv. 26 ; No. 321"),

" heel-holder "; but when Esau was defrauded by him of his birth-

right and of his father's blessing, he exclaims bitterly, ItttT it,1p "'^l

D^tt^JD nt ''3Dp!?l ^pV^, was he then called Jacob (deceiver) because

he deceived me thus twice (Gen. xxvii. 36 ; No. 321*) ; and again,

when Hosea reviews the history and character of Jacob, h« alludes

to his name in the words, VHi^ HX 3p3? |13M, in the mother's wombhe took the heel of his brother (Hos. xii. 4 ; No. 321"). The primi-

tive meaning of the stem DplJ is, bend ; hence ^pV, heel, prop., the

curvature of the foot ; '2p'2, end, prop., the turn, issue, of a thing ;^

DpV, hill, slope (Is. xl. 4), Eih.'a^a^. From Sp^ is derived the

denominative stem ^pV, come after one;

prop., tread on the heels,

then, lie in wait and restrain one by putting out the heel or foot

;

Aram. 23^ ; comp. Job xxxvii. 4, DDp'JJ^ K71 and the Targum on

this passage ; Eth. 'aqaba, keep, preserve, guard ; then, deceive,

prop., cause to stumble, fall (comp. Jer. ix. 3).^"

Similarly, 1373 is derived in Jos. v. 9 from 113, nSlil T^ Tni3ff^lSiXS, I removed (prop., rolled away) the reproach of Egypt (by

63 Cf. nj? from njD, and S?^, Ps. xvi. 5, 6. 64 cf. 'JD, Is. Ixv. 11.

66 Comp. Delitzsch on Ps. xix. 12, xl. 16.

66 A play on the name Dpi^"' is perhaps intended in the narrative of Jacob's

wrestling (Gen. xxxii. 25) by p^K'l. The verb occurs nowhere else, and may

have been chosen here to allude on the one hand to the name ^pj,'", on the other,

to that of the brook p^", Gen. xxxii. 23 f.; see Delitzsch, Comm. ad loc.

the performance of circumcision at that place) ; while in Am. v. 5,

there is a play upon Tw^, HTT n73 7Jb!iri, Gilgal will surely go into

captivity (69).

S^DV is derived in the same context from SlDK, take away, namely,

the reproach of barrenness, and from PjD'', add, expressing the wish

that another son may be added (158).

Note.— Very suggestive is the opinion of Professor Haupt (expressed in his

paper mentioned above) that many of the old names occurring in Genesis

originally meant something like son, offspring, creature, being, and the like, as

this notion must have been the first to occur to the mind of primitive men at the

birth of a child. Professor Haupt discovers this meaning in many of the names.

Thus, for instance,J'p (381) from pp (cognate to |1D), stand upright, whence

njp, reed, and the appellative pP, spear, 2 Sam. xxi. 16; then, establish, create,

form, especially forge ; so Syr. ^^'J'P, Arab, ^ain, artisan, especially smith. The

name ^P would thus mean creature, i.e. child, while the popular etymology

derived it from Hip, produce, acquire, from which a form like j'Jp, Ps. civ. 24,

would be expected.— rii^ (459) can only mean either, he who sets up (as

participle), or (as noun) sprout, i.e. offspring. Popular etymology explained

it as meaning substitute.— 'j'^S (341), the breaker through, i.e. born.—mr(Gen. xxxviii. 30), the rising one.^"— D'''1i3N (338), fruit."^— So also 3pJ?' as a

noun may mean descendant, posterity; comp. the Arab, 'agd, 'uqb, posterity;

prop., what comes after.^^

13. Relation of Paronomasia to Diction in the Old

Testameftt.

Julius Ley, starting from a comparison of Hebrew with Old-

German, claims for alliteration in Old-Hebrew, or " pre-Davidic

"

poetry,™ the importance of a formal principle of poetry which it had

in German. To establish this theory, he not only includes under

alliteration, rime, assonance, play upon words, and repetition, but

extends it to the agreement of two stem-consonants in any position

and order, as ^niDD and KDH, Uyi"^ and ^T\T\, ^l^Y '^' ^"^^ ^^^

*lJ2n, pX and b3J<m, which he proposes to read bSJ^ni.^^ In

view of this extension of its scope, he properly proposes to substitute

the term " Consonanten-Gleichklang " for alliteration.*'^ But it is

easy to see that in this way the whole of the Old Testament, or any

book, can be made into an uninterrupted series of " sound-similarity,"

^^ Comp. Heb. vii. 14, i^ 'Iou5a auareraAKfu d Kvpios r]/xwv.

°^ Comp. |^3n '^3, Ps. cxxvii. 3.

^' 'Aqib, the last, was one of the titles Mohammed assumed at Medina; cf.

Sprenger, Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad, I., p. 156.

6" Comp. especially Die metrischen Formen, p. 167, 211.

61 Cf. I.C., p. 125 f., 131, 69. 62 op. ciL, p. 78.


and the " variety of metres " which Ley brings out by this " freer

alliteration," as he calls it, would add anything but harmony and

stateliness to the Hebrew verse, in place of the simple but grand

arsis and thesis of the parallelism. Of true alliteration, as defined

above, no passage can be adduced in which it is carried through and

used in such a manner as to be the bearer and regulator of the

rhythm. It is true that it sometimes recalls the " Liedstabe," or

" Stabreim," the alliterative parts being distributed over two lines or

parallel members.*^ But this occurs only in isolated passages.

With apparently more justice, VVilhelm Jordan, Der epische Vers

der Germanen, p. 7 f., claims for Hebrew the oldest rimes, in which,

as he says, it did not have to be invented, but arose spontaneously

from the organism of the language. This is true in so far as the

conformity of the suffix-endings in Hebrew might have suggested

the rime ; and, in fact, rimes based on the endings recur in a few

short passages, such as Gen. iv. 23 f., v. 29; Jud. xiv. 18 j Ps. cvi.

4-7, etc., with some consistency and regularity. But even this

flexional rime is not found in any lengthy passage.

Paronomasia in the Old Testament is, like all other embellishments

of speech, an element of higher style, that is, of the poetical and

prophetical diction. In the historical books, except in the poetical

passages embodied in them and the plays on the etymology of proper

names, cases in which it occurs are few and far between. It is every-

where merely a casual, not an organic, element of diction. Hebrewpoetical style hardly differs from the rhetorical ; ^ both have in

common all the peculiarities which distinguish them from the lower

style. But their purpose and effect may vary with the diction. What

the poet uses merely as an ornament, the orator may employ as an

instrument. This applies even to the " parallelismus membrorum,"

the fundamental law of elevated style. In the poetical books, the

requirements of the rhythm often give rise to the unfolding of the

thought in the parallelism, while in the prophets, the development of

a thought in all its aspects is the main object of the parallelism.

Similar is the use of paronomasia. In the poetical books, it may

contribute to rhythm or euphony, or be used as a mere embellish-

ment ; in the prophets, it serves more serious ends. The prophets

use it especially in vivid and impassioned passages, in which the

whirl of similar sound is meant to reflect the inner excitement and

^8 See above, § 5.

6* Comp. Evvald, Die Propheten des Alten Bundes, I., p. 54 ; Renan, Hhtoire

des langues semitiques, p. 131.


impress the hearer with the certainty and magnitude of an event or

threatened calamity, as in pXH ntTV yh'S HSI DHSI ^HS, fear,

and a pit, and a snare upon thee, inhabitant of the land (330) ; DTbSil'21 p:? DV nK1tt?«21 nXtr DV npiS^ai m::, a day of distress and

anguish, a day of desolation and devastation, a day of clouds and

darkness (Zeph. i. 15) ; depicting in conjunction with onomatopoeie :

np^nDT npl2S31 ^p^li, empty, void and waste (is the land ; No. 41) ;

HDnttl HDID^l n?2inS2 nV, a day of trouble, and of tramping down,

and of perplexity (199 ; cf. 55, 94, 95, 96).

Plays upon words are especially frequent in the prophets. As an

element of the daily speech, with their biting, ironical, or sarcastic

force, they are best suited to the prophetic sermons, which adhere

closely to the living speech and aim to reach the mind and con-

science of the hearer, and to bring home to him directly and vividly

a truth or a fact. Next to the prophetic speech and the rhetorical

passages in Job, plays upon words are most frequently found in the

Proverbs, which are in general much dependent for their force and

effect upon felicitous and pointed expression, while in the Psalms

only a few are found, chiefly such as by frequent use have become

set phrases, as fT'D'tt^ '2W (444); i^T' and T]^1 (390). For the

play upon words is out of place in lyric poetry, which does not aim

at striking or convincing others, but lives and moves in its own

feelings and emotions.'^

14. "Aira^ \ey6fi6va, and Unusual Forms of Paronomasia.

It has been observed elsewhere ^ that alliterative and rimed com-

binations preserve many unusual and obsolete words. We find in

the Old Testament also examples in which either both parts occur

only in assonating combinations, or one of them is a air. Aey. ; so,

mX7£?3 . . . "'^T'SXS, the balancing of the clouds and the wondrous

things (225) ; 3''tl?1 W^, musing and retiring (413) j ^jll ^11, the guilty

man, and the pure (loi) ; 'HStTm nX^H, desolation and destruction

(432 ; cf. 59, 185, 205, 223, 237, 287, 340, 395, 413, 431, 433).

Besides this it has also been noted that the straining after similarity

of sound often produces anomalous forms.^^ In the Old Testament,

^ Comp. Ewald, I.e., p. 56. In modern Hebrew poetry the rime is a regular

feature, but it was not adopted till the 7th century A.D. ^^ See Pt. i., § 5.

^^ Cf. Pt. i., § 1 1 ; comp. also in German : Wie die Alten sungen, so zwitschern

die Jungen ; Gunst ist nicht umsunst. Erst die Pfarre, dann die Quarre. Abrahani

a Sancta Clara : Die Aegernuss ist eine harte Nuss.

APPENDIX. PARONOMASIA IN POST-BIBLICAL LITERATURE, 43

the deviations from the regular grammatical usage for the sake of

conformity of sound are comparatively few and slight : 'JJU^S "ÎtTS

nxton ''ICD (instead of S1^3), he whose transgression is taken away,

and sin is covered (271) ; Si 1K7D pD'^l ''X3 (for p3^"I), the waters

of Dimon are filled with blood (83; cf. 51, 55, 79, 178, 257, 273,

437,479)"

APPENDIX.

Paronomasia in Post-Biblical Literature.

Post-Biblical Hebrew literature was very prolific in paronomasia.

A few examples from the Talmud may here be given : rTSTvtZ^S

1D:7Dm IDIDn 10^33 ^33 DIX OnDI, " The character of a man

reveals itself on three occasions : in his behavior concerning his

purse, his cup, and in his anger " {Erubin, 65* ; cf. No. 178) ;'''^

''IX

''"lySS 'h ^^)^ "'litl'^Z:, " Woe is me from my Creator (who punishes

sin), woe is me from my (sinful) inclination" {Berach., 61"; cf.

No. i6q); IK x^^ ^3,1 .T7 ntts KHm ^T^ 3D3 ^D j<nn:?x:n

K5C122, " In the West {i.e. Palestine) , when one took a wife people

used to say of him thus : Did he find * a good thing ' (Prov. xviii. 22),

or something 'more bitter than death'?" (Eccl. vii. 26; Yebamoth,

63*) ; n:li<S nl^X p3^ rpnn: K^tr, (job said to God) " Perhaps

thou hast mistaken iyob (Job) for oyeb " (enemy ; Baba bathra, 16") ;

KtO^^b Knn bxi Ktfilb Xnn, " Prefer to be (innocently) cursed than

to be cursing " {Sanhedr., 49") ; SîS DtTI h%'2, bl3i^, " Eat onions

and live in the shadow " (of thy house, i.e. rather live poorly than make

debts and be compelled to give up thy house, Fesach., 114"); 133

nnixS 1]K1 nm3!2S XMtr nT3xS xSl Uh^'^h, " Weep for the

mourners and not for the departed ; for this has gone to rest, while

we are left to grief {Moed Qatan, 25*).

The Talmud is especially rich in efforts to supply with etymologies

those proper names which the Old Testament left unexplained. So

l2!7, :?3"'"i:r D:?3'n\ "because he made the people crouch" {i.e.

macfe it degenerate) ; otherwise, U2'2 n3n!2 TW^"^, " because he-

caused strife {i.e. division) among the people "; and n3''1X2 nÎJU?'

D^J:ir34y D.T3X':' Sxn^^ p3, "because he caused strife between

Israel and their Father in heaven ";Jeroboam is called tfi33 p

HK"! xSl t033^, " because he looked and did not see " {i.e. did not

recognize his true position and destiny in history, Sank., loi*)

;

n^:t2 (son of Hezekiah), D^xstTDtr DH^nxb Sk")'^^ n« K^tTintr,

" because he caused Israel to be forgotten by their Father in heaven "

(Sank., 120"). Comp. Nimrod and Amraphel, who are identified,

Erub., 53", and Yalqut, 47, 72; Sinear, Sabb., 113''; Samson and

Delilah, Sotah, 10", 8*; Ahasuerus and Esther, J/<?^///a/z, 11", 13",

and many more. Even appellatives are transformed into proper

names and then interpreted, as for example, ''JlSiC (Joel ii. 20) ;

DnX b"^ yihl n!2i:?1 pSSitr :?nn nr nt, " it is the evil inclination

(personified) which is hidden and remaining in the heart of man "

{Succah, 52").^

The Jewish poets of the middle ages formed paronomasia with

great skill, but did not preserve the moderation of the Old Testa-

ment writers. The following are a few examples from Judah Harizi's

Maqama (ed. Lagarde, 1883) : D^^H miSH DSnS niTH HS^^nn

r\rTir\ xSi vS:? natrn yzysi inmn tev?::i inmn, "Wisdom

gives power to the wise ; she leads him in the path of life and

affords him rest from his toil ; when he lies down she watches over

him and does not leave him alone " (p. 2, section 2, verse i ; comp.

No. 252) ; mo 7D IID'' Dtn, "and there (in heaven) is the founda-

tion (principle) of every mystery " (2, 2, 10); TOlpT'l T\V^ P|137m,

" and she (the soul) soars to her nest, and to her Creator " (p. 3,

V. 36) j 'Sn ''SVn Stn, " and the beauty is turned to disgrace " (17,

.4, 28); nSsn Dn'npm n'PSn D:ity':'D, "on their tongue is prayer,

in their heart perverseness " (17, 4, 34); inni^lpn lip Jl^^l,•" and the language of Qedar (Arabia) darkened him " (p. 5, v. 29).

LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTA-MENT ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.^

I. Jobxxix. 16: D'?1''3«'? 'SiK 3«

2. Is. xxiv. 4 : Snn rhy^ nbS^x '^'^'^r\ nbnj n'pns;

3. Ex. xxi. 18: ^1^3X3 1J< IDKD iH^n nx ti^^K Hsni

4. Dt. xxviii. 24 : ^B^^i pnx Tjiins ni?^ nx ni.T jn^

68 Comp. Ignaz Goldziher in ZDMG, XXIV., p. 207 ff.

1 The translations of the ancient versions quoted are, if not otherwise indicated,

the Greek of the Septuagint, the Latin of the Vulgate, the Syriac of the Peshito.

LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 45

5. Gen. xvii. 5:^ -Tj^nn] 0^13 jiiart n^ ^d an'iax ^^tr .Tm

Gen. XXV. 30.^

7. '?\'^^2hh ansi 3?n)a . . . n'i:i3p cnn p^n anx^ ks nt "xs

Is. Ixiii. 1/2 :

*

'

'

'

n:3 Tjn'lD ']nJ21

8. Gen. ii. 7:

« i^^l^sl I^"1^::? D"Txn ni< D\"iSi< mn^ ^t^'\

Num. xi. 34 :' a^lxHS^n am

10. Prov. xxiii. 29 : ^1n^5 ''Ja'? 1K ^pS

Ttvt ovai; TtVi 06pv(3(K;— Gr. Ven. rtvi at rm <f>€v;— Vulg. cui

vae ? cuius patri vae ?

11. Ez. XXX. 17:« iSs^ n^HD nDD-^SI pX mHD

veavia-KOt 'HAiottoXcws Kat BovjSdto-TOu cv fxxL-)(a.ipa 7r£(rovvTai.

12. Num. xxiii. 21 : ^K-itr-^n '^ttv Hxi xSi Dp:?''^ |ix ts^sn xS

Cf. Hab. i. 3 ; Ps. Iv. 11 : |1«1 '?»:?, Is. lix. 4 ; Ps. x. 8, xc. 10

;

Job XV. 35.

13. Prov. vi. 23

:

niK rnini micia n? ^a

Vulg. et lex lux.

14. Is. xxxi. 9

:

aStrn^n \h n^sni |r::s 'h nix -itt?x

OS «x" ^^ Stwv (TTrepfia kol oikciov? ev 'l£por(raA,7;/A.

2 Instead of '3X, because referring to the name Abraham, in which, as in other

names of the type, 3K is the combining form (Del.).— P^^^j instead of the

more usual /Dp (Gen. xxviii. 3, xxxv. ii), to symphonize with the name.

* In ver. 25, 'JIOHX (reddish, the color of Esau's hair or skin) contains another

allusion to the name Edom.* Lagarde, Proph. Chald., p. L., proposed to read D'll*'?, past partic, for DilX!?,

and 1X30 for n"iy3p : Who is he that cometh dyed red, redder in his garments

tl)2n a vine-dresser?

Hos. iv. 18: H'ilJJpY^'^

13n 13n>5, His rulers love shame, considered by

Ewald, § 1 20, and Orelli as intended for a pun, is very likely due to a dittography

of the last part of the first word. So LXX.8

l^.t^, "idolatry, wickedness," spitefully altered from jlK (On) Gen. xU. 45

= Heliopolis (Jer. xliii. 13, t^Oty n'^), the seat of the worship of the sun-god

Ra. — Am. i, 5, pX ri^p3, means the Syrian Heliopolis, the modern Baalbek;

cf. No. 69'.— Hos. iv. 15, V. 8, x. 5, similarly changes vK r\'3 to pt< HO.

15. Ex. xxviii. 30 : D^)Snni DniXH

Cf. Lev. viii. 8 > Ezra ii. 63 ; Neh. vii. 65 : CmKI D^DH,

Dt. xxxiii. 8: 'XH, shortened for Tm 'KH, Num. xxvii. 21,

I Sam. xxviii. 67

16. Ezra viii. 31 : n^.l^l DlIlK P]3X2 13S''2:»1

17. Ez. xl. 24, 29, 53, 36 :» rXsb^l Vbî<1

alAcv Kal aiXafifKav.

18. jud. xii. 12

:

pS'Kin nni-^-n îbntn pS^x nan

19. Prov. V. 19 i |n nb^:i d^shk nb'x

20. Is. xli. 12 : D£)K21 j^KD

21. Ex. xxiii. 27: nvn h^ nx Tibni ^^sS n'ptr^s ^n^^x

Vulg. occidam ; Pesh. Snn« ^'riDHI.

22. 2 Ki. i. 10, 12 : D^x:^n |tt iL^^ nnn '':x D^'^Sx ti^'^s dk

Cf. Prov. vi. 27.

23. Mi. i. 14 :

9

Dpxb D^Di< ^nS

24. Dnn!2i i3x)2n DXT texn pxn aits Dn:?totri nxn dkIs. i. 19, 20

;

i'?3xn Din

25. Jud. xiv. 14

:

pinti «r i:?ai '^dx^ k^" '75^^^l!2

26. Is. xxiv. 6 : r-ix nSDs n'?i<I T : IT T T

27. Ez. xvii. 13 :^ npb pK.n ^h^ nxi n'^sin im xan

28. Is. vi. 13

:

ji'rxDi nbxs

' As regards the etymology of O'DHI D''11X, Wellhausen, Prolegomena^

p. 419 n. connects D'ÎK with T^X, curse. The same view is held by Professor

Haupt, who compares Assyr. ardru, ' curse, conjure, bind ' (by a spell) ; the

form is, he thinks, perhaps to be explained as the result of the resolution of the

doubling, for D''"1"^K. Wellhausen, I.e., also notes that Freytag {Lex., I., p. 199),

and independently of him, Lagarde (Propk. chald., p. xlvii.) compared D'OH with

Arab, tania Hm, plur. of tamtmat, a kind of amulet to repel the evil eye. (See

Lane, Lex., s.v.) [Wellhausen has himself given up this combination; see Pesfe

arabischen Heidenthumes, 167.] We may, perhaps, compare Assyr. tamu, a

prolonged by-form of amA, 'speak, swear, conjure, enchant'; ma'mitu, 'oath';

amatu, 'word, command'; words which are, perhaps, derived from the same

root as Heb. D^?^, oracle.

8 Cf. Assyr. elamii, ' front.'

* 3I3N, elative form; cf. 1IDK.— Achzib in Judah, Jos. xv. 44.

10 D'7'J<, princes; prop., mighty ones; Assyr. d/u = aijilu.

29. Ps. xcvi. 5: " wh^h^ ly^'sn ^rhvi h^ ^^

30. Hab. ii. 18 : Ctt'pK D''?''?^ mtT!?'?

Vr\1JD7^3 Q"K njj^l, And jackals howl in her (Babylon's) castles, Is. xiii. 22,

on which DeL remarks [after older scholars; e.g. Miklol Yophi, D. Kocher, a/.] :

' the prophet, with a sarcastic touch, calls the royal niJD")X, ^D^X (widows) on

account of their decayed and desolate condition,' rather a strange witticism.

Fried. Delitzsch (in Baer's ed. of Ezekiel, p. xi.), citing Assyr. almattu {j=al-

mantu), * widow ' and ' house,' ascribes the same two-fold sense to Heb. HJO/K.

But in Ezek. xix. 7, to which Fried. Delitzsch refers, VmjD'7K Î'l, if the text be

correct (see Cornill, ad loc.'), can only mean, he knew (carnally) his widows. In

our passage, 'O7X is very probably a clerical error for '01H.

31. Is. vii. 9

:

iâxn vh ^3 irDxn kS u^

LXX, Koi iav firj -TrKrTevarjre, ovSc fxrj (rvvrJTe ; Pesh. K^SXjiSsnon = irnn. in 2 chron. xx. 20, 'Sk "'a irx:Kn

IJ^Km, they render cTrio-Tevîô-eo-ê, p3X2^"^^m. For the

thought, comp. also Hab. ii. 4.

32. Ps. cvii. II

:

hvi nias: n^n ^3

The ancient versions : 1*1^11, Trapeirucpavav (exacerbaverunt,

1*^X2*1^) TO, Xoyia Tov deov.

2,z. Prov. xii. 21 :^2 :?") 1x^23 DîJtym [IS h^ p^siS nsif^ vh

34. nr\T^) nnw "^rit^S c^jcxd aâ:? nrrh^ isd«t nîDsn ^nixa

kethib). Hos. x. lo.^^

When it is my desire, I shall chastise them, and peoples will be

gathered against them, when I shall bind them to their two

furrows (Targ., Ki., al.) ; cf. Is. xxiv. 22. The old versions

represent Dn31^ ; LXX, . . . TraiSeuo-at aurou? • Kai a-vva-)(dri-

crovTol ctt' avToii? Aaot, cv Toi TraiSeueo'âi avrovs iv rats ouo'tv

dStKtats avTw; Vulg. corripientur propter duas iniquitates

suas ; Pesh. pHm'^^D pH^mn bv.

35. nxn nx nam ni'' Kim asixs SxnK ^3t2r nx n^r^ ^«^^

2 Sam. xxiii. 20 : (qere ^2T\) ^XDH l^^^\2

Cf. I Chron. xi. 22."

^ ?li D'S'Sn, connected with vX, «<•; so also in Assyr. ulht, w/a/«= naught, and «/.

12 LXX and Pesh. take pi< in an ethical sense : oiK dp^crei (Pesh. "I'St^ = DK;

or mXJ) Tip 5t/cai(f) oiJSî' AStKoi'.

18 D"lDK, Qal, instead of the usual Pi., to accord with D1DK3,— For the assimi-

lation of in 1D% cf. Ewald, § I39<»; Ges., § 71.

14 DXIOD bX'"lK (LXX) "22 "i^ nx (Driver) ; for a conj. emendation of the

latter part of the verse, see Klostermann, ad loc. In Is. xxix. i, 2, b^'IK is

48 PARONOMASIA EN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

36. Job iii. 8

:

''|n;iS ni:? nn^n^n or ^Ti'f^ ina,'^^

37. Gen. ii. 23: nr\^h tr^xss ^D ntrx xîp^ m6Sym. avTj^ KA.77^};crcTat dvSpis, oTt aTro dvS/aos iX-q(f>Orj } Vulg. haec

vocabitur virago, quoniam de viro sumpta est.

38. ^^^ ixsty m ><npm m32 "antrx ^s n^^xn nxb ns:xmGen. XXX. 13.

39. pxn ^D nati? mn'^ '^bn oa? 's h^^ nâ^ ^np p b:?

Gen. xi. 9.^^

40. Ps. iv. 9

:

''in-'trin ntonS n^h mn^ nnx ^2^^ -^ - V T T T :

cf. mn nton, Dt. xxxui. 28.

41. Nah. ii. II ; cf. Is. xxiv. i : •T'P?^^ Hpn^l HpH

42. Prov. V. 15

:

'?ins!D "[ins: 0^^1131 i^'i)^^ D^D Mnt;^

Ps. xvii. 3.^^

44. jer. xiviii. IS

:

Pints'? Hi^ vnin? "innip

45. 2Ki. viii. 12: . mn nnnn Dnmnni

Tous eKAcKToiis. . . .

46. Is. xii. 2

:

inax xSi ntDSK

47. jud. ii. 4, 5

:

D^sb Kinn nipi^sn otr ix^,ti idd'i

48. Gen. xxvii. 36

:

TiDnn Hp':' nTO Hsm HpS ^nnbn nj<

49. Jer. Ii. 44

:

rsit2 ''whn nx 'Tixitm 'rnnn 'r'n b:? 'ÎP?^

rendered by the comm. in both verses, " lion of God " (Ges., Ew., Dillm., Cheyne)

;

or " hearth of God " (Targ., Knob., Del. ; cf. Ez. xliii. 15, 26) ; Hitz. alone assumes

a play on the two senses of the word.

1° Hitz. and Del. compare the RShu of the Indian myths, the dragon which

strove to devour the sun and the moon ; Hoffmann refers to the crocodile, the

son of Seth, seated as star-demon at the north pole, as midnight robber of the

light of Horus.

^^ See above, § 12, p. 37 f.

^^ '|'!^)^P> Lagarde, Anmerkung zur gr. Uebers. der Proverb.

^* Notice the three alliterating couples in this verse after the scheme ababaa.

50. Dt. viii. 4 : niîcn ah ']h^\^ yhvf2 nnSn kS -[nbû^

(Cf. Neh. ix, 21.) LXX [B], to. t/tana aov ovK iTraXaiwdrj diro

crov, TO, VTTohrjfJuaTo. <tov ov KaraTpifir] dird aov, ol irdSes crou ovk

eTvXw6r}(Tav^^

51. Ps. iv. io:2» D3itrS 3^s ^nx ::i'5

52. m.T ^x an nn^n ^d nn^nn ionn mp^n D:r x-1|Ti

Num. xi. 3.

53. Ex. xxii. 4

:

^nx rn'^yn n^'ni n^^n nx n'puî

54. Tinjis ''û^ n\-n : "iâix crhn: ni2im nsrn -la^ b:: n^tri*' (vt:-- tt • t; : vt tt * t

Job xxii. 24, 25.^^

And lay gold ore in the dust, and under stones (gravel) of the

brooks gold of Ophir ; so will Shaddai be your gold ore.

55. Is. xxiv. 3:^2 nan nani yî^n pian p^^n

56. Jer. xix. 1,7: mi.T mv DK ^Hpni . . . t p^\:^n n^3p1 "I'l':'."!

57. Am. vii. 14 :^ D'Ppt^ dSuI ^SJK npIS

58. Ecci. xii. 1:2* Tn'mnn ^f^^:; "[xnia m nip

1^ The addition in LXX [B] is found in Dt. xxix. 4.

2" Instead of }^'^, Graetz proposed 773 (Gen. xi. 7, 9) ; but cf. Is. xix. 3,

>'73J< ir*î'\ I will swallow up its sagacity. [See Earth, Beitrdge zur Erkldrung

des Jesaia, p. 4 f ] — J73 (Gen. x. 25), with Patah, the better to agree with V'"^;

cf. Ges., § 52, 2, rem. 2.

21 The old versions vowelled and understood these difficult verses differently.

Pesh. alone recognize in "î'^, vs. 24, a metal (silver) ; LXX, Vulg., think of

"l^V; Targ. renders as equivalent to 1^30 (as also )"'12f3 in vs. 25"). For 11i'3\

in vs. 24, LXX, Pesh., Targ. (followed by Merx), read 112f31. 1'"I2;3, in vs. 25",

is rendered by LXX, ôrjObs drrb ixOpSiv; by Pesh. "j1I^'3; probably not a different

reading, but epexegesis of y"1}f3 ; cf. Vulg. contra hostes tuos. Hoffm. (in his transl.

of Job, and Zeitschr. f. Assyriologie, II., 48), reads vs. 24, D'SnJ iy3 "li);; h*;? B'VI

TiJIK "(V5\ « If thou puttest into the dust shaft-gold and gold of Ophir. . .."

22 The ImpiT. Niph. are formed here after the analogy of the verbs V'J,', that

they may rime with the Inff. absol.

23 Cf. Lagarde, Mittheilungen, I., 596, 68.

,2* Graetz, Haupt, and Cheyne regard 1X"^13 as a later alteration of an original

'^^S or ']')^3, so that the passage originally meant, " Remember thy cistern, or

thy well," i.e. thy wife, after Prov. v. 15. It would thus be parallel to Eccl. ix. 9

n3n)i< TkJK ni»-'J< DI* D"n nj<") :" Enjoy life with a wife whom you love." Haupt

also thinks that "^311 contains an allusion to "^3J. The words "1>53 and 113, in

their transferred meaning, are playfully associated with our text in the Midrash,

on this verse, and in Levit. Rabb., sec. 18 (on Lev. xv. 2 ; cf. also Talm. Jer.,

Sota ii., I, fol. 18"), where, in speaking of Aquabia ben Mahalalel's counsel in

ô PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

59. Is. xxxii. 19 :^ ^^>^^ bst^n rhst^:^) ^^n nnnn ni.ni

And it hails when the forest cometh down, and the city shall

sink in abasement.

60. n« K"ip p his mn^ m Dna au^ ^d n^nn p^p^'S ibnp?

2 chr. XX. 26

:

'' nbî pX2!? mr\ Dipian oir

'

61. Ps. cxxxii. 18; cf. Job viii. 22 : n^3 ^^2b^ rn^1«

a

62. Is. xvi. 6 :

27i3i«3i inista ni^b «:? aîia ps: i::?)?^

63. (qere nîV ^KiS) D'ÎVKSS nDH . . . 13^^32 Tlh Hî'IT nsnPs. cxxiii. 4.^

Pirqe Aboth, iii. i :" Keep three things before thine eyes, and thou wilt not fall

into sin : Know whence thou comest, and whither thou goest, and before whomthou wilt have to give account dnd judgment (HnX J'KI D^^T ntySjy:! bsnOHjn jriS TTsyi nnx 'd 'jsî "jSin nnx i^Si nx3 pxo ;;i : m;!;; n^S N3

'J1 |13tyni), it is said that this was suggested to him by the single word IX^Hin Eccl. xii. i : Whence thou comest, that is "]"î*3, thy fountain ; whither thou

goest, "]113, thy grave ; and before whom thou wilt stand in judgment, "jKIIO, thy

creator.

The main reason assigned for the change of the massoretic reading is that the

motive given at the close of the verse, " ere the days of evil come," etc., does not

perfectly suit the exhortation 'IÎ. The fact that life in old age becomes a burden

would rather suggest to enjoy it while one's powers are fresh (cf. Cheyne, Job and

Solomon, p. 225). But, as Cheyne admits, an exhortation to cultivate family life

would bring the book to a rather "lame and impotent conclusion." Besides, the

author of Eccl. does not use veiled and ambiguous language (except in similes),

but calls things by their right name, as in the passage quoted above, ix. 9 ;

cf. also oh. ii. Is not xii. i", perhaps to be attributed to the same hand as the

end of xi. 9 (" and know that for all this God will bring thee into judgment ") ?

^ The old versions read the noun T^^l instead of the verb which occurs

nowhere else in Hebrew. Bredenk. reads "1"1'1. But there is no sufficient reason

for removing the dir. Xcy. It is here employed for the sake of r\Tl3, as the

whole chapter (like chapp. xxiv.-xxvii.) is marked by a straining after parono-

masia and pointedness of speech (cf. vs. 5 ffi, 12). In this verse there is a three-

fold assonance after the scheme aaabba. See also Stade in ZATW, IV., 267.

2* The name has survived in Wady Bereikat, west of Thekoa.

2' Cf. Jer. xlviii. 29 ; Prov. viii. 13 ; Job xl. 10.

28 The Kethib jVKJ is a nominal formation from DJ^J, with the ending |1, as in

IVJ?"^, Eccl. ii. 22, etc., while the qere, D'jr 'XJ? would mean : the proud

oppressors; cf. njvn 1';?, "Tl 3^n, Zeph. iii. i; Jer. xlvi. 16, 1. 16. Most

modern commentators consider the qere an intentional alteration made in the

time of Antiochus Epiphanes, to allude to the oppressing CJJ'; cf. LXX,Jer. //. cc. Saadya Gaon explains the word by P'47» legio.

1

64. Ez. XXXV. 8

:

']^niK^Ji ^ni:?^? . . . ^riK'piai

65". Gen. XXX. ii : ^2Wm KIpDI (qere IJ K3) HH n^S "-iJ^Xm

And Leah said : In (or with) good luck (qere, good luck hath

come) ; and she called his name Gad.

6s*. Gen. xlix. 19 : Sj^^ "f^^^ KIHI mT ITi: "13

Gad— a troop shall press upon him, yet he shall press upon

(their) 29 heel.

66. Ps. ex. 6 : TiV): vhf2 D^SD t'^'

67. Ez. xxxix. II (cf. 15): ai:i |ta «^j ixnpi

LXX, vs. 15 : TO TaC TO TToXvdvSpiov Tov Fwy.

68. Mi. i. 6

:

n^32x ^5^? ^nnsni

69". Kinn Dipxsn nur k-ijTi n^^h^^ onsij: naîn nx ^ni'?: orn

Jos. V. 9: 3« b;^^

69*. Am. V. 5 :

31 |i«b ^^T Sk rr'ni n'75^. ribj 'îbjin /

70. Gen. xxxi. 48 : ^^S: itttT Kip jD ':':?.. . "i^" riH *75n jnS nx:Kî

71. omnnti^ d: mat D'^'iit:^ 'r'^Sp vn Kit^ "[>? |ik ni^'pj nx

Hos. xii. 12 :

32 nU ^^'pO '^3? D^'pp

72. Is. X. 30

:

D^^3 n? "[Sip ^Sn^

73. Cant. iv. 12

:

Si:?3 S^ m'?? TlH^ "î!?; |:

74. Ps. xviii. 8

:

pxn ti^^nrii ti^^^rii

Cf. 2 Sam. xxii. 8.

75. Ex. ii. 22 :3^ n^Di pKD ^n''^'^ n: ^X2k ^3 D'vrn^ iiatrm Knp'î

Cf. Ex. xviii. 3.

^ Most of the commentators join the D of the following word (IE/KD) to 3pJ^

(D3p^'), with a gain to both. See above, § 12, p. 39.^'^ See Stade's interesting article, "Der ' Hiigel der Vorhaute,' Jos. 5," in

'lÂTlV,Yl.,p. 132-143.

^1 G. Hoffmann, ZATfV, III., 104, would change pi< into J'X for the sake of

alliteration with /H ; but this is not necessary, as all vowels alliterate with one

another (Vilmar, Gramm., II., 21 f,); cf. No. 11, and above, § II, p. 33 f.

32 For Dmty, LXX gives Dnty; see G. Hoffmann, ZATW, III., 104.

33 Followed by Graetz.

31 Cf. above, § 12, p. 37.

76. Mi. i. 10

:

mn h^ npCf. 2 Sam. i, 20.— iv Te9 fxij jncyaXvveo-ê (IT'Hiiri ; in

Samuel, firj dvayyetXrjre)

.

77. jud. V. 12

:

n-'t;^ ^"isn m:? m:? n^;nT m:? ni:?

78. Ecci. xii. II

:

ni3n-i'i? D^D^n ^nn"!

79. Ez. V. 17:^ Tja-na^: a^pnTCf. Ez. xxviii. 23, xxxviii. 22.

80. tr^n^ni inGen. xxvii. 28, 37 ; Dt. vii. 13, xi. 14, xii. 1 7, xiv. 23, xviii. 4,

xxviii. 51, xxxiii. 28 ; 2 Ki. xviii. 32 ; Is. xxxvi. 17 ; Jer. xxxi.

12; Hos. ii. 24, vii. 14; Joel i. 10, ii. 19; Ps. iv. 8.

|m trnTl, Num. xviii. 12 (16).^

81. Ps. xxiv. 6

:

v^'ii nn n:T :

82. Is. xii. 15

:

pin) nnn ti^nn

Cf. Dan. vii. 23.

83. Is. XV. 9 :

37 cn isS^ fixs'^n ^^ ^D

84. Jer. xlviii. 2 :

^^ ^p^^H [I?-!!? D:

85. Gen. XV. 2 :39 ^)Thi^ pmi XIH ^H^S ptT^^ pi

And the inheritor of my house is Damascus Eliezer.

^ Cornill strikes out Oil, because it is not a proper subject for the verb and

destroys the parallelism of the passage.

^s An alliterative formula; |"1 |J^, only Lam. ii. 12.

^'^ Dimon for Dibon, for the sake of a play upon the word DT ; cf., for the

interchange of 3 and O, Haupt, Beitrdge zur assyr. Lautlehre, p. 88, n. 2, and

Zeitschr. fur Assyriologie, II., 268, 3, and n. 2.

^^ The old versions take '0 as inf. abs. of DOT : tcwctiv TraOaerai, silens conti-

cesces ; Pesh. \ynWPi pntÔ.

^^ For the ancient interpretations of this verse, see the versions, Jerome,

Hebraicae quaestiones, ad loc, and Field, Hexapla.— With Aquila's rendering,

fids Tox) wotIôvtos oiKiav [Lagarde, of/con] fj.ov, in which ptifD is connected with

npiy, we may compare the explanation of DCyOT in Yoma, 28* : ptÔT ><in

Dnnx^ 131 "iv; imino nptôi nVna? ir;;^^ 'i -lox ir;;'"?**. « He is Damas-

cus Eliezer, Rabbi Eleazar says (he is so named), because he was drawing from

the learning of his master (Abraham), and distributing it (giving to drink) to

others."— The modern explanations, whether they take Eliezer as appositive

(Del.), or genitive (Ew., Dillm.), are forced, and not justified by Hebrew usage.

Tuch, Olsh., Hitz., reject ptÔT as a gloss ; but the unusual ptÔ, which seems

to have been employed for the sake of the paronomasia with plÔl, to some

extent protects the latter.


86». Gen. XXX. 6 : ]! itttT HKip p b:? . . . b^'^'?^^ ^5n "^jn^ ni2xm

86*. Gen. xlix. 16

:

. ID!? pT ^87. D^b x")p ^33.1 . . . rmb tr^x -linn x^pS ^':s Dn:?aiy kS

Jer. xxxiv. 17 : mnH Sk "^ DW im88. Esth. X. 3 : i^ynr^DS nb^ nnni is::?':> mta ti^nn . . . ^Dnnai

89. Esth. i. 13

:

pni rn

n

90. Ez. ii. 10:*' ^^^ rani a^rp ,t^k mnsi

91. mm nin•^ T T

Ps. xxi. 6, xlv. 4, xcvi. 6, civ. i, cxi. 3 ; Job xl. 10

;

I Chr. xvi. 27.

92. Is. i. 4

:

xan ^1: în

93. Is. ivi. 10 :

*i D13S ânx D^DDtr Dîh . . . va^

LXX, cvuTTViaô/ACvot, Aq. ffyavToôfievoi, Sym. opafiaTUTTai, Vulg.

videntes vana.

94. Ps. xivi. 4

:

vtt'xs n^n; ittn;

95. Is. xvii. 12 :*2 i^T c^&: niartD Dân D^te? |i22n în

96. Ez. vii. II :"« ana rii xSi nnf^nt^ ifh) o^lttni? j^Si ana Kb

Nothing of them, nor of their multitude, nor of their riches, nor

a waiting of them (sc. n^H'', shall be).— kol ov fiera Oopvfiov,

Ov8k fJi€Ta (TTTOrS^S.

** 'n is considered to be a shortened form of 'HJ (cf Stade, § 125*), which

Cornill would restore here ; better (Ew., § loi'^) a by-form of "X, Eccl. iv. 10,

X. 16 ; cf. 'Ii* and 'IH. It is perhaps chosen here to alHterate with rUD, which

occurs in the meaning, 'sigh, wail'; e.g. Is. xvi. 7; Jer. xlviii. 31.

,*i " Instead of being D'in, 'seers,' they are D''Tn, i.e. ' delirious talkers, ravers,'

fiôm ntn (= Arab, hada), 'to rave in sickness' " (Del.).

*2 " The description of the billows of peoples is as picturesque as the well-known

description: Illi inter sese, etc., of the Cyclopes in Vergil" (Del.).

*3 onon, only here, is probably synon. with \'^^'^, and may, as Keil suggests,

refer to the multitude of people, while jion is used of the abundance of riches

(cf. Is. Ix. 5 ; Ps. xxxvii. 16), For the rest, see Cornill, who emends HOI DH DODJIOn, " What are they and what is their splendor ?

"

07. Ecci. iii. 18:** nrh n)2n n^nn ants^ riMrh)

It is (the apparent disorder in the world) that they (mankind)

may see that they are beasts with regard to themselves. — to9

Seiâi (= nii^^l^ = nn?) on avTol ktt^v^ dcnv.

98. Dt. ii. 15

:

Disn 1^ mmn îpt2 ntprh

99. Is. lix. 13:

«

*iptr nn"i n^x? urn )ir\

100. I Ki. xix. 10 : n^nn i:nn n^K'^n] dki lonn n^nnt^ mV T V : T I T T I

On D^rin ''';^ (var. D^nn, Dinn ; Aq, Theod. 'Apes, LXX, ttJAis ao-eSeK

= pn!fn), see Geiger, Urschrift, u.s.w., p. 79, and the comm. (Del., Cheyne,

Dillm,, Duhm.).

1

loi. Prov. xxi. 8 : lb!?a ^t2^^ 111 '111 tT^X "[11 âiDBnt; T T T IT : TT I

(-:--:

Very perverse is the way of the guilty man, but the pure— his

work is straight.— LXX, Trpos tovs ctkoAious o-KoXias o8ov»s

aTTOCTTeAAet 6 êos, dyvo. yap Kai OjOâ ra f-pya. avrov.^^

102. Is. xxxiv. 6 : DHK pKD ShJ Hntpi HIS^nD mn^S HD]

103. ^trî? ''ibsr D:?an mto nai ^nK a\"ibi< ''nnt nsb iisKn'!

Gen. XXX. 20 :

"\h^\ llStT nx' K^pm . . .

And Leah said : God presented me with a good present ; this

time my husband will extol *^ me. . . . And she called his

name Zebulon.

** Dri; non, emphatic ; they with regard to themselves, as they really are in

themselves, ipsissimi ; cf. Ew., §315". "HOn, nimmt wie ein Echo das nDDJauf und vollzieht die ausgesprochene Gleichung auch im Wortklang" (Del.).

*^ The only cases of Inf. Poel. Duhm, Das Buck "jfesaia, thinks that the punc-

tators took these forms for Inff. Hiph. of XW and HJ', and would therefore read

Un as Inf. absol. Qal ; cf. Prov. xxv. 4 f. ; Is. xxvii. 8. 1"^n is regarded by him

as a clerical error for UH. *6 LXX takes ^H as predicate to "jll.

*" This meaning of 731 (which, as verb, occurs only here) is suggested by the

Assyr., where zabalu means ' carry, lift up,' syn. with naiA, *<£yj ; cf. Stanislas

Guyard, in Journ. Asiatique, 1878, aoflt-sept., p. 220 ff. ; Schrader, KAT"^,

p. 185 f.; Fried. Delitzsch, Hehr. and Assyr., p. 38 f., and Prolegomena, p. 62;

Cheyne, Isaiah 3, H., p. 172 f. The common rendering, 'dwell,' has no philo-

logical foundation whatever, and in this passage compels us to supply a prepos.,

"he will dwell with me" (Vulg. mecum erW).— Notice the explanation of the

name by two verbs 13T and 737 (both air. A«7.). Are two different explanations

combined as in the case of the name Joseph, vs. 23, 24 ?

104. jobxxviii. 17: n^piDn nn) TODn^: kS

105. Dt. xxi. 20 : KSbl bSiT

(Cf. Prov. xxiii. 20, 21, 77lt . . . iOD).— LXX, a-vfifioXoKOTrwv

olvo(j>\vyei.^

106. Ex. xxxiv. 15

:

D.Tn'^j^b inDti Q^^^':'K ^^m i3n

107. jer. li. 2

:

Hnti Dm '^sdS ^nrhmI •> T " -T V T

LXX, Kat câTTOCTTcXoi CIS Ba^vAoiva vfipiaras Kal Ka$vfipC(rov(nv

108. Hos. ii. 24, 25 :

"9 pxs ^^7 n^TO-jn : '^K^nr ^^ i^T- °'"'''

109. Ezek. xxx. 21 : fî^lC? "^^Ô^

no. ^n bD Dx nn^^ xin ^3 nin intyj^ otr anxn xniTiT •• • T -

I

Gen. iii. 20.

111. Jer. xxiii. 19

:

h^r\1 D^:?t2^n t2)sn h's hh*ir[ni2 ^vd)

112. Is. xxvi. II

:

î2^:2y\ itrt; p^jn; ^^n "[t nto-i mn^

113. Job xxxi. 40

:

nin xi£^ r\m nnn

114. ^wh mnntto i'? vn Ktsn'? ninsp nnax na-in â

Hos. viii. II.

Because Ephraim hath made a multitude of altars to sin, the

altars became to him a punishment!^— ort c7rXT7^wcv'E</)/3ai/x,

6va-t.a(TTi^pui, CIS dfULprCav iyevovTO avTw dvauKTTrjpui to. ^yairrj-

/xe'va.

115. Prov. X. 16 : nmrh :?tr-i nxnn D^'n"? pns: n'7i:?s

1 16. Prov. iii. 22

:

T^'"ii"i3'? |m "i^âjb n^v nTi

- *8 Cf. Matth. xi. 19; Luc. vii. 34: (pdyos Kal oIvottSttis.

*8 i'll here, instead of the more usual ^£3J (e.g. Is. v. 7, ki. 3; Jer. ii. 21),

perhaps for the sake of the paronomasia with /XJ^^P.

^5 That the words for ' sin ' in Hebr., and in the Semitic languages generally,

may also signify the consequence of sin, punishment, or the condition into which

one is brought by sin, needs no proof ; see, e.g:, Gen. xxxix. 9 ; Prov. xx. 2

;

cf. H. Schultz, AUtestamentliche Theologie^, p. 684. For Assyr., see Haupt in

Hebraica, I., 219.

117. r\)i:h nD^n Sx yi:v n^Pi ^nin trss ninb \r\r\ bxPs. Ixxiv. 19.

Deliver not unto the beast the soul of thy turtle-dove, forget

not thy poor animals for ever (Del.) ."

118. Job X. 12

:

^"lay nn^try lom n:»n

Cf. Ps. Ixiii. 4, cxix. 159.

119. Is. XXX. 18 :''^ DD)2rn3 01'^: p'?! 03330^ m.T n^n] pb)

And therefore will Jahveh wait to be gracious to you, and there-

fore will he arise to have mercy upon you (Del).

120. Lam. ii. 8

:

nisim ':'n-'?2s;^.i

Cf. Is. xxvi. I.

121. Ez. xxiv. 12: nnvhn nnn nsxsxa >^2in sbi nthn a^jsn

122. Ps. xvii. 14: D^«nn Df^brn'^nx? D^ni::??

123. Prov.xiii. 12 : nxa niKn n'^^n pi :h rhrit^ n^ffpf2 n'pnin

124. Is. xxii. 2

:

nt^rh^ ^nxs >^':5i s^n ^'^'t'H xb "n^Sbn

D*in v7n, Jer. xiv. 18 j Ez. xxi. 19, xxxi. 18, xxxii. 20, 21, 25,

26, 28-32, XXXV. 8; Zeph. ii. 12 (15).

125. Job xxxvi. 15

:

Dm yrh^ hT^ i^3^n ^3^ yhn]

126. Is. ivii. 6 :«3 rjp'^n bm ^pSni

127. Dt. xxxii. 9

:

in'?™ h^n apr i^:? m.T pbn ^3

128. Dt. xxxii. 14 : nns nbn d:? |xi: aSni -ipn m^n . . .inpîî

For other combinations of flKSSn and DTTI cf Gen. xviii. 8;

Jud. V. 25 ; Is. vii. 22.

129. tr^x f]hi< ^DDH niiann vbn n^rhbrj ni^n nixsnn ^nâ

Jud. XV. 16.

With the jawbone of an ass heaps upon heaps, with the jawbone

of an ass I have smitten a thousand men.— cv mayon ovov

"1 For conjectural emendations of the text, see Cheyne, Psalms, 396; QPB.,

loc— Tor îm, LXX, Pesh., read a form of HT.^2 Ew., Dillm., Bredenk., and Cheyne adopt the reading of two MSS. : D1""1?,

" He will wait in stillness," which better suits the parallelism with nDn\68 The " smooth stones " (cf. \idoi, Xnrapol, lapides uncti, lubricati) refer, it

seems, to stone-fetishes, or stone-worship; cf. Wellhausen, Peste arabischen

Heidenthums, p. 99 f.

iiaXeiffxav ii-qXeiij/a avrovs,^ oTt iv ry auiyovi tov ovov

iiraTaia ;(tXtbi;s avSpas.

130. Gen. xi. 3

:

'^f^rh dhS .th nanni

131. Esth. ii. 17: v:sh ncrn |n xu^m

132. Ps. ivii. 5

:

rrin ann nyiti^Si o^sim n^jri D.T3tt^

Cf. I Sam. xiii. 19, 22 ; Is. xlix. 2 ; Prov. v. 4.

133. Mi. iv. II : 173^:: |v::3 inni Pi3nn

134. Prov. xiv. 34 :^ DX^H D^XSXb ncni

LXX, iXa(T(Tovov<rL (= ÎDH) Se e^rXas dfiapTLat.

135. jobxxxix. 13:^ nicii riTpn nnnx ax nobp^ 0^3;-) p]33

" The wing of the ostrich vibrateth joyously ;— is she pious,

wing and feathers?" (Del.).

136. 2 Sam. XV. 30

:

p]n; -]bin KiHi ""isn ^h trxm

137. Nu. xxiv. 8 :'* yu^) V^H

138. Prov. viii. 27 ; cf. Job xxvi. lo : mnn ^32 h^ m IpHS

139. Mi. vii. II i''^ ph pHT xinn ni^

On that day the borders (Keil and Orelli, the law) will be far

removed.

140. D^Sn: |m«n rîhsh . . . nb ^ppn o^bn: pix-i ni3bs3

jud. v. 15, 16: s':"")i'?n

141. Gen. xlviii. 22 : 'rit2^p21 'SînS • • • 'nnpS ItTK

Cf. Jos. xxiv. 12 ; 2 Ki. vi. 22.

^ This rendering of the LXX is quoted in the Theol. Zeitung of Innsbruck,

1888, II.,264, in support of the reading D'P")^?!, instead of D^n'lbn, 'With the

jawbone of the ass [the red one] have I reddened them'; cf. Hebraica, V., 198.

But the conjecture is not plausible.— "^lOn = "Ôn, heap, is chosen here to accord

with "^T^n, ass, and is also found I Sam. xvi. 20 (Keil).

65 DT'On is thought to contain an allusion to the name of the stork, avis pia,

whose treatment of its young is so. different from that of the ostrich; see Gesenius,

^ -Thes., s.v.— Hoffm. : " Is the wing of the ostrich too slothful, or doth it want

"wing and feather?" i.e. m3K DN (Jud. xviu. 9 n'?]f;;j =) n^DJ^: D'JJ^; t]JD

.mui (Hipn or) ni'Dn.

8« A plural is expected here, referring to O'l^. Keil (with LXX) takes it as

instrum., which is rather forced ; Dillm. emends VVn^.5'' Graetz, Monatsschrift fUr Gesch. u. Wissensck, des Judenth. 1886, p. 505,

considers pn a dittograph, and for Pni"', reads pD^?j That day will be urged,

pressed, i.e. hastened.

i42». Jer. 1. 35-38 :

^ .TD^tt ^K D^h . . . OntTD b^ yin

142*. yî^n h^ yin K-ipKi . . . nnn xin ntrx ^n-^n p*^

Hag. i. 9, II.

LXX, Koi iird$(x} pofxâuiv (D^H) ciri t^v y^v.

143. Ez. xxxiii. 27

:

1*7^: nnnn nin'inn ^trs

144. Ez. V. 14 :

'^ nsnn'î ns-irib "[3nj<i

145. Ez. vii. 14

:

n]is:n-'73 bx ^Jihn ""D

146. nx Dnx^tri onnn p cnnpbi iiannn |s nnnn p ns:^Jos. vi. 18, cf. vii. II, 12 : 'Oirh SxÛ?^ TOnD

147. Nu. xxi. 3 : nann Dpx:n Dtr x^pî . . . nnm win:]

Cf. Jud. i. 17.

Ps. xxviii. I.

149. Jer. xiviii. 2

:

h:?*! H^bi^ isti^n |intr^n2

150. Is. xxxiii. II : D^b^xn trs DDnn tsî'^ nSn mri nnn

151. Joel ii. 16

:

nnsHSi n'?!:! "mnxs ?nn sr%J ^ TT\"T- !V"1tT"-

152. Ps. cxix. 66 : ''jn^^ mT D^*^ ÎIS

153. Ez.xiii. II j®' cf. vs. lo, 14, i5,xxii. 28: bfe^ 'rSn "11^ ^K ^bK

154. nti^-'nin jaan : . . . onas itt^âh : ^nT bS^x trîn^n tr^^nin

nntrn "irbs nisni n^n ca iân nSSxpx njxrim

Joel i. 10, II, 12 :«i DnK'"3D p flW t:J"3il "3 Itt^S;

155. Ps. vi. II

:

va'j it2^3: n^; 'nî< ^3 ni<^ )hr\2':) itiâ:

68 In vs. 38, Ew. and Graf read 3"1iri.

69 nD"in is omitted by LXX and Cornill.

60 "ân = n'P, vs. 12, used here on account of the ambiguous meaning of the

word, and of the paronomasia with 73J " (Orelli)

.

61 C'în, vs. 10, and HiyOin, vs. I2«, are probably to be derived from JVT,

while ItfOn, vs. II, and W'2T\, vs. 12*, are from 1if)2 ; cf. Holzinger in ZATJV,IX., 99 f., and Schwally, ibid. VIII., 196. So Pesh. rh\2T\ Sdd . . . K1DK \r\r\2

Knnn. The Vulg. renders all the l^'^n in this passage by ' confusum esse.'

156". nip] iiatr nx n^np p b:? mn^-m nîix o^ysn ^Di^mGen. xxix. 35.

I56^ Gen. xlix. 8 : JHK "TlHI^ Hm ITll.T

157. Am. vii. 10

:

mm ba m h'::rh yii<n bDin xb

158. ^t2ith s^pi^ itttr DK i<npm : ^nann n« D^^bK s^dk "laxm

Gen. XXX. 23, 24 :

^ "inK p ^b Hl.T PjD^

159. Ps. 1. 2

:

rain D^^':5X âi^ SSsp jv::?:

160. Is. xxvi. 3

:

Dibt:^ i2in "|i^D ^r

161. Hab. ii. 18 : Vh'S TlT ^:p Hton ^3

162. (qere pHSpi) psSi"?^ ni-i|5^ m« n^^^ xb xinn cmZech. xiv. 6.

On that day there shall be no light ; the precious ones (the

Stars) shall contract {i.e. cover) themselves. — LXX, iv

iKeLvrj Trj ^fiepa ovk corat ^wSj /cat i/'up(OS Kal Trayos (= DMpIpXSpl ; SO the other ancient versions, Ew., Umbreit)

.

163. Ps. xxv. 12

:

nns^ innn isnv mn^ xn^ tr^Kn nt "la

164. Ps. Ixiv. 5 : 1X7: kSi in"!''

165. Jos. xxiii. 5 : Qicnx nx nnty) ny:sh^ cnx trmmCf. Jud. xi. 23.

166. Mi. i. 15

:

rr^'^fp nntrr *]h x^dx tz^n^n n^

LXX, 1(0? Tous K\r]pov6ficyv<; dyayaxriv, KaTOiKoi)(ra Aa;^£6S ' Kkrjpo-

vo/xi'a ecos OSoAA,a/A ijêt.

167. Job xxxiii. 7 : 12y ifh ybv ^23X1

LXX, 17 x«t/3 ftou (= ''SS), Vulg. eloquentia.

168. Prov. iv. 8 : J^^pSrin ^^ '^'^^^^

169. Prov. xxv. 27 : "fl3D D^M "Ipm SIlO oh mmH U2-f S3«

. "To investigate difificult things is an honor" (Del.).^— LXX,

laBUiv fieki TToXv OX) koAov • Tt/i-av Si )(prj A.oyov5 evSoôus

= ninD D^'pit? ibD nplni (Lagarde).

^2 E. interprets the name 'Taker away' as though ^DT was a contraction of

^DK' (cf. 2 Sam. vi. i ; Ps. civ. 29) ; J. interprets ' Inc5£§§ej.'

63 Reading 0^33. ^^-'^'-^^jaT^^^-^

I7BESIT7

6o PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

1 70. I Sam. iv. 2 1 : S>5^ty^)a T2D .nh: ^f^nh inD ''s ^'^:b x^pm

171. jer. X. 25: in^5;nnb3Ki spr m.ibDK

172. jobxix. 27: . pnn ^n^b? ibp

LXX, TravTa 8e fioL crvvTCTcAecrTai iv koXvw (= ''ri'^7p l^?)-

173. Job V. 26: -iDp ^Sx nb^n xian

174. Is. xxxii. 7 : tTV^ vh^ ^^51

The mean man— his means -are evil.

175. Neh. ix. 24 : D'?^;53n pXH 'D^^ m DnîBS V32]11

176. m.T 'r'sn'^r^ nip^ : irtrnpi^ Dipt2 ptrxns? onsp mnD xdsJer. xvii. 12, 13.

177. Prov. vii. 20:^ in^D xn'' i^Dsn orb iTn npb ^Dsn ^ni:

178. Prov. xii. 16:^ cn:? p'^p nobi lop :7-fr Dm bîK

179. Ps. cxivii. 16

:

nis^ "1SX3 "lias

180. Ps. cxlv. 14, cxlvi. 8 : DâiSSH S^':' ?lp.it

i8i. Ps. xxxvii. 20: DnD ^P^P m,T ^n^lKI

LXX, a/xa Tw Soâcr^^vai avTOvs Kai vij/(ji$r]vai (= D1"l3).

182. Is. xlvi. I, 2 : 133 Dnp ^D ^D183". Ez. XXV. 16

:

D'nn? m 'n^DHI

I83^ m D^^ bnn nn^n : . . . n^ni? î:i D\n bsn ^ntr^ în

Zeph. ii. 5, 6 : D^V"1 nh3

184. 2 Sam. viii. 18 : Vb^^) Vl^^) ^'I'lH' p IH^Jm

Cf. 2 Sam. XV. 18, xx. 7, 23 ; i Chr. xviii. 17.

185. Ps. ixxiv. 6

:

p^Sn^ nisb^si ':'''t?^?3

186. Nu. xiv. 45:^' Dins!^ nisri

h

187. Mi. vi. 3, 4 : ani:?: px^ '^'n'?3?n '^ '^ ™:? ^^'pn n!p

189. Joel i. 19

:

n^ftrn î::? b^ r^^rh r^^rhT -: • T T •••

Cf. Joel ii. 3 ; Ps. Ixxxiii. 15, cvi. 18; Job xli. 13.

^* LXX, Si' TjfiepCiv iroWQv, which Lagarde thinks a corruption of dixofJ-^vrji.

85 Instead of the usual T^BD'0, for the sake of the paronomasia.

^ Hiph. of r\jlD. Professor Haupt explains such formations (instead of r\y)

of verbs !">' as due to the analogy with verbs YD ; cf. Huizinga, Aiialogy in the

Semitic Languages, Amer. Journ. of Phil., XII., 32.


1

190. Ez. xxi. 3 : ^^î*^ ^^^b

Gen. xxix. 34.

i9i\ Nu. xviii. 2 : ybs vh'!) "|m Dipn . . . îb nisxs "j^n« m n:i

192. Mi. i. 13

:

tt?^DS natrr tr^snb n^Dîan DmPs. XXXV. 16 : m'W 'hp p^n J1';;Q UJlS 'Sjna. LXX, ivelpaffdv /le iêyLVKT-ii-

piffdv fie flVKTTJpKX/jAv.^''

193. p2i-i nx '^'im

Is. viii. 6.**

194. 2 Ki. iii. 19 :

195. Ps, Ixxxix. 41 :

196. Is. XXV. 12 :^

197. Is. X. 31 :

198. Is. xxix. 9 :

199. Is. xxii. 5 :

200. Gen. xix. 37 :

201. Jer. xxvii. 2 :

. nStrn ^22 n« mn D:?n dx^ ^d p^

T • : T T ; •

T •• : - T : T

riDQî nonî nainia d?

Cf. Nah. i. 13.

202. 2 Sam. iii. 25 :™ (kethib ^Xl3^) ^KSID DKI "TIKÎD n« mnSl

Cf. Ez. xliii. II.

203. Mi. ii. 4: " p'pn;' i3nu? nn'i^h ^b t^â^ "^^x *i^^; â^ pSn

67 /.^. Jj;S MJlh 'mr\2. Schwally would emend 'JlSin {ZATW, XI., 258).

, 68 The noun tJ'IB'O instead of the verbal sentence ^VJ\ for the sake of the

pzSronomasia with DXO (Del.). For various conjectural emendations, see the

commentaries.

69 ntyn from nnty, after the analogy of J?"^ ; cf. Huizinga, Analogy in the

Semitic Lattguages, Amer. Journ. of Phil., XII., 32.

™ The qere is to make the paronomasia more perfect.

''^ The text is not intact; LXX read differently, and in part better. See Stade,

ZATWf VI., 122 f., and Wellhausen, ad loc.

204. Ps. cxiiv. 13

:

]rbi^ ]ip D^pâa wvh^ irij^

Our garners are full, affording all manner of store (prop, from

kind to kind) .— LXX, to. Ta/acta avTiov TrXrjpr/, iêpevyofitva

€K TouTov CIS TovTo (= il] 7>^ HtXS j SO also Gractz).

205. ht^m) nyy-s it2m D^x^ pKi ^tynpX2 nx b'pnia ^33,1

Ez. xxiv. 21 : D2t2^Bi

Cf. vs. 25 (where Xt2?J3 is used for 7^nS3).

206. Dipxsn nu? j^npî nt D\n'7x n^n^ Dxn nts^KD np:?^ nj^xn

Gen. xxxii. 3 : D^JHa Xinn

207. jud. V. 26

:

inpn nabm nitnî itrxn npnis• ' It - T : IT T -: T It -: T.

n:jn nrn nm ^pn^ nnni^b ^':5 ^^'^n bx

T T : • I- - •• -

n^pphb in^^^ T?)2 ^3p

b^DH ^nxb; ^mSâ mn^ nian nxi

nnsD^ DDH tr^Ki m^ ^sxbsD rrbtt n!2nTV!-: V T ••-::-I V T

Tj^'p^ nati^:' ''sb^ xab^ |rib

n^'i^n;? ^b^^ D^priî? lan

nn^sp TO!? ^^ ^3^1

2 1 8. xnSx n3ip ^:f2 xn^ss ntz^s to'^ : j^pnsi Spn x3Xp xjxp

rinari^ni ^^^îxaa ^^'pp^ ^P^ niabtrni Tinuba

D-1B1 ^"idS rD\nn TiriDba none ons : nanTT -t: -••It :- -•: ••: •-

Dan, V. 25-28.^^

219. 1^x1 n^ dn^ptt^:? txsi nmp nrh pi'n nv^î n^mEcci. iv. I :

'

'"

Droa" nr\b

And behold the tears of the oppressed, and they have no com-

forter; and on the side of their oppressors is power, and

they have no avenger"^^ (Professor Haupt).

'''2 See J. D. Prince, Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin : an Hisiorical Study of

the Fifth Chapter of Daniel, 1893. The nouns are now generally thought to be

names of weights, mina, shekel, half-minas. The interpretation in vv. 26-28 is a

series of plays on the meaning of the corresponding verbs, number, weigh, divide;

the latter, by a second play, also suggests the Persians.

'3 TO (more commonly TJ), at the side of, cf. I^P, Jos. xii. 9; i Sam. vi. 8.

208.

«

. LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASU IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 63

2 20. DDn« ^n^3ai : -[oâ 'i^h D^x'paam |nbtr ^sS D^5ni?rr

Is. ixv. II, 12

:

i:?nDn naDS DD'r'Di snnS

221. Is. xvi. II : \r"in Ti:?S ^n'^pi la.T ni335 nKix:^ ''pi? p'bv

222. Is. xlviii. 19 : VTO^D *|^^:^ '>?^^^1

And thy offspring will be like the grains (gravel) ''* thereof (the

sea).

223. Is. xvii. I :'' nbs!2 ''V'p ^n^Tl t:?^ "iDiia p'î^î nsn

224. Prov. xvi. I :^« fi^S TO^;!? mn^x:i dS ^5^^?? aî^b

225. jobxxxvii. 16:" D^n D'tt^Ti nix'pa)? a^ ^'trbax? '^v !?nnn

226. Is. xxix. 3

:

rrat:^ yh^ ^n?2^pm si:a "^h^^ miî

227. Ps. cxix. 143 : '^^^^^ TC>"1VP '^1K^^ pl^DI n^

228. Dt. xxviii. 53, 55, 57 ; Jer. xix. 9 : rJlit^SI *l1i£^3

229. Prov. xiii. 14 : ni^ Û^pbp ÎD'? D^'H ^1pX2 DDH miH

Cf. xiv. 27. — LXX, 6 8c avovs vtto TraytSos âveirai (=''ri£l'l

niXS; tr^pilSD; Jager).

230. Hab. i. 6 : "nn^SHi iSH î^H D^^trDH nx D^p):: ^33n ^D

231. Ruth i. 20 :

^8 -h ^f^r\ ^^'^ ^D nnip -h jxnp

232. Jer. iv. 17, 18

:

1^ ^D "^n:?"! mt : . . . nnn^ tik

233. Job xxxix. 18 : 133^^1 did':' pnt^n xnian 011125 ri:?D

LXX, Kara Kaipbv iv vxpu vxjioicru, Karaytkaa-erai ittttov kol tov

linfiaTOV avTOv.

?* So the ancient versions; others take vni^D = D'^'O, "the bowels thereof";

4ee Dillm. in loc.

" '< 75 >^^ is rejected (with the LXX) by Lagarde, Cheyne, and Bredenk. as ditto-

graph of '^T'^; Dillm. would read 'J?/*

76 Wanting in the LXX." The air. "Key. mK^SD, instead of the usual nixSsj, for the sake of the

alliteration with "'B'73D.

"8 On ncy, see note on No. 438. Cf. Siegmund in Wagner's " Valkyrie "

:

" Drum musst' ich Wehwalt mich nennen ; Des Wehes waltet' ich nur.

"

234. ii^t2 n^-rii^ nnttî mn^ aim n^ . . . nin nvn ^b^^tr^ ^:D^

Jer. xxiii. 33 :

'

DDni« ^DtriD]')

LXX, Kal iav ip(i}TT^crw(nv 6 Aaos outos . . . tl to XrjfifJLa Kuptov

;

Kai c/acis avTOts v/Aets core to X^fx/xa ; SO Vulg., Pesh/^

235. Ex. ii. 10: Tirr^^ Dîan |?2 ^D -ix:sm nt^xs i^tr xnpmCf. above, § 12, p. 37.

236. Prov. i. 6

:

Dmm Dî^DH nsT nsT^^Jsi btTx: r^nnb

237. Neh. viii. 10: D'l^nîa intri D^5^^^ I'r'SX idS

238. Jer. xiviii. 21

:

nitr^s.n pi< 'r'x xn losto

239. Prov. xii. 5 : nx:nx: D"':7trn nibinnn toat^xp cp^nit nint^n^

240. Is. V. 7 :»> np:r2: mm np-i^S ns'trj: mm toati^x:':' ipn

' It T : It T : • t : t : • : I- :-

241. Is. XXV. 10: 81 mi2"]tt ^ttD pn^ tr^ms vnnn dkij: tt^nji

242. Ez. ix. 4 : Dp3K3m D^m«3n wmvtn rmi'Q h^: in nînmI

• T v: V -: • T v: V - f ^ . .. .

243. Job xxiv. 15 : P|t2^3 mS2tr P]X] p!?!

244. Job xi. 12

:

35?^ an] u^^Ki

245. Ez. xiii. 3

:

n'h^p D^x^nsn h^ în

LXX, omt TOts vpocjjrjTeva-ova-Lv oltto KapStas avTwv (= D^S33nnn'ptt; soCornill).

246. 1 Sam. XXV. 25 : )f2^ hSd]! T^tT 'rn: XIH p 1)!2ty3'^ T T : T T I

247- np9 na^ a-'mb n »ix ^n^ ns'tr bnsb ms3 xbIT -t: I VT -: TTt TTProv. xvii. 7.

248. Ps. xviii. 13(2 Sam. xxii. 13) : nnV* 1^!? 1^3 T\m^ '-'': IT T T : V - •

249- "ÔI^P? ^% Tl^^^ '^V^"f ^^'^ ^^^ rinnsD ^mPs. Ivi. 9.

^9 Following the versions, Hitz., Graf, and many others read, HK^QH DJIN, a

pointed play upon Xl^D.— In vv. 38, 39, there is another play on XK'D : |i"Djnx 'nty:3ji xtjrj ddhk ^n'E/ji 'jjn . . . nin' k-/d nrn imn nx Dr\icN.

Here also it is better to read with the versions, Ew., Graf, «/., Xt^J "Tl't^J.

^'^ In Assyr. sahdpu means 'overthrow, oppress'; perhaps nStÔ is only a

transposition of this root.

81 " Perhaps with allusion to the Moabite city Madmen, Jer. xiviii. 2, as '03 to

Moab" (Del.).

250. Job ii. II

:

issD^b^ h "iih xinS nn^ m*)Cf. xlii. II ; Is. li. ig ; Nah. iii. 7 ; Ps. Ixix. 21.

251. Job XX. 17 :«2 nxDm tz^rn ^Sro nnj niaSsn xn: bx

252. n^r xsni? ''a mn b.s ^îpp yh's nSvn btrix:n nn dxEccl. X. 4

:

-•

•

^^j^^^^ ^^^^^• T -

If the temper of the ruler riseth against thee, leave not thy

place, for patience assuageth great wrongs.^

253. h^ D31? hp_ h-s) pDijn p hv a^:: did hv ^d kS iîsxm

Is. XXX. 16

:

'

Dpâih I'PiT pBut ye said, No (we will not keep quiet), but we will flee on

horses (of Egypt) ; therefore shall ye flee ; and on the swift

will we ride ; therefore swift shall be your pursuers.

254. Jer. xlix. 30 : 113 1D3

255. Gen. V. 29

:

i3tr::D» 13W HT nttxS Hj )^^ mp^)

LXX, Koi eTTwyofiaore to ovofw. avrov Noie Xtytov Onros huxvaTravaa

rjixa*D3 ''^^^n p b*;

Therefore thou plantest pleasant plants,^ but settest them in

with strange slips.— </>uTei;o-£is ûTcu/xa aincrTov (= D''3l2St3 K7,

Vulg. plantationem fidelem) Kai <nrepfm ama-Tov.

258. Job xviii. 19 t** 'IX2:?D 1D3 Xbl lb p3 k':'

Cf. Gen. xxi. 23 ; Is. xiv. 22.

82 Merx cancels 'inj; Hoffm. transposes nXOH 'SriJI tâi 'inj.

83 That is, the sufferings resulting from the sins of the ruler (Professor Haupt) ;

it must then be pointed H'J'.

8* Cheyne and Duhm, following the interpretation of Ew., render " plants of

Adonis," considering D'JO>'J to be an epithet of this god used as a name. As

the worship of Tammuz is not mentioned by any prophet before Ezekiel, it is

doubtful, however, whether it had been introduced in Israel as early as the time

T)f^saiah. The reading of LXX seems preferable; perhaps D'JOK: was changed

to D''JO>*J to remove the countersense which arose from the loss of the negative;

cf. Vulgate.

85 Cf. Assyr. ninu, " family," Fried. Del, y^ssyr. Studien, p. 20. Compare

English " kith and kin," German " Kind und Kegel" ; in Cooper's " Pathfinder,"

Ch. X. : " She died leaving neither chick nor chiel behind her," to which Pro-

fessor Haupt kindly called my attention.

259. Esth. iii. i2:«« ^hfzn mston anmi anDi

260. Gen. xlii. 7 : nn'hi< ^3?n*l D13«l

261". Ps. ix. 6

:

i3trp ''3SX2 Dpi3nnb D? ^'XTb nnnj" Thou hast given them that fear thee a banner to Hft them-

selves up because of the truth" (Del.).— LXX, eSoxas rots

tf>oPovfX€voL< cniDyb:?!

Cf. Nu. XX. 13 ; Dt. xxxiii. 8.

262. Is. X. 18

:

Dpi DbD? n^"n

And it (Asshur's glory) shall be like the pining away of a sick

man.^— LXX, koI Icrrai 6 (fyevywv ok 6 (jitvywv oltto </)Xoyos

Kato/Ac'n^s ; Vulg. et erit terrore profugus.

263. Gen. iv. 12 : pKD .THfl Tl :?5

Cf. vs. 14 ; Is. xxiv. 20.

264. Ps. cxivii. I : rhnn m«3 n^v: ^3^ T • : T T • T

On "^pi l^^jni, I Sam. i. 24, see Driver, Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel,

in loc.— In 2 Ki. ix. 4, IJ^JH 2° is probably dittograph (LXX, Pesh.).

265. Job xiv. 18

:

hyi\ bat nn

LXX, Kox ttX'^v o/oos ttltttov SlaTTCo-etTai.

266. Is. iviii. 10: ra^ri ™v;5 trssi tju^s; nnS psni

And minister thy sustenance^ to the hungry, and satisfy the

afflicted soul.

267. Lam. iv. 15 : i:?3 D:I 15^3 ^D

268. Nah. ii. 2 :

9^ Tr\W^ ^Si:T : T

LXX, c^atjoov/xcvos €K 6\i\p€<ii<t (= ni2£p ^2i3) .

86 Wanting in the LXX.8^ This reading is adopted by most recent commentators, but is exposed to

grave objections. ^^ Cf. Syr. KD'DJ.

89 So Lagarde, Prophet. Chald., p. 1. : Vs' ^33.

^ Lit., ' appetite, object of appetite.'— Graetz, Monatschriftfur Gesch. u. Wis-

sensch. d. Judenth., 1886, p. 272, emends 'pn^ 3;?"lh' D^3ni, after Pesh.;

cf. LXX.9^ Cf. Frd. Del., Zeitschr. fur Keilschriftforsch., IL, 293 f. ; Prolegomena,

p. 127, n. I.

LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASU IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 67

269. Nah. i. 2

:

rn^«b «in nai3i ins:'? mn^ nî

Cf. Lev. xix. 18.

270. Prov. XX. 27 : |tsn niH ^D 'trsH Dnx n^t^: nin^ ^5

271. Ps. xxxii. I :^ riKtan îds :?u^s Î'trs ntyx

272. D31!? iK\r3i mn^ ""ni^ d«3 an-'S:? ""T tik^w p '?:?< T -! : T

:

• T T I

EZ. Xliv. 12.

273. b3 ni< D^^Sx ^3t2^: ^d ntt^:D niDan n^r n« f]DV ir\p^^

Gen. xli. 51:^ "'

"hf^^J • T -I

274. Ez. xxxix. 9: pt!^]n 1|T'tt?ni

275. Ps. Ixxviii. 9 : ntt^[5 ^^n ptt^lJ DnS« ^3D

276. Job XXX. 13: ^nn^n3 ion]

LXX, e^CTptyST/crav rpi/Soi /iov.

277. jer. i. 10

:

pniSi t^îw'? .in DVH ^mpanCf. xviii. 7, xxxi. 28.

D278. Nah. i. 3: iDni nn^'ra nsiDs m.T

Cf. Is. xxix. 6. In inverse order, Am. i. 14 ; Ps. Ixxxiii. 16.

279. Am. vi. 7

:

D^m-iD nn^ noi

280. nxD aariK n^p: Ski viptn dshk K^tr: "^jk

2 Chr. xxxii. 15.

281. Is. xxiii. 8 : D^^ -7"!^°

282. Kb)2 12^2' t2^pD iSax D^XIDD DS3DD1 D^53D On^p 'ip ^3"T "T I-: • \

• •• r!Ti ' \ '

Nah. i. lo.*^

For Uke thorns twisted together, and intoxicated in their drink

(reading DKaOSI), they are devoured hke stubble fully dry.

-j( 92 ">ityj^ after the analogy of the verbs n"S, to agree with MOD.

93 "JIS'J, for the sake of greater similarity with HE'JD; cf. Ges., § 52, rem. I;

Stade, § 387".

9* The text is probably corrupt. LXX render D'313D On'OÎ S'^n; HID', IJl '3

'J1 h2Vi, which would at least suit the context. Graetz, Monatschrift, u.s.w.,

1886, p. 505, conjectures 'J1 I'ÛX DKaODI D'K3D Dnt^ nj^ jH. He removes

(cf. Job XXV. 5) drunken prmces, etc.


283. Eccl. vii. 6 : h^D^n pHtT p "I^SH nHH Dn^pH h)p:i ^3

284. nD^^':'K S31D D5^x?b^ fi^s nxi nps^^ niap m nnx^3i

Am. V. 26 :

' ' ' DDS DH^^!? ^^KAnd you carry Sakkuth your Moloch (or king), and Kaivan,

the star of your god, the images which you have made for

yourselves.^

285. Job xi. 22 :»« ^m ^nnp insp^ ibbit uh^:: inss^

286. Eccl. X. 6 : IDtt^.^ b^t2 U^^'^'S) U'^l D^JSn^n '^DDH |n2

287. Ps. iv. 9 :^^ "i:rDa n3:b nr\f2 'h toSaxD nu^^nx

288. Ez. ii. 6 : ''«

Tinix n"'3i'?pi D^p-iD ^?

For briers and thorns are they (the people) with thee.

289. Dt. xxi. 18, 20: nîjî lyiD |s

Cf. Jer. V. 23.

290. o'p nptt^n insp rnin'^pp innp "^tr^n m^Ps. xviii. 12 (2 Sam. xxii. 12).

291. Prov. xxvi. 17 : i'? x'? sn S:? ns^^nx? np^ nbs ^jmn pîna

LXX, okrTrep 6 Kparwv KcpKOv kwosj outws 6 TrpoecrTtbs dAAoTptas

/cptcreo)?.

292. Is. X. 29

:

n-Q^rxD nn:?

293. Is. xxvi. 4

:

n^ """[^^ ^s intap

Cf. xlv. 17, Ixv. 18; Ps. Ixxxiii. 18, xcii. 8, cxxxii. 12, 14.

294. Jer. xvi. 19 : TOI ''?^ m.T

Cf. Ps. xxviii. 8.

295. Ez. xvi. 7, 22, 39, xxiii. 29 : H^l^l 0'^''^

296. Ex. xxiii. 5 :

^ w n^^n ^)v )h ^m nbnm

^5 On Sakkuth and Kaivan, see Schrader, KAT?', p. 442; Journal, Vol. XL,

p. 86.

^^ Observe one alliteration enclosed in another after the scheme abba.8^ For the ctTr. Xe7. H^'D, Graetz would read PliJID; cf. above, No. 278.

^^ See Cornill in loc.

'^ The same development of meaning of 3U', 'let alone, allow to exist; pre-

serve, save,' is also found in Assyr. in the Qal and Shaphel of this verb {ezebu and

i-Cizubu).


297. Zeph. ii. 4: ,Tnn .131137 rTT!? ^3T -: T -

298. Is. liv. 6

:

nn nniscpi nDii>^ ntrx^

299. nn h'2h n-iTs vaaj^ '^si in|^ rmn'^nD nrx Ssi

Ez. xii. 14.

LXX, Kox TravTas tovs avTiXafxâvofJiivovi; avTOu (= TH^) ; SO

Pesh. and Cornill.

300. mn^ 131]^ ™n ni? -it2xi -i|vn fsx nia^ nx K-ipi

I Sam. vii. 12.^"°

301. Ex. xviii. 4

:

n|p ^3is: \i'7s; ^d "ii^Sk "irn^n wî

302. Is. ixii. 3

:

mn^ i^n nnxsn ni^^ n^Mi

Cf. Ez. xvi. 12, xxiii. 42 ; Prov. iv. 9, xvi. 31.

303. nîtr^: is'p-tv "I'V niin^ pxn nin -iû^n nt^^r Kinn nrnIs. xxvi. i': Sm ni!2in n^t:)^

•• T T

304. Is. xvii. 2 :

i«i ni^^nn oni^S i>n^ n.^' ni3j>;

LXX, KaTaXeXeifjLixevrj eis tov aiuiva ( ? = 1^ ''l^) £« koltyjv

TTOt/XVt'wV.

Jud. x. 4 :

i'^"

Onb

306. Mi. i. 10 :

^"3 !133]f1 J^jjj-iâ

307. D-^r xnp p b:? . . . mn-' ti-id^: i3ni5V nx: !?tyi.T i^kiJos. vii. 25, 26

:

' 113^" pis? xmn Dipjsn

LXX (cod. BF a/.), Kal ciTTCv 'It/ctovs TO) 'A;(a/).^''*

308. Is. XV. 5 (jer. xiviii. 5): 13 rbvi ^333 n^n"?:! n'?^;!?

309. Is. xxi. 2 : D^^^ V^

100 Wellhausen, 7V;tr^ 0^1?^ Biicher Samuelis, conjectures for H^n ljl% 'D IJI (or

•Tî!)> " Witness may it be that Jahveh hath helped us."

l"! Besides the alliteration there is perhaps also a play upon the etymology of

tin;', Maid bare,' from 11;*; cf. Jer. xiviii. 6, 13733 V^V^. Dillm. takes the

jvord here also as an appellative.

> 102 As if from a sing. T.T (as D'y^PI), instead of D'")JJ for the sake of the

paronomasia.

i'^^ Most modern commentators since Reland (^Palaestina illustr. 534 ff.), "In

Acco do not weep," considering 133 a contraction [or corruption] of 13J.O. Onthe LXX see Vollers, in ZA TIV, IV., 4.

1*^* So also I Chr. ii. 7, the name is changed to adapt it to the explanation

:

hvryw "i3i>' 13;; 'p-jD "'J3^

b^

310. Gen. xix. 38 : |1)2V '.?? '^^ ^ÎH ^f^T\^ 1^^ «*lpm

311. m^ h)p nfhri ni:^ b)p pxi nnn^ ni3?| "îp px "i^kî

Ex. xxxii. 18 : ^Dt? ''33K

And he (Moses) said : It is not the shout of strength (z.e. of

the victorious in battle), nor is it the cry of weakness {i.e.

of the defeated) ; it is the voice of singing (around the

golden calf) that I hear.

312. Ruth i. 21

:

^s to:? m.Ti ^f2^: ^h nii^npn n^b^ • T T • t: T I

313. Is. X. 30: nra .T3^

Poor Anathoth (so. : listen "'D'^tTpn) ! — Vulg. paupercula Ana-

thoth.^^s

314.^

7sn>-i 15V

Dt. iv. II, V. 19 ; Ez. xxxiv. 12; Joel ii. 2 ; Zeph. i. 15 ;

Ps. xcvii. 2; Job xxxviii. 9.^**

315. bsî< 1X2D rsni Dn^TD k'?! ni^S^ hm idd nnav pxJob X. 22.

(Before I depart into) the land of deep darkness, like darkness

itself, of the shadow of death and of confusion, and when it

is bright it is like darkness.— LXX, ets yrjv o-Korors aiwviav,

ov ovK l(TTiv <^€yyos orSc bpav ^(o^v fipoTwv.

316. Gen. xviii. 27 : ^B«1 n&3? ''53K1

Cf. Job XXX. 19, xlii. 6.

317. Mi. i. 10 : 1"^ (qere ^t;^'p?rin) ''ri?V?'rin "iB^ nns^S n^5?

In Beth-le-Aphrah (Dust-home) bestrew thyself with dust

(kethib, I have bestrewed myself) .— LXX, yrjv KaTaTrdo-aa-Oe

Kara yeAojTa^** vfiwv.

318. I chr. iv. 9 : ^^V2 ^mS^ ^D ^î6 y^T. )^^ r\inp ix:xi

Vs. 10 :

109^32i!J '•n'^n'? n^rnia n^"tr:?i•IT *!•: TT" T -TI

108 pesh., Ew., Dillm., and Cheyne :" Answer her."

1°'' Schwally, in ZA TW, X., 178, suggests the pointing '^'^,V. after the analogy

of S^-):*, '7«7N, which is also favored by Syr. vhi^'^X,

1°^ The parallelism favors the qere (Imv.). Hitz thinks that the kethib arose

out of the intended allusion to HK'Si) (cf. on No. 63).108 D5-)3n; cf. on No. 306 and Vollers, I.e.

109 Perhaps \'^^'' is an old nominal form from a lost stem |*3|', and being at a

loss to explain it, the author connected it with 2V;,', which contains the same

consonants; or, the name was originally 3i.*>", and was altered on account of its

unfavorable signification to y2^^ by transposition.

1

319. 2 Ki. xvii. 4

:

xSs fi^n in"!3Kî mtTx ^ht2 nns:^]

LXX, Kol iTToXiopKrjaev avrov ; Vulg. obsedit (= lITIit^l)™

320. Dt. xxxii. 36 : 2^1V) "lli:^ DSX1

Cf. I Ki. xiv. 10, xxi. 21 ; 2 Ki. ix. 8, xiv. 26.

32 1«. np;;;. ijs^ s-ipî Tu^^ Dp^*n n|ni^ nî vnx x:i^ p nnKiGen. XXV. 26.

321*. Gen. xxvii. 36 : D^)2:?S HI ''35|'pV!l Spr. IXStT iTlp ''DH ^X2X^1

321". Hos. xii. 4 : VnX nX Sp^ 1^23

321''. Gen. xxxii. 25 : IXi!? tT^X p?S;»1 113^ Dp]?: nnin

322. zeph. ii. 4: np^*n pnpri

323. Mai. ii. 12

:

m) n^ ni^T. ntt^x tr^xb m.T nns^

Jahveh will cut off to the man that doth it (marry a foreign

woman) a waker (or caller) and answerer.— LXX, i$o\oOpcv-

<ret Kvpios Tov avOpoyirov tov iroLovvTa ravra Iws *cai raiTUViJidfj

(? = n3!? n^).— Vulg. magistrura et discipulum."^

324. Is. ii. 19, 21

:

psn p>;S laipn

325. Job ix. 9

:

n^^Di bra ty^ nt^v

Cf. for the last words, xxxviii. 3 1 ; Am. v. 8.

326. Gen. xxvi. 20 :^^ ID!? Ipt^PHH ^2 p\r^ nX^H DtT Xnp^T

327. Ps. vi. 8

:

nmic 'ân npn^ ^t^ d!7D» nw^

328. nbnn nisv^ bast nnn fTw jair -isx nnn n«a anS nnb^sannb mn^ :rtt?: pn:rn h^^ arh xnpi nns nn nnnIs. Ixi. 7,}^

329. Esth. iii. 8

:

D^^pn p nnaai njs^ "[nx d^ \v^\

"•J Klostermann, ^n^lj?'!; cf. xxv. i.

1^^ So Luth., A. v., al., following the rabbinical interpretation, Shabb., 55 b.

,Orelli takes ^J? as ptcp. qal in transitive sense, ' caller.' It is probably a proverbial

phrase.

11^ Syr. pDJ,*nK, according to Professor Haupt, primarily, ' show one's self hard,

obstinate,' then 'quarrel'; in Arab, 'aiiqa; 'love,' originally, 'be hard in love';

'asiqa, ' be bent on a thing, be interested in a matter' ; perhaps loanword from

Aram. pD>'. ' business, concern.'

113 Bickell transposes nD>'0 to the place before 7!3X : " oil of joy for the

raiment of mourning, a song of praise for a failing spirit."

330. Is. xxiv. 17

:

pKH strr yh^ nai nnai ina

Cf. vs. 18; Jer. xlviii. 43 ; Job xxii. 10 ; Lam. iii. 47.

331. Gen. X. 25 (i Chr.i. 19) : pXH n^SS] VX^^D ^3 ibs in«n DtT

332. Ps. cxli. 7 : pKD Vp'21 nbb 1!2D

333. Jer. xliv. 14 : Tnt^l tO^bs n\T xSl

Cf. Lam. ii. 22 ; 'SI 'IT, Jer. xlii. 17 ; Jos. viii. 22.

334. I Sam. xxi. 3 :1" -

^Jb^S! ^hp n)pt2 bi<

Cf. 2 Ki. vi. 8 ; Ru. iv. i.

335. n^js n\ibK ^n^K-i ^d (v. 32 bxiJS) Sx^â mpi^n cty i^npiGen. xxxii. 31 : D^JS bi<

336. 'r'Kn:^^ ^:3 to S:? hds ^tr« m.Tb Kin nos nnt an^xrKiEx. xii. 27."^^

337- wrhi^n n^nn ntr:? ntrx hân bos nx Dtyî

2 Chr. xxxiii. 7.

338". ''^J!? px3 n\n':5K ^j-isn ^d onss Kip •'Jtrn ntr n>5i

Gen. xli. 52.

S38\ Hos. ix. 16

:

n'tT^ ^3 ns tT^n^ atr-itr^ onsx nan

338^ Hos. xiii. 15: "« j^na: nvi< pn Kin ^d

338'*. Hos. xiv. 9

:

K2:x23 ^ns ^3bJ: . . . cnsK

339. Lev. xiii. 45

:

rns n^T i^Km D^ss'ia rn^ rnnCf. X. 6, xxi. 10.

340. Job xvi. 12 : '^^^sitsi'i ''S"n:?n triKi ^nsn|2.\i ''n^^n iSt:^

"* Contracted 'JloSs, Dan. viii. 13. Cf. Syr. ]^2, Arab, fu/an. The Assyr.

pul-pul is a reduplication of the old Arabic dialect form ful, which is used by

poets in the Vocat., instead oi fulan ; see Haupt in Beitr. zur Assyriologie, I.,

114, rem., and Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. No. 29, p. 51; also Frd. Delitzsch,

Assyr. IVorterb., p. 33^, and Zeitschr. fur Keilschriflf., II., 320.

115 nos, in Syr. nV£3; Arab, fasuha, with weakening of the original D to V by

partial assimilation of the sibilant to the H (as Professor Haupt explains it);

Y.\.\\. faiha, in the III. form tafaika, means in the other Semitic dialects, 'be

lucid, bright, shining,' then 'be joyous, festive.' np3 may thus originally have

had the meaning of ' feast, festival day,' so that the explanation of the word given

in Exodus would be based on a popular etymology. In Hebrew the stem denotes

also motion, walking; cf. 2 Sam. iv. 4; i Ki. xviii. 21.

^^® Instead of Hî)'', to agree better with the consonants in the name DHSS.

341- ps iiatr xnpm f'ns yb-s ri2i-iD na n^xmGen. xxxviii. 29.

Cf. 2 Sara. V. 20 (i Chr. xiv. 11), vi. 8 (i Chr. xiii. 11).

342. Ez. xxvii. 14 :

"^T-V^l^ ^^^^ D'llSI ly^y^) D^DID

343. Hab. i. 8 : Vt^nS VvI^SI^^^ T T T T

344. Prov. vi. 15 : n3f: JHS H^X KS^ DknaCf. DXna 3.*n2, Nu. vi. 9 ; Is. xxix. 5, xxx. 13.

345. Gen. ix. 27 : nSi'h DM^KI riS!!

346. K-ipm ^rh^^ d: ^nnx o^ '•ri'pns? D^^bx ^Sins] Sn*i n^smGen. xxx. 8 : "» '

^':5ria: iiatt^• T :

-

347. Mi. i. II

:

|3x^ nntrr nstr kS

348. Is. xxii. 24 :

"9ni3?^s2:ni d'k^x^h

The scions and the offshoots.

349. Is. xiii. 4

:

nr^nhf^ K3!i "[fps^ nix32: mn-

350. mxsn n-i^s2:bi ^5:4 nnio:?'? nixnii mn^ ^^n^ i<ir\n eraIs. xxviii. 5 : '

'

'

itt:? nx^rb

351. jud. V. 30 : "" hh^ 'ixi^'p o'ri^f?"! 3??^

352. Lam. iv. 18: ir-|>*2i m353. zech. ix. 3 :

'21 nS "ii2i^ ni2C jsni

Cf. n:: "I^DP, Jos. xix. 29.

354». "jS rnS^ "[ntrx nnt? ':'3« : . . . pnri vâ ':?:? nn-iax Saî

Gen. xvii. 17, 19

:'

' ''

piir 1X2U nx nxipi p354*. ^h pn2£^ ^ya^n ':53 D^'^'7K ^h nu?:: phi: nnt? n^xm

Gen. xxi. 6.

11^ LXX omits D'nS. Cornill considers D'K'IS a corrupt repetition of D'T^SI

but D'tS^'â is distinguished from D'DID as /as(, swift horses. In Assyr. paralu

-means (in Niph.) 'fly off, hasten away.' The stem T'a in Assyr. implies vehe-

inence, then swiftness.

118 The form D'''7'r>3^, which occurs only here, was coined perhaps to agree in

sound with the name, and to distinguish it from D'^ritlJ, ' the crooked ones.'

11^ These words are lacking in LXX.120 por '?7B', Ewald and Barth conjecture /JW, «lady'; sc. Sisera's wife.

121 ««^ paronomasia, and, at the same time, containing a double meaning,

bulwark, and siege." Stade in ZA TW, I., 48 f.

y' or Tia^'

'tJffI7BIlSITr]

354^ Gen. xxvi. 8

:

IfltT^ Hj^nn flX pPlÎtt pflT HJm i^^l^l

355. Jer. ii. 6: ni^sb^l ,Ti£ pSD356. Ez. xix. 13: ><^^1 ,Tit pxn357. Is. xxxiv. 14: D^»j< m D^»i: itriST

358. Dan. xi. 30 :

^ DîlS ^'it 13 IXni

Theod., KOI £L(TeXev(TOVTaL iv avTw 01 iKiropevo/xevoL Kt'noi

(=c^xi:«n). cf. nu. xxiv. 24,'n^nD td Dî:i.

359. Jon. iv. 6

:

imnis i'? '^îtn'p itrx-i ':':? bii nvrh

360. Ps. cvii. 33 :

123

P«'?!^'?Q'^ '!?i!^b . . . t^l

361. zech. vi. 12 :

^* H^r vnnnx2i iDty m:i tr^s n^n

362. Hos. viii. 7

:

nî'5 ntt^^: •'bn nia^

363. ntobttK nît^ Kim nxstr di]S ronp nxin -i^:?n w n:n

n^:?n air' xnp p 'r':? : . . . xin n^â sbn nx:tr wGen. xix. 20, 22 :

'^s _ ^^.'^^

364. Gen. xxxi. 49 :^ ^3^21 ^73 Hl.T P]^^ n^« "ItTX nSitl^HI

365. jud. V. 4

:

Dins nn'tTD "înv^n "I'VTP "^^^^^ ^"^^^

Cf. Ps. Ixviii. 8.

366. Prov. xiii. 22

:

Kipin h^n p^^^h psiî

367. Ps. xxxii. 7 : ^mion to'i'S ^5-1 ^n.2ip n^to ^b ^DD nns

Thou art my hiding place, from trouble wilt thou protect me,

with songs of deliverance wilt thou compass me about.

—

LXX, (TV fxov et Karacfyvyr) diro Âti/'cws t^s Trepicôvcrr;? /xc

(= ''3'llitri), TO dyaXAia/Act p-ov, XvTpoicrai fxf. aizo rSiv kvkXcd-

crdvToiv jxt}^

122 Yox 0"^, Graetz {Monatsckrifi, 1886, p. 547) would read D'TV, messen-

gers.— Jer. xlviii. 9, KVn i<V J is prob. to be emended after LXX, PlXn TVi) ; see

Schwally, ZATW, VIII., 197, n. 3.

123 The reverse order, vs. 35; Is xli. 18.

12* Professor Haupt, who refers Ps. cxxxii. to Zerubbabel, sees in Ps. cxxxii. 17,

p.p. fPy*^ DK/, "There will I make a horn to sprout," etc., an allusion to nOV.125 "l^VO, instead of the more usual TMl^'p, to play on the name of the city.

126 In the preceding, nothing has been said about a n31fD. Ewald therefore

{Composition der Genes., p. 64) conjectured n32fDH H^^pni, " And the pillar

he called Mizpah."127 •'•ynrs chimes on both sides with "^VD and '3"'. The two Inff. "JT and £3^3

are used in Genit. relation, and the former stands in the Plur.


368. Prov. xxiv. ID

:

,"13113 "1^ .1*1^ ovn n'snnn

"If thou art faint in the day of adversity— thy strength is

narrow" (Del.).'^

369. Is. XXX. 6 :

^^ ^"h) x^sb nfîi:'! nn^ fnxnCf. Prov. i. 27 ; np))Lf:i) Hl^, Zeph. i. 15 ; Job xv. 24 ; K-'Sb

tt^-'bl, Job iv. II.

370. Hos. xiii. 12: inxran nm^ onax p:? nnit

P371. Is. xxxiv. II

:

nissf5i nxf? rnt:?"]''!

Cf. Zeph. ii. 14.

372. Hos. ix. 6 : D")3|'5n ?!» C2i3|'5n on^^ss itra i3Sn ran ^d

373. rhbyi nnxs ni-^bi : . . . n^Sip |3 ssinx bx . . . mn^ idk ns

"(Sd dSj5 -i^K nnssi i.Tpi^s m.T '?iatr^ naxb . .

.

Jer. xxix. 21, 22 : tTKS 73D

374. 2 Ki. iv. 31 : 3t2^l"5 pSI Sp j^SI

375. "aî nn nnn Dipxi nan *itrx i-isi nx mn^ d,ti

I Ki. viii. 20 (2 Chr. vi. 10).

376. Jer. xii. 13 : n^p D^^lp) D'^W mt377. Is. xxii. 5

:

^rin h^ vW] nj5 "ipnpa

Kir undermineth, and Shoa is at the mount.^

378. ^'^K mn^ nas''i p^p nib? niaKi di^:: nxn nriK nx: ittK""! /Am. viii. 2 :

'

Sx-ltt?"' ^tt^ bi^ ppH Xl

379. x':'! |3n^ s':' a^xsnam . . . : bsj in\'i i^y^pi '^Tp b^ ^d

^rint^^n iyr\ -^nin "îhi: xb D^np^n j^^ :j?^h^

Is. xvi. 9, 10.^^

Cf. Jer. viii. 20 (pp, -lîCp) ; Ps. xcv. i (m, p^).

380. Job xxiv. 18 : pns3 onpSn b'ppn nîan ^js b:: Kin bp.

^' LXX divide and read differently.

129 Professor Haupt identifies t^w with Assyr. neiu; 1 and J often interchange-

in the Semitic languages. i*' So Ewald, Propketen^, Cheyne.I'l Besides the alliteration of "["nn with ITH, there is a striking contrast

implied in the latter word : the joyous shout of the vintagers (the primary meaning

of the word) has ceased (v. 10), the fierce cry of the invading enemies has sur-

prised them (v. 9) ; cf. the parallel passage in Jer. xlviii. 32 f., HTH vh HTH.

381. Gen. iv. I

:

m.T m t^^x ^n^3^ n^xm |:|5 nx nSm

382. v'Son D^î "]ntri» |n^x *ix:kî iStyia Ktrî •';[5n m^xnîNu. xxiv. 21 : "^jSi*?

383. Ez. vii. 6 : ]'''7X ppn |^|5n KS SD f|5

LXX and Cornill read only >$n |rp.

384. Hab. ii. 16 :^^ ^jn'DD b:? fl^'^P'' • • -'^^^^^ t'^^Pr

^^^^

385. Is. xii. 2 :

^'^ ini2^p p)^3 u^f:5D innn ns:?^ in""

He maketh like dust their (the enemies of Cyrus) sword, like

driven stubble their bow. Cf. Job xli. 20.

386. Prov. vii. 3

:

inh mb hs nnnD "T'm:?niJs bv diî^

387. thrj n: nn^x ^d 'xn hvi nm .tSk nmn mn^ d^ K^pm

Gen. xvi. 13, 14.^^

2 chr. iii. I :

^ in^3i< mnb nx-iiT :

•

389. ''^3:?D mn'' nxn ^3 nnxsx ^s jnixn ixstr KnpmGen. xxix. 32.^^

132 aV. Xey. for P^p'^p (from "7^p), to suggest |'lSp K'p (Keil, Lange and

Orelli); Vulg. vomibus ignominiae; cf. Stade, § 124".

Professor Haupt kindly calls my attention to the conjecture of E. Nestle in his

Marginalien und Materialien, Tubingen, 1893, P- ^1 that Gen. i. 9, 10, should

be read 1"lp\ instead of lip'; also 2 Chr. i. 16; Lev. xi. 36; Ex. vii. 19, HIpD,

instead of mpO, comparing the Arabic qaray, to collect water in a reservoir;

qartyyun, canal; maqran, a place where water is collected. If this conjecture

be adopted, then there would be a paronomasia in Jer. iii. 17; '^"]p? KTIH ilÔ

.D'un Sd n"'^x npji rwry kdd xhwy^h.133 Reading after the LXX : D3in and Dnt^p.

131 See Dillm.; Wellhausen's emendation and interpretation do not accord with

the explanation of the name.13* Not was shown (the place), for which the Hoph. would be used, but

appeared; the subject, Jahveh, is easily supplied from the preceding; the refer-

ence is to the event related in 2 Sam. xxiv. 16. For the derivations of ri'ion,

cf. Ges., Thes.; Grill, in ZATIV, IV., 145.— A play upon PI'IO and HX") is,

according to Dillm., also to be recognized in Gen. xxii. i, 8, 14.

13» Lagarde, Onomast. Sacra, II., 95, suggests the reading p*^"), as a corrupted

Plur. fract. after the analogy of forms like "îPi', and attempts to derive its

meaning from the Arabic.— ? "^Îj "to look upon with compassion"; so

I Sam. i. 1 1 ; Ps. cvi. 44.

390. zech. ix. 5 :

i»^ arrn) yh^^^^ xnn

391. Prov. xxii. 3 (xxvii. I2):'» "IflWI Hin SKH Dn^

392. Job xxiii. 6

:

nx::? sn^ na D'lsn

393. Hab. iii. 2 : niDTD Dn*] WIS

394. Joel ii. 10

:

a^ats^ itr^^^^ pK njjn v3sS

Cf. Is. xiii. 13, xiv. 16 ; Ps. Ixxvii. 19 ; 1311 tr!?^, Job xxxix. 24.

395. Is. XV. 4:

"^1^ ^^y, 1^^^ ''^'"Ix ^^^^ '^'fo P ''^

Therefore Moab's warriors wail, his soul quaileth within him.—LXX, Sto, TOVTO 17 oo-<^vs (= ''l^^n) Trjs MoKX^ScTiSos /3oa, ly i/^XV

396. Ps. xxxiv. II

:

i2^ni itr^^^ cn^M

397. 13'? mn"" s^n")n nn^ "s idx^t nih-i nia^y xn,TT

Gen. xxvi. 22.

398. Dt. xxiv. 6 : DSni D^ll*). tT^X SSH^ x"?

399. Sx-1^^ n^n nx arnx m:? Pj^mx xb ^d n^n"! s'? n»tt? K-np

Hos. i. 6.

Cf. ii. 5.

400. jud. vi. 32 : h'S'zn in 2*1; nxss'? ^V^y, «inn nrn i'? K^p*-!

401. Job xiv. 9

:

n^*ia: n^D nna

402. Gen. viii. 21 ^^ (thirty-eight times in the O. T.) : nh^J nn

403. Ps. XV. 3

:

n^*-i in^nb ntr:? vh

Cf. xxviii. 3 ; Zech. viii. 17 ; Prov. iii. 29.

404. Prov. xiii. 20 : ^n: D^b^DS H^^l

LXX, yv(oo-^r;o-CTai (=:?nV).

405. Prov. xviii. 24

:

?^'i"innS D^:?n tr^^x

Wanting in the LXX ; Theod., dvrjp tTaipLwv rov kraipcwTaaOai ;

Gr. Ven., wcrrc aXaXa.t,uv.

''18T Similar combinations of n><1 with XT: Is. xli, 5; Ps. xl. 4, Iii. 8, cxii. 8;

Job vi. 21, xxxvii. 24 (accidental, Gen. xiii. 35; Ex. xiv. 13, 31 ; Dt. xx. i, xxviii. 10;

I Sam. xxviii. 5, 13; 2 Sam. xiii. 28; i Ki. iii. 28).

188 Similar combinations of HKI (XT) with n;?1 (;?1): Ex. x. 10; Ps. xxiii. 4,

xlix. 6, xc. 15; Prov. xxiv. 18; Neh. ii. 17.

139 ^y_^ only here, and the derivative n;^"''1', • curtain.'

1*0 For nn'U, from HIJ, a formation like j'if'.J.

406. I chr. vii. 23 : irT'Di nHM n^^n "d nrnn iiaty m xnpn

407. hin^^ n^n n^"! b'^n n^n 'T'b:? nsn . . . m.Ti

Jer. xi. 17.

408. Prov. xiv. 32 :

^ ^V^l HHT iH^J^S

409. Is. xxix. 6

:

tt^:5isi D^^3 ipsn m>$n2i mn^ d!?X2

410. jud. X. 8r i:rith;n::^*Ti

411. Ez. xvii. 20: ^nt2^n i^b:? ^n'tt^îsi

Cf, Lam. i. 1:3*

412. Ex. xxii. 8

:

nttb^r b:? n'^ S:?

413. I Ki. xviii. ?7 :

«2l^:) ai'tr ^31 Pl^t? ^D

414. Lam. iv. 21 : nn>5 ro ^n^\ri ^)v^'^

Cf. Ps. xl. 17 (Ixx. 5); nnOt?1 pTO, Is. xxii. 13, XXXV. 10,

li. II, Jer. vii. 34, xv. 16, xvi. 9; Zech. viii. 19; Ps. li. 10;

ptytyi nnxstr, Esth. viii. i6, 17.

415. n^trt?^ "totr ni< xnpm . . . nD\r dm^x |n: mh nj:Km

Gen. XXX. 18.^^

416. Eccl. ix. 5 :

i« D-^Dt HDtrJ ^3 na^ DH'? HI!? pxi

417. Gen. xxxi. 27

:

D^^t^âi Hpii^^rn "|nSrxi

Cf. 2 Chr. xxiii. 18.

418. Is. iv. 12

:

pSmn nib^ni ix2:n nn^^n "d

Cf. Prov. xii. 20.

419". m ^t2^ iK-ipî -i^\r h'i'isid i'^d 'yiiaix ptrx-in .îfi

Gen. XXV. 25.

419*. Gen. xxvii. ii ; I^V^^ tl^^X V^ It^^J |n

420. Job xxvii. 21

:

iDipax3 inn>:\rî "]bî nnp ^"i«t?:

"1 Similar combinations: xii. 21, xiii. 17, xv. 28, xi. 5; Ps. vii. 10, x. 15,

xxxiv. 22; Is. iii. II.

"2 J'ty is dir. \ey.; Klost. omits.

1*3 On the pronunciation and derivation of the name, see Delitzsch in loc,

U4 iDty (instead of p/D or |1"iri', which are elsewhere used in Eccl.) perh.

for th&sake of the paronomasia with D1DI,

421. Job xxvii. 23 :^« iX2ipap vb^ pht?:i IJS^SD ''\^'b^ pS^'

422. Is. i. 23 : DnniD Tjn^

" Thy law-makers are law-breakers " (Cheyne) . Cf. Hos. ix. 15.

423. 2 Ki. xxiv. 12 :1^ VD-^nDT int?!

424. D!? nn'yT ^D '^xw D« "D âtr m:? "n^x! npT i6 nttKî

Gen. x'xxii. 29 : Sîm D^tTJX D3?1 U^Tih^

Mi. vii. 3

:

D=i^t2?3 tsat^ni bxit? n"^n

Cf. Ex. ii. 14.

425

426. zeph. i. 15

:

nxittîai nxt^ nr

Cf. Job XXX. 3, xxxviii. 27.

427. I Sam. i. 20 :'*' vrhi<p mH^tt "D Sxitt^ ix:tr nx xnpm

428. ^33%< ail : ia:?X2 ^n^stt? "itrx ^nSxtr nx ^^7 mn*' jn-'i

I Sam. i. 27, 28: '' '

'mn''S i.Tn'^xu^n

429. ^nx nh^n ifh ^nniax nfhn ^nx nsD p "TiSxtrn

2 Ki. iv.28.i*«

'

430. Jer. xlviii. II :"9 l^ttt;^ hi< Kill tDpt71 im!?3X2 DiÎSS |:St2^

Cf. XXX. lo (xlvi. 27).

431. Is. xxiv. 12

:

nvtr^ r\y .Txtî ns5t2^ Tr:: nxtsâ

432. Lam. iii. 47 : "^^f^] ^^"^^

145«« xhe accumulation of the terminations emo and o»r<?," says Delitzsch, " give

a thunderous roll and an impress of gloom to this conclusion of the description of

judgment, as in the Psalms these terminations uniformly recur where moral

depravity is mourned over, and divine judgment threatened (e^. Ps- xvii., xlix.,

Iviii., lix., Ixxiii.)."

"6 Not VD"""!?, as D''*1D stands for C'^'ID (form qattil^, vîth lengthening of the

patach into qames after resolution of the doubling ; wherefore the latter is

unchangeable. The plur. D'O""")? (alongside of '"^D) is therefore incorrect; cf.

the same confusion in D'E^'iS, horses, and D't!''^3, horsemen, which latter stands

loiWViyî^; cf. on No, 342 (Professor Haupt).

14^ Cf. above, § 12, p. 38.

"8 Klostermann thinks that X\WT\ (comp. Dt. xxvii. 18) was the original

reading.

W9 According to Professor Haupt, not a pilel form, as usually explained, but

simply the stem jKB' with the nominal ending an, as in HlfJ, etc.; cf. above on

No. 347,

8o PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

433. Ez. xxxix. 2

:

^'n^tr^t;^! ^'nnnî

434. Gen. xli. 47 : Dîtttpb V^)Sr\ ^3t^ :?nt2^5 pKH 'tT^m

Cf. vs. 53, 54.

435. nn:3u^ lysttî atr ^d :?5^ nss i<)nn n^p^h xnp p S:^

Gen. xxi. 31.^^

436. Ex. xxii. 9

:

nstt^; i>5 nstr; i>5

Cf. Ez. vi. 9.

437. Ez. vi. 6 :

^^ nyhh: innt^;i nnt^^î

438. Is. xiii. 6; Joel i. 15 : JÎS^ ^'ItTD Hltt^D

439. Is. li. 19, Ix. 18 ; Jer. xlviii. 3 : "ll?tS?m IV^Tl

440. Joel i. 10

:

HDnx nSs« n^t? n'ltr?

441. Is. XXxii. 12 :^2 ^J52|^ ^-[-^ t-IXy Qi^gjQ q,^^ L,^;

442. PPIP^ fiB'itrm

Dt. xxviii. 22 ; i Ki. viii. 37(2 Chr. vi. 28) ; Am. iv. 9 ;

Hag. ii. 17.

443. ^^hvi i:?nnrn int^î n^ )2^: 'ntrx pxn nnS Sx is^t^^rn

iKLviii. 47: ' ' D.Tntr'pKn

Cf. Dt. xxx. 1-3 ; 2 Chr. xxx. 9.

444- n« mn^ nnitj^ : a^ssSns ^r^-^ fr2i ns't;^ ni< m.T nits^?

Ps. cxxvi.'i, 4 :^'^ S:i3n D^p^SKD (qere IJfT'ntl^) m)2V^

'

When Jahveh brought back the captives of Zion we were like

those that dream. Restore, O Jahveh, our prosperity, as

streams in the south country.

445. Jer. iii. 22 : DD^nbltlîp KS^X Dpniti^ n"^3n niti^

Cf. vs. 12, 14 ; Hos. xiv. 5.

150 Cf. ch. xxvi. 33, where the name i^2V "^W is connected with the numeral

n;?^!^, seven.

"1 Lxx omits inntyji.

162 On the text, see Stade, ZATIV, IV., p. 267, rem. i; Duhm, ad loc.

158 n^'ty is prob. transcriptional error for TV'2\if. The phrases TW'llVf 311^ and

r\'3iy y\W, though frequently confused, are not identical in origin or meaning.

nUty 2W, which is pre-exilic, is di figura etymologica, meaning ' restore the former

condition'; T\'''2,W Sliy, on the other hand, which originated after the deportation,

is a paronomasia, meaning ' bring back the captivity, captives.' In Ps. cxxvi.,

there is thus a two-fold play in rmt? 3m, vs. i, and r\13iy IW, vs. 4. So

Professor Haupt.

LIST OF CASES OF PARONOMASIA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 8i

446. pxn nîn mn^ k^s ^d nnnitrn nsri j^pi^nnn Tia I's

Jer. xxxi. 22 :

1^*

'

"IDJ nilDH Hnp]

447. Job V. 21 :'^ Kin^ ^3 "iitrp K-i^n j^'?! xann pt^S isitsâ

448. Is. xxviii. 15, 18 :1^ i3Kin; kS nn^*: ^d pitait:^ taiti^

449. Ps. xviii. 42 : TP'^^ r^'' ''^l^:

450. Gen. iii. 15 :

^"^Dp:: issiti^n nmi trxn "yjaitz^^ Kin

451. Ps. V. 9 : "(Dm ''js':' (kethib n^TiH) n^>i n'li'*:^ |:?i2':'

Cf. xxvii. II.

452. Prov. xii. 25 :^ nina'tr; miD -am mntr: r^x n'r'n ™ki

Dt. xxviii. 22 :

IP1'.5''

454. bntr vb^ rn:? k':' fn^^ "jd inamn xb . . . dti:

Job xxviii. 7, 8.

455. Lam. ii. 6 : DStri n^lD pîtS HIT H?^ H^'b nntT

456. Job xxxiii. 18 : nStr? -QVtt in^m nn^ ^3x: itrs: '^^n''

457. Dan. xi. 22 : VJSStt ISlOf^ ^DtTH r\'\^^^^

458. p-ipa na "iitrîp m.Tb nio^m . . . -i^â D^'^':x d^ nSbnsPs. Ixix. 31, 32 : C^Sttl

459. "inx ^^1 D^^Sx ^S n:;^ "D nt? 112^^ nx x-ipmGen. iv, 25.^^^

460. Ps. cxxxvii. 5 :

^^^"'rb'' nst^^n abtrn^ '^nst^x dx

461. Cant. iv. 2 : 0,13 pK n'PStSÎ niXD^Xni2 0^3^^

1^ LXX presents a different text; see Workman, p. 346.

1°^ Hoffmann, lE'P, the demon of sickness, after Ps. xci. 6.— The combination

occurs also Ecclus. xl. 9 : ffivrpinfia. koX fidtrri^.

i"** Duhm surmises that Is. wrote tODiC' £311?, the second word as genit.,

" stachelpeitsche."

1^' Professor Haupt, Beitrdge zur Assyr. Lautlehre, p. lOi, rem. 6, suggests

that in this much-vexed passage there is a play on the words ÎSy and '^XB',

T^31tyr\ being put for UfllXtST*, to agree more closely with ]31JS'\ Such anoma-

lies are often met in paronomasia. This explanation removes all difficulties.

i°8 In the Talm. Yoma, 74*, the suffix is referred to HJlXn, and the word is in a

playful manner explained; either he shall shake it off his mind (IHJÎO njn'D'),

or he shall tell it to others (D'lPX^ njn'jy'), and by this relieve his heart.

1^^ See above, § 12, p. 40.

160 Dyserinck emends WyT\; Graetz, better, E'npP; cf. Ps. cix. 24.

462. Job xxi. 23 :

i« )h^) ^:^h^ )h::

463. Job iii. 26

:

'iiÎ^t? xSi ^r\)b^ vh

464. n'h^ ^S^n3 niStr^ ^^^ : ynnx vb^^ o'^^n^ Di':'t2^ {'r'xty

Ps. cxxii. 6, 7 : *j^m3J2'nX3

465". I chr. xxii. 9 : rf2^2 . . . {Dx Dji^^] u'h^) )^^ ^^'^^ ribbtr ^d

465^ I Chr. xxix. 19

:

ub^ 22b ]r\ '^ 7if2b^b^

466. Prov. vii. 14 : ^13 ^^J^b^ Um ^b'S U^tpbx^ ^^2)

467. jer. xxxiii. 9 : rinxanbi nbnrh pw Dtrb ^b nnMi

468. Is. xiv. 22

:

îstî Dtr 'r'Dnb ^n^::m

Cf. nnXU?! Dtr, 2 Sam. xiv. 7.

469. Eccl. vii. I : _ DltS j^tTtt Dt^^ miD

470. Mai. iii. 20

:

r\pi:L ^f2^ ^tttT ^K"i^ ddS nnin

471. Ez. xxiii. 33 :

i«»H^l^tSÎ ni2^ DID

472. Jer. V. 30

:

pKD . . . Hnn^'^l HJSt^

473. Mi. vi. 16 :

i«3

•I'^l^'? O'^^l '""?^/' T^ '^Î^'^'^

474. Lev. xxvi. 32 : DD^s^x Ti^b^s 1X2^^1 pxn m ^3x ^n^^rj)

Cf. Ez. xii. 19.

475. Jer. ii. 12: DW 1)aty

476. Is. V. 6

:

n^trî nw n':':?!

Cf. vii. 23, 24, ix. 17, x. 17, xxvii. 4.

477. Ps. xiv. 8 : y^2n^ ]m ]f2^ ynbi< D^^bx ^nti^tt p b:?

478. Cant. i. 3 : "JJ^t;^ p-IID |Dt2^

479. nî^^ nntrtt nin "inn n'^t^vn '?Db rnxDii nin^ ntr:?i

Is. XXV. 6 :1*^ Dppix: nnx:tr n^nax: D^3)2tr cnxsts^

480. p^p ix^tr K-ipm . . . ^D3x nx^3'tr ^d mn^ ::)3tr •'D n^xmGen. xxix. 33.

161 Formed from pxiy by epenthesis (Del.) ; or transcriptional error for that

word (Stade, Merx, Hoffm.).

^^^ Other combinations of nOOtyi r\TZW, xxxii. 15, xxxiii. 28, 29, xxxv. 3, 7.

168 Similar combinations of "Ityi 'ty, Jer. xix. 8, xxv. 9, 18, xxix. 18, xlix. 17,

li. 37; the verb, i Ki. ix. 8.

164 « D^JDiy for D'^Sn, and Dnoty for C'^Dty |", for the sake of assonance "

(Duhm).

481". Gen. xvi. ii : -[^3:? hn^ m.T ^^^ ^3 '^K^w^ iis^T nxnpT

481*. Gen. xvii. 20: ^'ri>W hi<^^'^^h^

482. Dt. vi. 3

:

mtr^^ rnaî 'r'^nt?^ n:rs:t:î^ ^ r:-T t:-t

483. Prov. xix. 16

:

itrs3 "i^t; m^tt nttir

Cf. xxi. 23.

484. npnb Dnatr -ips':' antttria ^nxS ^t^sj : -nSnin

Ps. cxxx. 6.^*^

LXX, 7}\Tncr€v 17 i/'ux^ /""^^ ^'''' '''^'' KipLov ttTTo (ûXaK^s Trpwtds

485. Ps. cxix. 117: Tan "]pnn r^'sm) n^:^]vc\ tod

486. Ez. xxviii. 26 : , anix D''i?xfn San D^tpa^ ^nw3.'3

487. cniou?! D^tast;

Dt. xvi. 18 ; Jos. viii. 33 ; i Chr. xxiii. 4, xxvi. 29.

488. jud. ii. 16

:

O'T?'^ Ttt mrt^vi D^tpaiy m.T D|Ti

489. ^ntpst;^]! tDSttîn^ pa:? "^K n^rnmrn n^):n h^ nx ^nitspi

Joel iv.2-^

' Dtr DaV

Cf. vs. 12.

490. jer. xiv. 6

:

n^:nD T") isxt? D^st^^ S:? i"ia:? D^snai

491. Mi. i. II :

^«« nt2^2 Tn^' ^^&^ r\nt>r n:h nn::

Pass thou away, O inhabitress of Shaphir (Fairtown), stripped

in shame.

492. Is. liv. 8 :

i«^ y2f2 vn ^]s ^nnncn »]^p p^^tz^n

493. Ezra viii. 29 : r\r2^^ Tl^^

494. h^ ^3« -ip'^ ^3 mxn'? ôt^^-f . . . nj^n "sx npt? Spa âxi

Jer. i. II, i2:i«« IHtT:?? ^m

165 See Haupt, Hebraica, II., loi flF.

'j 166 Tats?, perhaps for TOB?, a city in Judah (Jos. xv. 48), in order to play on

its appellative meaning (Orelli).

167 Del., Dillm., Cheyne (cf. Pesh.) consider the air. \ey. ^W a by-form of

ntDE^, which is used in a similar connection in Prov. xxvii. 4, preferred here for

the sake of the paronomasia with ^^Vp. Duhm regards ^^ as a copyist's error.

168 For Ipiy 1°, Graf reads, with Aq., Sym., and Vulg.,np'lK' SpD, virgam vigi-

lantem.


495. Is. xiix. 10

:

^t2^\ nn^ DT iih

496. Is. xiv. 30

:

:nn^ "înnxt^î 'î*^^^D'>nn ^ri^ni

Cf. 2 Ki. xix. 30, 31.

n497. Is. xxix. 2 :

i*® n;3si ,T3xn nn\m

Cf. Lam. ii. 5.

498.' Ex. V. 18

:

wrin D^jnb prn dd':' |nr x':' |;irn

499. Gen. i. 2: 1™ inbi inn nriM pxm

Cf. Is. xxxiv. II; Jer. iv. 23.

500. HDX Dîa:?.-! DID '7D1 . . . |i:?3t^5 125*11 pHJariD DID Sd nay;

Zech. xii. 4 ; cf. Dt. xxviii. '28:

^

fTni^??

501. nsnn bsi n'pan '^d•/ T • : T • :

I Ki. viii. 38, 45, 49, 54, ix. 3 (2 Chr. vi. 19, 29).

502. Jer. vi. I : nSlIT IVpn V'lpn?!

CLASSIFICATION OF THE CASES OF PARONOMASIA QUOTED IN THE LIST.

I . With regard to the part of speech of the combined words :—

a. Noun with noun.— i, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20,

22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 54, 57, 58, 62, 64,

66, 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, loi, 102, 104, 113, 115,

116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134,

140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 173, 174, 176, 177,

178, 179, 181, 184, 185, 194, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205,

208, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 236, 238,

239, 240, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 258, 263, 264, 270, 278, 281,

1^^ LXX in Lam. : raireivov/i^vriv kuI TeTaTreivufi^vrjv, so also Is. iii. 26

:

Taireipud-fjaovrai (=njj??).

1™ The word 1113 occurs in other Semitic cosmogonies. So in Philo BybHus'

account of the Phoenician cosmogony, where Bctau figures as the spouse of dvefws

KoXTrla (C. Miiller, Fragm. Hist. Graec, III., 500 f.). Some Assyriologists believe

that the word occurs also in the cuneiform inscriptions under the form of Ba'u, the

mother of Ea, the lord of the deep ocean, properly a personification of the water

(cf. Hommel, Geschichte Assyr. u. Babyl., p. 255). According to Professor Haupt

(^Beitr. zur AssyrioL, I., 181, 23), IH^ is equivalent to Assyr. bub^tu (standing for

^M^-^«^-;«rt/M), "hunger," properly emptiness (ÂSKT, 89, 22; 109, iii), but

also the contrary, " food," i.e. what fills out the emptiness (cf. Descent of Ishiar,

IV. R., 31, 8).

CLASSinCATION OF THE CASES OF PARONOMASU. 85

282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 293, 294, 295, 298, 302,

303, 314, 315^ 316, 320, 323, 325, 328, 330, s;^^, 342, 344, 348, 349,

3So» 35i> 355, 35^, 357, 35^, 360, 362, 366, 369, 371, 374, 378, 379,

384, 385, 393, 403, 408, 409, 412, 413, 414, 416, 417, 418, 422, 423,

425, 426, 431, 432, 434, 438, 439, 441, 442, 447, 453, 454, 456, 458,

462, 464, 465'', 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 476, 477, 478, 479,

486, 487, 488, 492, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501.— 212.

d. Noun with verb.— 21, 32, :i2„ 53, 5^, 59, 61, 107, 121, 125,

137, ^3^y 139, 159, 160, 162, 167, 172, 189, 217, 227, 244, 248, 261,

265, 268, 270, 274, 275, 276, 279, 292, 299, 324, 325, 343, 352, 359,

366, 367, 368, 375, 380, 391, 392, 401, 404, 405,411,431,440,444,

448, 449, 451, 457, 466, 475, 490, 494.— 60.

c. Verb with verb.— 2, 24, 26, 34, 36, 41, 43, 46, 50, 51, 55, 74,

82, 88, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 109, III, 112, 119, 133, 148, 155,

157, 163, 168, 171, 182, 186, 187, 193, 196, 203, 207, 213, 242, 250,

254, 256, 259, 267, 269, 277, 280, 285, 291, 319,327,332,339,340,

365, 367, 370, 372, 379, 386, 394, 395, 396, 410, 420, 421, 429, 430,

433, 436, 437, 443, 45^, 452, 455, 460, 463, 482, 485, 493.-81.

2. With regard to the relation of thought between the combined

parts :—

a. Synonymous.— 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 28, 40,

41, 42, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 55, 57, 62, 64, 73, 79, 80, 82, 88, 89, 90,

91, 94, 96, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 116, 118, 120, 126, 128,

131, 132, 133, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148, 150, 152, 168, 171, 182, 184,

185, 186, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 202, 205, 207, 208, 210, 216, 223,

225, 226, 228, 230, 236, 237, 242, 250, 251, 254, 256, 258, 259, 263,

264, 267, 269, 271, 277, 278, 280, 285, 287, 288, 289, 294, 295, 298,

314, 316, 319, 320, 325, 327, 329, 330, 333, 334, 339, 340, 342, 344,

348, 355, 356, 365, 369, 370, 371, 372, 374, 379, 386, 394, 39^, 398,

409,410,412,413, 417, 418, 420, 421, 423, 425, 426, 430, 431, 432,

433, 436, 437, 439, 44i, 442, 447, 450, 453, 454, 455, 456, 462, 463,

464, 465", 467, 468, 471, 472, 473, 476, 479, 487, 493, 495, 496, 497,

499, 500, 501-— 176.

b. Antithetic.— 46, loi, 113, 115, 125, 164, 193, 209, 224, 229,

239, 240, 247, 286, 323, 328, 348, 360, 384, 393, 403,445, 446,452.

— 24.

c. Proverbial expressions.— 4, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 28, 79, 80, 91,

105, 120, 128, 184, 228, 250, 258, 269, 277, 278, 289, 294, 302, 314,

316, 320, 323, 2>2,z, 334, 355, 356, 357, 371, 394, 398, 402, 412, 413,

414, 442, 468, 471, 473, 476.-44.


3. With regard to the mutual position of the combined parts—they are distributed in the parallel members of the sentence.— 12, 14,

42, 43, 100, loi, 102, 115, 116, 125, 127, 140, 150, 182, 224, 223,

226, 239, 271, 327, 344, 365, 370, 372, 386, 418,420,421,425,430,

431, 441, 447, 452, 454, 455, 456, 464, 496, 500.— 40.

4. Plays upon words :—

a. Plays upon common nouns,— 11, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, t^t,, 36,

54, 56, 59> 63, 66, 87, 107, 112, 114, 117, 121, 123, 125, 126, 128,

129, 142, 143, 154, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 174, 178, 218, 219, 223,

224, 232, 233, 234, 240, 249, 252, 253, 261, 262, 266, 268, 272, 283,

291, 292, 299, 304, 305, 315, 324, 328, 349, 360, 368, 378, 379, 380,

383. 384, 385. 390. 392, 395' 403, 404, 405. 407, 408, 428, 429, 438,

441, 444, 445» 449, 450, 45^, 452, 455, 457, 45^, 483, 484, 494-—93-

b. Plays upon proper names.— 7, 18, 23, 49, 65'', 67, 68, 69*, 72,

76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86^ 108, 149, I56^ 165, 175, I83'••^ 191*, 197,

2X1, 212, 218, 220, 221, 231, 241, 246, 292, 297, 304, 306, 308, 309,

312, 313' 317, 321*"", 322, 338* \ 345, 348, 353. 354', 361, 373, 377,

382, 388, 399, 419*, 464, 465"'\ 481*, 489, 491, 502.— 66.

c. Explanations of proper names.— 5, 6, 8, 9, 37, 38, 39, 47, 52,

60, 65% 69% 70, 75, 86% 103, no, 147, 156", 158, 170, 191", 200,

206, 235, 255, 273, 300, 301, 307, 310, 318, 321", 326, 331, 335,

336, 338", 341, 346, 354"'*, 363, 364, 381, 387, 389* 397, 400, 406,

480, 481".— 52.

INDEXTO THE PASSAGES CONTAINING PARONOMASIA, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO

THE ORDER OF THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.

The first column refers to the chapter, the second to the verse, and the third

to the number of the list of examples.

The numbers marked with an asterisk indicate passages quoted in full, while

the others are merely cited for the sake of completeness.

E, J, and P in the first four books of the Pentateuch refer to the assumed three

main component parts thereof, viz. Elohist, Jahvist, and Priest codex.

GENESIS.

88 INDEX.

INDEX. 89

IS

90 INDEX.

12

INDEX. 91

7

92 INDEX,

22 *

STATISTICAL TABLE. 93

The following table shows the number of passages in each book of

the Old Testament in which paronomasia occur, and the average

number to the page of Theile's edition :—

94 STATISTICAL TABLE.

The bearing of paronomasia on some questions of modern criticism

is illustrated by the following table :—

JE .

P

Isaiah, cc. i.-xxxv. (cc. xxxvi.-xxxix. being historical)

" " xl.-lxvi

Zechariah, cc. i.-viii

" " ix.-xiv

95.00

139.00

32.00

27,00

6-75

5-25

84

IS

lOI

29

3

4

0.88

0.1

1

3.16

1.07

0.44

0.76

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