Internationalization and Commercialization...
Transcript of Internationalization and Commercialization...
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Internationalization and Commercialization
Methods for Business Networks First Joint Training Session for Business Clusters
Negotiation
Šarūnas PundziusHuman Capital Research and Development Institute
PROJECT NUMBER – 2013-1-PL1-LEO05-38152
Kaunas, Lithuania 15th-16th October 2014
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What is negotiation? Popular myths about negotiation
• Myth 1: There must be a winner & a loser • Myth 2: Appears to involve conflict • Myth 3: Negotiation is not an option • Myth 4: Only cheap, petty people bargain • Myth 5: A good negotiator is manipulative
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Negotiating is about WHY, not WHAT• Negotiation - is about an agreement on
something, not on winning or loosing • The purpose of negotiating is seeing if you can
get your interests met through and agreement, versus an alternative.
• Positions are WHAT we want • Interests are WHY we want something • Negotiate the WHY….not the WHAT
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When we Negotiate ?• When there are more factors to discuss:
not only a price • When risks cannot be accurately
predetermined • When a long period of time is needed to
implement the agreement • When implementation is likely to be
interrupted because of numerous changes
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Classic negotiation concepts
• BATNA • Reservation Price • ZOPA • Value Creation through Trades
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Know your BATNA
• Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
• Improving your situation • Improve your BATNA • Identify the other side’s BATNA • Weaken the other party’s BATNA
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Reservation price
• The least favorable point at which one will accept a deal
• The “walk-away” • Example: you need to prepare the stand for a
trade fair. You set your BATNA at 10K and your Reservation Price at 15K
• If the supplier won’t make it for 15, you walk away and take advantage of your BATNA
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ZOPA
• Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA) • The d i f ference between the Sel ler ’s
Rese rva t i on P r i ce and t he Buye r ’s Reservation Price
• The reservation price of selling side is 10K, the reservation price for buying side is 20K. The agreed price is in between.
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Value Creation through Trades• Trade things you value less to the other party • Examples: • You don’t need full member commitment for participation
in the fair immediately, but extended term of payment may be a huge advantage for a member
• The member is not able to contribute to cluster financially but would appreciate to be able to start participating in steering committee meetings right away
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Negotiation behavior
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Hard behavior
• Manipulation • Aggressive • Intimidating • Exploitation • Always seeking the best for you • No concern for person you are negotiating with • Taking
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Soft behavior• Win win approach • Cooperation • Trusting • Pacifying • Relational • Giving, going to compromise
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Value creating behavior• Give me some of what I want , but I’ll give
you some of what you want • Deal with people as they are not how you
think they are • Good intentions • Two way exchange • Be open
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Negotiation strategy• Strategic plan
• Be committed to an overall approach that has a good chance of achieving the negotiator’s objectives
• Soft : avoid conflict, make concessions; often end up exploited and feeling bitter
• Hard : sees any situation as a contest of
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Principled Negotiation :The Method Harward negotiation project
• Separate the people from the problem • Focus on interests not positions • Invent options for mutual gain • Use objective criteria
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Separate people from the problem
Relationship Issues:
Emotion/reason Understanding Communication Reliability Coercion/persuasion Acceptance/respect
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Substantive Issues:
Money Terms Conditions Concessions Promises Dates/numbers
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Problems in positional negotiation Which game to play?
SOFT style (Relations oriented)
• Participants are friends
• The goal is agreement
• Make concessions to cultivate the relationship
• Be soft on the people and the problem
• Trust others
• Change your position easily
• Make offers
• Disclose your bottom line
• Accept one-sided losses to reach agreement
• Search for the single answer: the one they will accept
• Insist on agreement
• Try to avoid a contest of wills
• Yield to pressure
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• HARD style (Gain oriented)
• Participants are adversaries
• The goal is victory
• Demand concessions as a condition of the relationship
• Be hard on the problem and the people
• Distrust others
• Dig in to your position
• Make threats
• Mislead as to your bottom line
• Demand one-sided gains as the price of agreement
• Search for the single answer: the one you will accept
• Insist on your position
• Try to win a contest of wills
• Apply pressure
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Focus on Interests not Positions• Interests = desires and concerns that
underlie positions • Prepare for negotiation:
• Clarify interests • Understand the interests of the other side
• Focus the negotiation discussion on: • Interests – not positions
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Focus on Interests not PositionsNegotiation is not about making compromises: • It is about joint problem solving • Our goal is to efficiently reach a satisfying
agreement for both parties, and to conclude on a positive note.
• Negotiations are “Back and forth communication to reach agreement where some interests are shared and some interests are opposed.
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Listening and understanding Active listening skills
• Encouraging. Show the interest • Clarifying. Help the other side to express
themselves • Paraphrasing. Show you were listening • Reflecting. Show you understand • Summarizing. Review the progress • Affirming. Acknowledge the other side
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Listening and understanding• Listening is the most powerful negotiating
skill • Effective communication leads to
understanding your preferred method and learning the method of the other party.
• Communicate in a way that will be most effective with their style. This helps to eliminate the possibility of misunderstanding, as we communicate in many ways
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Communication breakdowns• Why are we such a bad listeners?
• We listen to reply, argue, rebut, make our point, or win.
• We do not typically listen to understand. • Seek first to understand, then be
understood
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Learn to ask questionsBefore you can listen, you have to be skilled at asking questions
• Three critical questioning skills: • Know where your questions are going • Ask for permission to ask questions • State why you want to ask questions
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Invent Options for Mutual Gain• To invent creative options:
• Separate inventing from judging; • Broaden the options on the table, rather
than look for a single answer; • Search for mutual gains; • Invent ways to make their decision easy.
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Use Objective Criteria• Frame each issue as a joint search for
objective criteria • Reason and be open to reason as to which
standards are most appropriate and how they should be applied
• Never yield to pressure, only to principle.
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Negotiation Styles
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ACCOMMODATE Build friendly relationship Characteristics: Promote harmony Avoid substantive differences Give into pressure to save relationship Place relationship above fairness of the outcomes
CO
NC
ERN
FO
R R
ELAT
ION
SHIP
CONCERN FOR SUBSTANCE
HIGHCOLLABORATE Problem solved creatively, aiming for win-win Characteristics: Search for common interests Problem-solving behaviors Recognizing both parties’ needs Synergistic solutions Win-win becomes the main purpose of the negotiator
HIGH
AVOID Take whatever you can get/Inaction Characteristics: Feeling of powerlessness Indifference to the result Resignation, surrender Take what the other party is willing to concede Withdraw & remove = behavior of negotiator
DEFEAT Be a winner at any cost/Competitive Characteristics: Win-Lose competition Pressure/Intimidation Adversarial relationships Defeating the other becomes a goal for the negotiator
COMPROMISE Split the difference
Characteristics: Meeting half way Look for trade offs
Accept half-way measures Aims to reduce conflict rather than
problem solve synergistically
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The Four Steps of Negotiation
1. Planning 2. Debating 3. Proposing 4. Bargaining 5. Agreeing
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Planning
• Research
• LIST your objectives and their objectives
• Those you INTEND to get
• Those you MUST get
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Debating
• Listen carefully • Ask questions • Clarify • Summarize • Don’t argue, interrupt or assume
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Make proposal
• Make proposals
• State conditions
• Express concerns
• Search for common interests
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Bargain• Key words are IF and THEN • Start making concession:
• Every concession should have a condition (IF you… THEN I will…)
• Conserve your concessions - don’t give everything away too soon
• You don’t have to share every piece of
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Classic Bargaining Tactics• Acting Crazy
• Put on a good show • Visibly demonstrating your emotional commitment to your position
• Increase credibility • Give opponent a justification to settle on your terms
• Big Pot • Leave your self a lot of room to negotiate • Make high demand at the beginning • After making concessions, you’ll still end up with a larger payoff
• Get a Prestigious Ally • Try to get opponent to accept less
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Classic Bargaining Tactics• The Well is Dry
• Take a stand and tell the opponent you have no more concessions to make
• Limited Authority • Negotiate in good faith • If you’re ready to sign the deal, say I have to check with my boss
• Whipsaw / Auction • Several competitors know you are negotiating in the same time • Schedule competitors with you for the same time and keep them all waiting
to see you
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Classic Bargaining Tactics• Divide and Conquer
• Negotiation with opponent team • Sell one member to help you sell the other members of the team
• Get Lost / Stall for Time • Leave the negotiation completely for a while • Come back when things are getting better and try to renegotiate • Time period can be long or short
• We Noodle • Give no emotional or verbal response • Don’t response to his or her force or pressure
• Be Patient • If you can afford to outwait • You will probably win big
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Classic Bargaining Tactics• Let’s Split the Difference
• The person who first suggest this has the least to lose • Trial Balloon
• Release your possible / contemplated decision through a so-called reliable source before the decision is actually made to test reactions to your decisions
• Surprises • Keep the opponent off balance by
• Drastic • Dramatic • Sudden shift
• Never be predictable • Keep the opponent from anticipating your move
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Agreeing
•Usually final concession:
“IF you do that, THEN we have a deal!”
•Gain commitment
•Record and agree results
•Leave satisfied
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Deadly sins of negotiation• Pride - Be prepared to make concessions • Gluttony - Don’t bite off more than you can chew • Anger - Handle objections calmly • Covetousness - Prioritize needs/wants • Envy - Know your own and competitors strengths
& weaknesses • Sloth - Do your homework • Lust - Don’t look desperate to settle
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You must never try to make all the money that's in a deal. Let the other fellow make some money too, because if you have a reputation for
always making all the money, you won't have many deals.”
J. Paul Getty
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Thank you for attention