EMECSNEWSLETTER

ISSNJanuary

0919-706017, 2001

№17International EMECS Center

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C O N T E N T SThe Executive Committee of the 5th International Conference 1on the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal SeasOrganization of the Executive Committee of the 5th International Conference 2on the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal SeasTowards environmental planning in the North Sea and the English Channel 4A study using remote-sensing techniques to monitor coastal water quality. 8Training the Mediterranean and Black Sea CoastalL Managers: 10Medcoast’s Training ProgransMinistry of the Environment of Japan 12JICA Training Course 2000 System of Environment Management of 13Enclosed Coastal SeasConference 14Books 15Center’s Calendar (August-December, 2000) 16

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On November 23, 2000, the Executive Committee of the 5th InternationalEMECS Conference approved its basic policy and plan of operations.Details of the Conference will be discussed at the Steering Committee andSub-Committees

The Executive Committee will promote specific preparations for the holding ofthe 5th International Conference on the Environmental Management of EnclosedCoastal Seas (hereafter "5th EMECS Conference"), as well as promoting autonomousparticipation in the conference by researchers at home and abroad, governmentagencies, companies, NGOs, etc. and conducting publicity activities to increaseawareness on the part of the general public, in order to ensure the success ofthe 5th EMECS Conference.

To ensure that the 5th EMECS Conference is implemented smoothly and in anappropriate manner, meetings should be convened of the Executive Committeeand the committees under it such as the Steering Committee, as well as relevantsubcommittees such as the Program Subcommittee, Related Activities Subcommitteeand General Affairs & Publicity Subcommittee. At these meetings, importantmatters concerning the preparations for and the holding of the Conference shouldbe planned and studied.

The Executive Committee will implement necessary preparations for the holdingof the 5th EMECS Conference

Based on the results of studies carried out by the Kick-off meeting plans for the

implementation of the 5th EMECS Conference programs, sessions etc. should bestudied and established by the Steering Committee.

Along with the study and establishment of plans for implementation as notedabove, a preparatory organization should be established for participant registration,conference hall, transportation, accommodation and other matters pertaining to theoperation of the conference, and calls for presentation papers should be issued.In addition, the Executive Committee should also utilize a variety of media toactively publicize the Conference in an effort to invite a wide range ofparticipation by related parties from both home and abroad.The Executive Committee should also establish liaison with the 9th InternationalConference on the Conservation and Management of Lakes to be held aroundthe same time, and should study the possibility of holding side programs withthe participation of the general public in order to use the opportunity providedby this conference to foster increased interest regarding the environmentalmanagement of enclosed coastal seas.

1st announcement (issued September 2000)Announcement of the holding of the conference and opinion survey

2nd announcement (planned for issue in January 2001)Detailed information, call for papers, call for participant registration

3rd announcement (planned for issue in October 2001)Conference program

Registration will begin with the 2nd announcement.

A call for papers will be issued in the 2nd announcement.Period for submission of papers: January - end of May, 2001 (tentative)

Keynote speakers for the entire conference and individual sessions, invitedguests etc. will be studied, chosen and invited.

Posters, leaflets, the Internet and various forms of mass media will beeffectively used as a means to promote awareness of the Conference inan effort to invite wide-ranging participation from researchers,government officials, corporate representatives, NGOs, private citizens,etc. both at home and abroad.An active effort to publicize the 5th EMECS Conference will also bemade at related conferences held both at home and abroad.

Along with the holding of the EMECS Conference, plans to implementside programs (involving participation by the general public,government representatives, corporate representatives, NGOs etc.) willalso be studied and established.

The Executive Committee will hold the 5th International Conference on theEnvironmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas and promote theadministration of the conference in a smooth and appropriate manner.

a. Issuing of announcements

b. Participant registration

c. Call for papers

d. Selection of keynote speakers, etc.

e. Publicity

f. Study and enactment of side programs

○

○

○

1 Basic Policy

2 Plan of Operations

(1) Convening and administration of Executive Committeemeetings, etc.

(2) Preparations for the EMECS Conference

1. Study and establishment of plans

2. Establishing an organization for preparatory activities

(3) Holding of the 5th EMECS Conference

(Sponsors)The Environmental Agency, Hyogo Prefecture, the City of Kobe,and the International EMECS Center

Executive Committee of the 5th International Conferenceon the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas

●Program Subcommittee●Related Activities Subcommittee●General Affairs & Publicity Subcommittee

The SteeringCommittee

Secretariat for the Executive Committee

International EMECS Center

Secretary-General

Deputy Secretary-General

Director of Secretariat

Planning & GeneralAffairs Division

General Affairs Section

Planning Section

Conference &ManagementDivision

Conference& Management

2

The Executive Committee of the 5th International Conferenceon the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas

Organization of the Executive Committee of the 5th International Conferenceon the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas

President

Chair

Vice-Chair

Jiro Kondo Chairman, the Science and Technology Foundation of

Japan

Toshitami Kaihara Governor, Hyogo Prefectural Government; Chairman,

The Governors and Mayors’ Conference on

the Environmental Protection of the Seto Inland Sea

(Japan)

Kazutoshi Sasayama Mayor of Kobe City (Japan)

Yoichi Kaya Professor Emeritus, Tokyo University (Japan)

Akihiro Amano Professor, School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin

University (Japan)

David A.C. Carroll Former Secretary, Maryland Department of

the Environment (U.S.A.)

Toshiyuki Hirano Professor Emeritus, Tokyo University; (Japan)

Bengt-Owe Jansson Professor Emeritus, Stockholm University (Sweden)

Kumao Kaneko Professor, Strategic Peace and International Affairs

Research Institute, Tokai University (Japan)

Saburo Kato President, Research Institute for Environment and Society

(Japan)

Nobuo Kumamoto President, Hokkai-gakuen University(Japan)

Yasumoto Magara Professor, Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering,

Hokkaido University (Japan); President, Japan Society on

Water Environment

Piamsak Menasveta Professor, Chulalonkorn University (Thailand)

Akio Morishima Professor, Faculty of Low, Sophia University(Japan);

President, Central Environment Council, Japan; Chairman,

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

Koji Muraoka Professor, Osaka Institute of Technology (Japan)

Hiroshi Nakanishi Professor Emeritus, Yamaguchi University (Japan)

Tomotoshi Okaichi Professor Emeritus, Kagawa University (Japan)

Erdal Ozhan Professor, Middle East Technical University; Chairman,

MEDCOAST (Turkey)

Steve Halls Director, UNEP DTIE International Environmental

Technology Centre

Yuji Kawaguchi Director, WHO Centre for Health Development Ministries

Ichiro Ishihara Director-General, Water Environment Department,

Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of

the Environment (Japan)

Kyoichi Kawaguchi Director-General, Resources Enhancement Promotion

Department, Fisheries Agency (Japan)

Takeshi Kawashima Director-General, Ports and Harbors Bureau, Ministry of

Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)

Takashi Komine Director-General, National and Regional Planning Bureau,

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)

Hisataka Soogawa Director-General, Sewerage and Wastewater Management

Department, City Bureau, Ministry of Land,

Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)

Yukio Takasu Director-General, Multilateral Cooperation Department,

Foreign Policy Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

(Japan)

Koutaro Takemura Director-General, River Bureau, Ministry of Land,

Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)

Kunihiko Fukusho Director-General, National Research Institute of Fisheries

and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Agency (Japan)

Kazuo Kontani Director-General, Chugoku National Industrial Research

Institute, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)

Gen Ohi Director-General, National Institute for Environmental

Studies, Ministry of the Environment (Japan)

Makoto Owada Director-General, Port and Harbor Research Institute,

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)

Toshio Endo Governor, Tokushima Prefectural Government (Japan)

Takafumi Isomura Mayor of Osaka City (Japan)

Yoshiki Kimura Governor, Wakayama Prefectural Government (Japan)

Fusae Saito Governor, Osaka Prefectural Government (Japan)

Toshizo Ido Chair, Hyogo Environmental Advancement Asssociattion

(Japan)

Chair, Hyogo Prefectural Environmental Creation

Center Public Corporation (Japan)

Keiichi Ishii Vice-Chair, Association for Environmental Conservation

of the Seto Inland Sea (Japan)

Hiroya Kotani Executive Director and Secretary General, International

Lake Environment Committee Foundation (Japan)

Yoshimasa Komoto Managing Director, Osaka Bay Area Development

Organization (Japan)

Hajimu Okunishi Executive Director, Global Environment Centre

Foundation (Japan)

Hiroshi Ishikawa President, Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.; Executive

Director, Kansai Economic Federation

(Japan)

Koshi Mizukoshi President, Kobe Steel, Ltd.

Hiroshi Oba President, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.; President,

The Kobe Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Japan)

Shin-Ichiro Ryoki Chairman, Osaka Gas Co., Ltd.

Katsuhiko Matsuura Director-General, The Kobe Shinbun Research Institute of

Information Science (Japan)

Sadatoshi Tabata Director-General, The Nature Conservation Society of

Japan

Masaharu Uemura Chairman, Organization to Promote Amenities at Seas

and Beach Public Service Cooperation (Japan)

Kagechika Matano Past Ambassador to the Kingdom of Sweden

Jozo Takeda Speaker, Hyogo Prefectural Assembly (Japan)

President, Coalition of Prefectural Assembly Member to

Promote International EMECS Activities

Koichiro Noda Treasurer, Tokushima Prefectural Government (Japan)

Nagaoki Okamoto Chief of Takasago Plant, Takeda Chemical Industries., Ltd.

3

The Executive Committee of the 5th International Conference on the Environmental Managementof Enclosed Coastal Seas -The Steering Committee-

The Executive Committee of the 5th International Conferenceon the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas-The Program Subcommittee-

The Executive Committee of the 5th International Conferenceon the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas-The Related Activities Subcommittee-

The Executive Committee of the 5th International Conferenceon the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas-The General Affairs and Publicity Subcommittee-

Chair

Vice-Chair

Chair

Vice-Chair

Chair

Vice-Chair

Chair

Vice-Chair

Nobuo Kumamoto Hokkai-gakuen University (Japan)

Masataka Watanabe National Institute for Environment Studies,Ministry of the Environment (Japan)

Yasushi Hosokawa Port and Harbor Research Institute, Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)

Hiroshi Kawai Kobe University Research Center for the Inland Sea(Japan)

Hiroshi Tsuno Research Center for Environmental Quality Control,Kyoto University (Japan)

Tetsuo Yanagi Institute of Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University (Japan)Kouji Fukuda Ports and Airports Deportment, Kinki Regional

Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructureand Transport (Japan)

Shuichi Kawano National and Regional Planning Bureau, Ministry ofLand, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)

Taisuke Shibagaki Water Quality Bureau, Ministry of the Environment(Japan)

Makito Takahashi Multilateral Cooperation Department, Foreign PolicyBureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)

Shin Tsuboka River Deportment, Kinki Regional DevelopmentBureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport(Japan)

Koichi Uzuka Sewerage and Wastewater Management Department,City and Regional Development Bureau,Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)

Kazutami Akita Ise Bay Development and Conservation Conference (Japan)

Kunihiko Kaida The Japan Conference for the EnvironmentalManagement of Enclosed Coastal (Japan)

Junichi Kakinuma Council of Local Governments for Tokyo BayEnvironmental Preservation (Japan)

Michio Noda Northwest Pacific Region EnvironmentalCooperation Center (Japan)

Kazuhisa Takemoto Governor and Mayors’ Conference on theEnvironmental Protection of the Seto Inland Sea (Japan)

Azusa Kojima Japan Environmental Action Network (Japan)Tadashi Masuya Global Environment Forum-Kansai (Japan)Kimio Moriwaki Center for the Redevelopment of Pollution-damaged

Areas in JapanShuzo Ozawa The People’s Alliance to Protect the Environment of

the Seto Inland Sea (Japan)Hiroshi Tamama Ocean Policy Research Department, Ship and Ocean

Foundation (Japan)Uzihisa Toda Hyogo Prefectural Federation of Fishery’s

Cooperative Associations (Japan)Ryotaro Yatsu Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research

SecretariatFujio Miyazumi Council of Setonaikai Eight News Papers Editors;

Tokyo Branch, Press the Ehime Shinbin (Japan)Osamu Nakagome Research and Survey Section, The Kobe Shinbun

Research Institute of Information Science (Japan)Akira Shimizu Environment ad hoc committee, The Kobe Chamber of

Commerce and Industry (Japan)Hidetoshi Tanaka Secretary General and Chief Economist, Kansai

Council (Japan)

Nobuo Kumamoto Hokkai-gakuen University (Japan)

Wayne H. Bell Center for the Environment and Society,Washington College (U.S.A.)

Masataka Watanabe National Institute for Environment Studies, Ministry ofthe Environment Agency (Japan)

David A.C. Carroll Maryland Department of the Environment (U.S.A.)Yasushi Hosokawa Port and Harbor Research Institute, Ministry of

Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)Bengt-Owe Jansson Stockholm University (Sweden)Hiroshi Kawai Kobe University Research Center for the Inland Sea

(Japan)Takashi Kusui Department of Environmental Technology,

Toyama Prefectural University (Japan)Osamu Matsuda Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima

University (Japan)Piamsak Menasveta Chulalonkorn University (Thailand)Nobuo Mimura Center for Water Environment Studies, Ibaraki

University (Japan)Eiichi Nakamura Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Land,

Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)Erdal Ozhan Middle East Technical University (Turkey)Susumu Takayama Faculty of Bioresouces, Mie University (Japan)Hiroshi Tsuno Research Center for Environmental Quality

Control, Kyoto University (Japan)Hideki Ueshima Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute,

National Institute of Advanced IndustrialScience and TechnologyMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry(Japan)

Tetsuo Yanagi Institute of Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University(Japan)

Taisuke Shibagaki Water Quality Bureau, Ministry of the Environment(Japan)

Iwao Nakagawa Governor and Mayors’Conference on TheEnvironmental Protection of the Seto Inland Sea(Japan)

Fumio Fukada International Lake Environment Committee Foundation(Japan)

Hiroo Kasagi Center for the Redevelopment of Pollution-damagedAreas in Japan

Azusa Kojima Japan Environmental Action NetworkKazuhiro Nakamura Osaka Bay Area Development Organization (Japan)Takao Tsuchiya Local Environmental Laboratories Association of

JapanFujio Miyazumi Council of Setonaikai Eight News Papers Editors;

Tokyo Branch, Press the Ehime Shinbin (Japan)Hidetoshi Tanaka Kansai Council (Japan)

Hiroshi Kawai Kobe University Research Center for Inland Sea(Japan)

Akira Shimizu Environment ad hoc committee, The Kobe Chamber ofCommerce and Industry (Japan)

Toshio Matsumoto Water Environment Department, EnvironmentalManagement Bureau, Ministry of the Environment (Japan)

Katsuki Tyujyo Governor and Mayors’ Conference on theEnvironmental Protection of the Seto Inland Sea (Japan)

Eiji Abe Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association(Japan)

Hiroo Kasagi Center for the Redevelopment of Pollution-damagedAreas in Japan

Koujirou Shimatani Hyogo Prefectural Environmental Creation CenterPublic Corporation (Japan)

Ujihisa Toda Hyogo Prefectural Federation of Fishery’s CooperativeAssociation (Japan)

Ryotaro Yatsu Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change ResearchSecretariat

Toshio Matsumoto Water Environment Department , EnvironmentalManagement Bureau, Ministry of the Environment(Japan)

Hidetoshi Tanaka Kansai Council (Japan)Toru Shimizu Multilateral Cooperation Department, Foreign Policy

Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)Masato Itoh Conference for the Environmental Management of

Omura Bay, Nagasaki Prefecture (Japan)Susumu Yamamoto The Governor and Mayors’ Conference on the

Environmental Protection of the Seto Inland Sea(Japan);

Azusa Kojima Japan Environmental Action NetwworkTadashi Masuya Global Environment Forum-Kansai (Japan)Osamu Nakagomi Kobe Shinbun Research Institute of Information

Science (Japan)Shuichiro Sunohara Kobe Station, Japan Broadcasting Corp.

Dr. Jean-Paul. DUCROTOY, HDR

The University of Hull, Centre for Coastal Studies, Scarborough YO11 3AZ, U.K.

j.p.ducrotoy@biosci.hull.ac.uk

Table 1 - Fresh water inputs to the North Sea (source: modified from OSPAR, 2000)

Coastal Areas Run-off (km3.yr-1) Catchment area (km2)

Scotland, including Forth 　　　16 　　41,000

Norway 　　　58 - 70 　　45,500

Skagerrak and Kattegat 　　　58 - 70 　　102,200

England East Coast, including Tyne, Tees, 　　　32 　　74,500Humber and Thames

Denmark and Germany, including Wadden Sea 　　　32 　　219,900

the Netherlands and Belgium, including 　　　91 - 97 　　221,400Wadden Sea, Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt

English Channel, including Seine 　　　9 - 37 　　137,000

TOTAL North Sea 　　　296 - 354 　　841,500

Norway

Denmark

GermanyNether-lands

Belgium

Sweden

France

UK

North Sea

Atlantic Ocean

The Channel

Skagerrak

1000

500

m 0

North

Norwegian Trench Dogger Bank ChannelGerman Bight Devils Hole

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Figure 1-A

Figure 1-B

Figure 1: Geography of the North Sea(source NSTF, 1994)* A: The North Sea as defined by the

North Sea Task Force in 1990* B: Perspective view from the North

Geographically, the North Seawas defined by the North SeaTask Force as including theEnglish Channel, the ScandinavianStraits (the Skagerrak and theKattegat) and the Northern NorthSea south of 62( N (NSTF, 1994)(Figure 1A). The Greater NorthSea, as it is sometimes referredto, is an epi-continental largemarine ecosystem (L M E) ofNorth Western Europe. It isrelatively shallow (average depthof 90 m), but also includesdeeper areas such as the NorwegianTrench (700 m) (Figure 1B).The climate is temperate, with

a South-North gradient of temperatures, but, generally speaking, conditionsin the North Sea and its fringes are characterised by a high degree ofvariability, both spatially and temporally. This variability in environmentalconditions and processes has a strong influence on biological systems,which in turn may affect the marine ecosystem. Despite forming a typicalLME, the North Sea opens largely to the North East Atlantic to the North,and to the South through the English Channel. It receives a lot of lowsalinity water from the Baltic through the Kattegat and the Skagerrak, andfrom the rivers directly entering the area. In such a relatively enclosedsystem, a complex interaction between the degree of mixing in the watercolumn, nutrients, light availability and algal abundance and productivitytakes place. This interaction and its natural variability play an essentialrole in the geographic heterogeneity of the ecosystem, and this is reflectedin the distribution of living resources found there.Due to international commitment to reduce the negative effects of certainhuman activities, it is important to understand how such a complex systemreacts to measures taken. There is now a large body of information onthe ecology of the North Sea, but it remains essential that certain gaps inknowledge be identified in view of better management. The present articlebuilds on the 1993 and 2000 Quality Status Reports (QSRs) (NSTF, 1994; OSPAR, 2000), the Dobris Assessment (Europe’s Environment) whichwas published in 1995 (Ducrotoy, 1995) and Seas at the Millennium,coming out in 2000 (Ducrotoy & Elliott, 2000).

The total catchment area of the North Sea as defined above is about 840,000 km2, with a total annual input of about 300 - 350 km3 of freshwater. Run-off originates for a third from melt water from Scandinavia(ca. 15,000 m3.s-1 Wulff et al. 1990, Ehlin 1981), but is variable fromyear to year. In the North Sea proper, fresh water inputs, in particular theRhine, are important (Table 1). The outflow of Rhine water into the shallowSouthern Bight of the North Sea is ca. 2,200 m3.s-1 (data Rijkswaterstaat,The Netherlands) and leads to almost discontinuous vertical densitydistributions and sharp frontal structures (De Kok, 1996).Approximately, 185 million people live in the highly industrialised riparian

countries, which have part or the totality oftheir territory in the catchment area (Figure 2).Densities of populations differ greatly betweenareas with over 1000 inhabitants per km2 onthe coast of Belgium and the Netherlands toless than 50 inhabitants per km2 along thecoasts of Norway or Scotland. Tourism induceslarge scale seasonal migrations to the coastand the number of visitors amounts to millionsof people on a single day (EUROSTAT). Theend of the West-East cut has meant that tradeand transport have largely increased.

The North Sea: an enclosed coastal seaof North-West Europe

The watershed of the North Sea

Agglomeration 500 000–1000 000 inhabitants

Agglomeration 1000 000– 5 000 000 inhabitants

Agglomeration >5 000 000 inhabitants

>100 inhabitants/km2

Drainage area

Front

Stratified water

Transition zone

Mixed water

Figure 2: Population densities inthe catchment area of the NorthSea (source NSTF, 1994)

Figure 3: Mixed and stratifiedwaters in the North Sea(source NSTF, 1994)

5

Most of the North Sea is shallow and coastal. It is characterised by

extensive sedimentary areas, including subtidal sandbanks and muddy areas

(Rees et al., 1999; Elliott et al., 1998). Many of these produce the rich

feeding areas necessary for supporting the higher trophic levels. Therefore,

the importance of deposition areas such as the Dogger Bank and estuarine

ecosystems is essential to be understood. Atlantic water input remains the

main factor affecting productivity and influences directly or indirectly its

ecology. Recently, it was demonstrated that it had an ecological effect on

the recruitment of fish (Svendsen et al., 1995) and its migration (Campos

et al., 1994; Hafteinsson & Misund, 1995; Rijnsdorp & Pastoors, 1995).

From high tide to about 30 m water depth the water column remains

fully mixed all year round and live plankton is transported continuously

by turbulence from the surface layers to the bottom and back, coming

within reach of the benthos (Figure 3). A variety of different benthic

communities exists in this zone. The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR)

survey provides a unique data set on the abundance of plankton in the

North Sea and North Atlantic. The CPR is a sampling tool, which filters

and traps plankton between two constantly winding lengths of 280 (m

mesh silk. Continuous Plankton Recorders (CPRs) equipped with a suite

of sensors have been towed by merchant vessels such as passenger-ferries

in the North Sea since the 1980s, recording a range of environmental

variables (CPR Survey Team, 1992). Thanks to such integrated studies, it

was found, for example,

that light availability and

temperature were the key

factors for the timing of

the diatom spring bloom.

The role played by algae

in the deeper North Sea

is indirect, in particular in

the north-west, in a small

area of the " O ceanic

Province", where waters

are deeper than 700 m

(NSTF, 1994). Organic

detritu s p ro d uce d b y

phytoplankton an zooplankton

in the surface layers of

the oceanic province, if not broken down in the water column, sinks to

the deep-sea bottom where mineralisation by deep-sea bacteria and benthic

fauna takes place. Deposit feeders in turn are consumed by predatory

worms in the sediment and by predators and scavengers amongst bottom-

feeding fish and mobile epifaunal species including crabs, bivalve molluscs,

and starfish. Large stocks of pelagic copepods only develop in the northern

North Sea. They consume the summer production of phytoplankton. This

could explain the low biomass of infauna in the northern North Sea but

it may also be due to changes in the benthos affecting plankton

populations (Lindberg et al., 1995; Riegman, 1995).

Many recent studies in the North Sea have addressed biological diversity

in terms of genetic and species diversity. Several types of plants have

apparently disappeared from parts of the North Sea coast in the last few

decades and this has been documented in various scientific reports (see

Ducrotoy, 1999b), in addition to the QSRs (NSTF, 1994; OSPAR, 2000).

In relation to chemical pollution from sewage and industrial wastes disposal,

brown and red seaweeds diversity has decreased since the early 1930s in

some estuaries despite pollution clean-up operations.

In the course of the past century, various alien seaweeds have found their

way to the North Sea: Sargassum muticum and Undaria pinnatifida (1973),

Grateloupia doryphora and G. filicina (1990), Heterosigma akashiwo (1996).

The brown alga Sargassum muticum, moving to northern areas since

introduced accidentally, has now begun to colonise mussel beds in Germany

(Schories et al., 1997), resulting in the displacement of Halydris siliquosa,

a native species.

Salt marshes are found in the upper reaches of sheltered intertidal areas

near the coasts. Two main trends have been noted in megatidal estuaries

by Rauss (1998). In deposition areas, colonisation occurred whereas most

marshes were affected by increased hydrodynamism in peripheral zones. In

spatial terms, these two situations can occur close to each other as was

observed for European salt marshes, where degradation of the integrity of

the gene pool through hybridisation of plants has taken place in the 20th

Century. Spartina alterniflora from America has cross-fertilised S. maritima

to produce a polypoid hybrid S. anglica (Ducrotoy, 1999).

Sea-grass was reduced drastically in the 1930s by the so-called ’wasting

disease’ (Den Hartog, 1987) and was unable to re-colonise the sub-tidal

regions of the Wadden Sea (Nienhuis, 1996). In the 1960s, it also declined

in other areas such as the Danish coast and the coast of Brittany (France).

The causes for the decline may be a change in velocity of currents, the

effect of cockle and mussel fisheries and competition by green algae (Den

Hartog, 1994). Together with the disappearance of the sub-tidal vegetation,

the associated animals (snails, shrimps, and pilefish) disappeared (Reise et

al., 1989).

Various alien animal species have also been introduced to the North Sea

and the English Channel. Marenzelleria viridis (Verrill, 1873) is a recent

invader of European brackish waters. with the introduction of the slipper

limpet Crepidula fornicata which has altered benthic habitats and entered

in competition with sought after species such as the scallop Pecten maximus

(Ducrotoy, 2000).

Even if in some instances, the introduction of non-native species may

increase the biological diversity of the area, native organisms may also be

eliminated by the alien plant or animal. As stressed by ICES (1995) and

Hiscock (1997), it is therefore sensible to prevent the introduction of

non-natives, even if some effects can be positive, as in the case of

Ficopomatus enigmatus, known to improve water quality from the filtering

action of its settlements.

Communities associated with natural gas seeps and pockmarks are very rich.

They include carbonate-cemented sediment (Dando et al., 1991).

Favourable environmental conditionsresult in high productivity

Biodiversity and alien species

6

Given the large amount of data accumulated for the North Sea, manym o d e l s h a v e a r i s e n i n o r d e r t o p r o d u c e a p r e d i c t i v ecapability. The UK NERC models for the southern part reached goodagreement for hydrographic processes and the exchange and dispersal ofmaterials, including contaminants (Prandle 1996). Other models fornutrients, eutrophication, contaminant fluxes, and pelagic ecosystemfunctioning, have also been created (see papers in Andersen et al. 1996).The ecosystem modelling of smaller geographical areas of the North Seahas also been performed, for example the BOEDE model for the Ems-Dollard estuary (Baretta and Ruardij, 1988). Such ecosystem models providefirstly a mathematical description of the processes and secondly somepredictive capability for changes to systems, which display a high naturalvariability (Carpentier et al., 1997).

Because of a highly developed industry and agriculture in the watershedof the rivers and along the coasts, pollution from contaminants andnutrients has been recognised as a major environmental issue for severaldecades. The atmospheric pathway of contaminants to the central NorthSea remains to be fully understood as well diffuse sources of nutrients.Fisheries and the protection of species and habitats have recently arisenas an essential concern and the legislation is still developing in order toaddress threats to the biological diversity of the marine environment.Coastal areas, in particular, are under pressure of activities such as tourism(walking, bathing, boating), which tend to destroy natural resources,especially in terms of habitats.

The rich marine wildlife of the North Sea, particularly at the coast, is atrisk from many human activities including industry and tourism. The basinsof the Seine, Rhine Meuse complex, Scheldt, Weser, Elbe, Humber andThames are among the most heavily industrialised regions in the world.Industries of all types are located in particular in estuaries or in baysrather than along the coast, especially in the Southern Bight.Oil exploitation is still increasing with new pipelines and new platforms,even if a move to exploit deeper resources, away from the North Sea, isoccurring in the late 1990s and predictions agree for a cessation of oilexploitation by the mid 21st Century. The history of oil and gasexploration in the North Sea, primarily since the 1970s, has produced alarge number of oil and gas rigs, which sooner or later will requiredecommissioning and disposal or reuse. It is estimated that 400 rigs willbe affected but many are small and thus easy to remove. However, theremoval of the oil storage buoy, the Brent Spar (1997) and the suggesteddisposal into deep water off the north western edge of the British Islescauses controversy (Elliott, 1998). Given the public opposition, it wasdecided to dismantle the buoy and use it as infrastructure to create aharbour.Due to international co-operation in policy making, and despite a newwave of economical growth, some results in abating pollution have beenachieved in the past decades. Unfortunately, few positive trends in thequality of the environment have been recorded by scientists. For instance,the ceasing of dumping of sewage sludge in 1998 and industrial wastes in1993 resulted in a decrease of inputs and concentration of cadmium andmercury, PAHs and organochlorines, but levels in the environment are stillhigh. Due to new regulations, occasional decreases of PCBs have beendescribed. Despite efforts, no change has been demonstrated, as withtributyltin, for example (Ducrotoy et al., 2000). Measures that are morestringent have to be enforced.

A general change in nutrient discharges has taken place during the lastfew decades, derived mainly from rivers, run-off and the atmosphere.River inputs of phosphorous and nitrogen to the North Sea south of 56

N have been estimated to be 127.103 tonnes per year and 1,100.103tonnes per year respectively (Gerlach, 1990; Portman, 1989). Whereas insome turbid areas such as estuaries, the high level of turbidity maintains

a hypernutrified but non-eutrophic system; in clearer parts, the symptomsof eutrophication are manifest toxic phytoplankton blooms, green algaeover growth, oxygen deficiency, fish kills...(Kramer & Duinker, 1988 inSalomons et al., 1988). Deposition areas, not only at the coast are underthe direct influence of organic enrichment and, against prevailing opinions,the Dogger Bank, seems also to be affected by eutrophication (Kroncke& Knust, 1995).The European Directive on the control of nitrates (Elliott et al. 1999) hasrequired riparian states to the North Sea to ensure measures to reducenitrate inputs and to consider the deleterious effects of such inputs. Thishas involved the creation of nitrate vulnerable zones and concomitantchanges in agricultural practices. These measures have led to notabledecreases in inputs in some areas (Zevenboom and de Vries 1996) butone of the main disappointments of governments may be an overall increasein nutrient concentration despite regulatory action to cut down dischargeby half in the 1990s.

The rich North Sea grounds support one of the world’s most active fisheries.Highest landings per unit area in North East Atlantic area are attained inthe area. The intensive North Sea fishery removes between 30 and 40%of the biomass of exploited fish species each year (Gislason, 1994).Landings were the highest in 1996 with 3,500,000 t taken. A decrease to3,000,000t happened at the end of the 20th Century. The extensiveoverfishing of the North Sea, especially as the result of beam trawlingand other demersal methods, has had an effect on the structure of thefish and benthos communities and on trophic interactions, such as thepresence of scavengers (Jennings and Kaiser 1998; Bergman et al. 1996).In particular, there are higher levels of seabirds supported by discards andoffal and cause for concern about the loss of juvenile fishes. The extensivefishing activity of the North Sea, especially the southern part, results inmany areas of the bed being trawled several times each year. Thesechanges are coupled with pollution effects on the fish and bioaccumulationof pollutants (Dethlefsen, 1989; Elliott et al., 1988). Misreporting can affectthe calculated stock trends but Cook (1997) demonstrated that the wellknown problems which affect the conventional ICES assessments do notappear large enough to alter the perception of stock trends. Technicalmeasures, such as the establishment of No Take Zones, wouldundoubtedly help protecting commercial stocks and the rest of the ecosystemincluding the benthos. Yet, an ecosystemic approach is to be adopted ifa sustainable fishery is expected.Aquaculture is a minor activity throughout most of the North Sea althoughthere are areas for shellfish cultivation and relaying. With the exceptionof the Norwegian coast, the coastline is not suitable for salmonidcultivation. France and the Netherlands produce quantities of oysters, scallops,and blue mussels. Problems in fish aquaculture have arisen or are expectedwith the introduction of alien species and the use therapeutants and otherpharmaceuticals.Seaweeds, in particular, large browns such as kelp of the Laminaria species,are exploited for alginates, fertilisation, and pharmaceutical. Highproductions are attained in the UK, France, and Norway.

The sedimentary nature of the North Sea, especially the extensive sandand gravel beds in the southern area and along the English eastern coast,has increased its use as a source of aggregate for building materials.Building and development causing impact to coastal integrity are mostlyfound in the shallow Southern North Sea where dikes, artificially maintaineddunes, and underwater barriers rely on skilled engineering. In addition,with an increase in the use of soft-engineering techniques such as beachnourishment for coastal protection, offshore sands are transported to coastalareas. For example, the Race Bank area off eastern England providesmaterial for beach replenishment along the English Lincolnshire coast.Intense longshore drift in the Netherlands requires also constant beachnourishment and includes valuable plans to restore the natural beachtransition.The marine aggregate extraction industry (habitat excavation by dredging)in the North Sea is well established and growing in the shallower regionand grew from 34.106 m3 in 1992 to 40.106 m3 in 1996.

°

Modelling process for making predictions

Main environmental issues

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Industry

Eutrophication

Fishing and aquaculture

Coastal erosion and landfill

7

Migrations due to tourism are seasonal and, for the greater part, take placeovernight or even on a single day. As a social phenomenon, vacations inNorth Western Europe mean large-scale movements in search of sightseeing and picking up bargains.A wide range of activities is involved from fun parks to nature reserves.Bathing water quality has long been an issue of concern on the coasts ofthe North Sea and the English Channel but has recently improved due toaction taken at European level. Impacts are manifold and include thoseexpected from human concentrations as well as a high pressure on habitatswith natural features.

A general sea-level rise of 50 cm in 2100 has been suggested in theNorth Sea by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 1995;Watson et al., 1997). The spatial pattern over the region is depending uponeustatic movements provoking a tilt of the European landmass. Weaker oreven negative trends in sea-level rise have been observed in the North(Scotland, Sweden). The southern part of the British Isles, especially thearea of the eastern coast, and parts of the Netherlands and Germany areundergoing isostatic rebound (e.g. Hardisty, 1990). Large increases havealready occurred in the German Bight, Southern England and mid-Channelports (England and France) (NSTF, 1994), also in relation with an increasein mean sea level due to changed tidal characteristics.

Pollution control measures and the implementation of internationalagreements and European legislation are designed to further reduce theinputs of conservative pollutants and there is some evidence that inputsare decreasing (OSPAR, 1998). However, the nature of estuarine andcoastal sediments dictates that they will act as sinks for contaminants.There has been wide geographical surveys of biological responses, such asEROD induction in marine flatfish, imposex in dogwhelks or Scope-for-Growth in marine mussels. As an indication of biological responses ofenvironmental quality changes, Widdows et al. (1995) indicated the changesin Scope-for-Growth in marine mussels along the North Sea British coastand linked reductions in fitness for survival by the mussels toconcentrations of contaminants in the water column. In particular, thereduction in quality with a progression southwards was linked to a greaterbioavailability of pollutants.Through international and European agreements, certain polluting inputshave now been stopped, notably incineration at sea and vessel disposal ofindustrial waste as well as sea dumping of sewage sludge. Despite this,aerial inputs of pollutants from the surrounding landmasses, together withland-based pipeline discharges, will still continue to input contaminants tothe North Sea for many more years.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (UnitedNations, 1982) provides a two-fold framework for the protection of speciesand habitats through tackling pollution and through conservation andmanagement measures (Birnie, 1995 and 1996). Its approach is deeplyreflected in the regional agreements concerning Europe, the North EastAtlantic and the North Sea at regional and sub-regional levels. As aconsequence, the regulatory framework for the management of the NorthSea is constantly changing. The international context is evolving constantlyand is now oriented to "protect" the marine environment. As an illustrationof that, the 1992 Paris Convention for the Protection of the MarineEnvironment in the North Atlantic came into force under the auspices ofthe Oslo and Paris Commission (OSPARCOM) in 1998.The most serious impact of human activities is the loss of species andhabitats but also changes in ecosystem functions which pause problems inthe long term. The EC Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the’Birds Directive’ 79/409/EEC) complements the EC Directive on theConservation of Natural habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (the ’Habitats

Directive’ 92/43/EEC) (Ducrotoy, 1998). Both directives contribute to theconservation of biodiversity by requiring Member States to take measuresto maintain or restore natural habitats and wild species at favourableconservation status in the community. Together, they give effect to bothsite protection and species protection objectives. A major European initiativeis the creation of sites to be protected for nature conservation and themaintenance of biodiversity, the Natura 2000 network. These designationsare to be added to other international designations, for example theRAMSAR sites. Within this, the Birds and Habitats Directives involve,respectively, creating Special Protected Areas (SPAs) and Special Areas ofConservation (SACs) (Elliott et al. 1999).With the increasing European Union (EU), there now is a greater overlapbetween the EU and OSPAR and duplication between these and otherorganisations such as the International Conferences for the Protection ofthe North Sea or the International Council for the Exploration of the Seadoes occur (Ducrotoy & Elliott, 1997). Simplification of the regulatoryframework is suggested here to the benefit of more integrated scientificresearch (Sylvand & Ducrotoy, 1998). Despite the belief that a great dealof scientific research has been carried out in the North Sea in the twentiethcentury, the need for obtaining good scientific data is still crucial as aprecursor to management. Wider international collaboration is recommended,notably on biological monitoring and on the production of periodicassessments of the quality of the environment. Robust ecological data hasto be collected in order to create information for dissemination to thepublic and political bodies, and for policy-makingand environmentalmanagement.

Recently, a series of international progra m mes targeting betterunderstanding of marine ecology including ocean circulation (e.g. WOCE,World Ocean Circulation Experiment) and carbon fluxes (e.g. JGOFS: JointGlobal Ocean Flux Study) have developed in North Western Europe. Futureplans include the establishment of a Global Ocean Observation System(GOOS), which would offer the prospect of using data from monitoringprogrammes in conjunction with basin-scale models to improve operationaloceanography and to provide forecasts of ocean climate. Research projectsco-funded by the European Union’s programmes and others co-ordinatedby ICES or conducted by individual nations, continue to add significantlyto the understanding of the North Sea. E M ECS (EnvironmentalManagement of Enclosed Coastal Seas) have devoted several of theirworking sessions to the North Sea and are contributing to thedevelopment of new approaches to the use of scientific information forsustainable management.The North Sea management still represents a sectoral approach to marineproblems in that there are separate mechanisms to control each marineuse (pollution, abstraction, dredging, coastal defence, etc.). It is becomingmore widely recognised that an integrated and ecosystemic form ofmanagement is required. A future major challenge will be marine environmentalplanning in order to reconcile and achieve sustainability amongst the manyusers and uses of the North Sea and its coastal regions. The use ofShoreline Management Plans for coastal defences against a background ofrelative sea level rise in many parts of the North Sea may, for instance,conflict with the adoption of habitat and wildlife management plans designedto protect the natural integrity of areas. As claimed by Ducrotoy et al.(2000), networking will be vital in the 21st Century for building linksbetween industry, managers, policy-makers, and academia. New educationalprogrammes need to be developed and adapted to a constantly evolvingsubject and learning environment. The virtual classroom is now a realityand the use of electronic communication should allow the involvement ofall stakeholders, including Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs).Certainly, community groups will take a more and more important role inthe dissemination of scientific information and its application to themanagement of the North Sea. In this spirit, the development of websiteson the North Sea is to be welcome.

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Tourism and recreation

Climate change

Temporal and spatial trends

A fast evolving regulatroy framework

Scientific perspectives andmanagerial issues

A study using remote-sensingtechniques to monitorcoastal water quality.

A study using remote-sensingtechniques to monitorcoastal water quality.

Hokkaido Institute of Environmental Sciences Ryuji Fukuyamafukuyama@hokkaido-ies.go.jp Hokkaido Institute of Environmental Sciences

Preface

Purpose of the study

Overview of the investigation

Result and Discussion

8

Fig.1 Monitoring point and water depth

There is a proverb "a beautiful crane in a dirty place", which means abeautiful thing that is out of keeping with a dirty place. Whenever I hearthe catch-phrase that "Tokyo bay’s fishes are the freshest fish for makingSushi in Japan" in cooking TV programs, I always remember the proverb.Although the situation is improving, I can’t change easily my concept thatthe water quality of Tokyo bay is poor. The injection of waste waters fromthe capital urban area where more than 10 millions of residents live, andalso because it the sea area is not well flushed generate significant wasteproblems. The coastal sea area is one of the most significant regions forgrowth of sea life. On the other hand, there must be the final disposal ofanthropogenic waste matters. Organic substances and nutrients in thosewaste matters are useful for the fertilizer of marine-life, if those are diffusedin wide sea areas, but the man-made chemical compounds are harmful formarine-life and even human health.

To understand these problems, fundamental and applied studies on coastalwaters are, needless to say, significant. But there are only a few reportson coastal waters and then only with regard to the present conditions.The only exceptions are some main sea areas such as Tokyo bay andDokai bay in the Fukuoka prefecture.

We have commenced a coastal waters study in Hokkaido in 1997. Theobjective is to generate a complete an environmental sea map involvingwater quality, substrate and specific diversity of ecology around Hokkaido.

Nemuro bay, Ishikari Bay (in collaboration) and Kushiro Sea area arenow all being investigated, and we have other programs examining othersea areas. During the winter season icebergs and rough winter weatherkeep us away from field sampling and investigation. So it is useful forour investigation to use sophisticated remote-sensing techniques. Theprogression of satellite-derived analytical techniques can be used to getreasonable information from high-quality satellite imagery.

Typically these techniques are mostly applied not to coastal areas butoceanic sea surface information. We have to make up new algorithmsconnecting the satellite-derived information and analyzed water quality forfitting coastal sea areas. This report will discuss not only the mechanismof water pollution but also how to use the remote-sensing technique fora wide-area water quality monitoring system.

There are 17 monitoring sites to keep the environmental standard inHokkaido, and the achievement ratio of the environmental standards is lessthan 80% in recent years. More over, polluted sea areas are graduallyincreased and the affected area is widening. The satellite imagery suggestedthat the water pollution caused by anthropogenic waste matters is diffusedwider sea are as near the mouth of big river such as the Ishikari Riverand the Tokachi River.

Investigation of water quality and substrateMechanism of water pollution at Nemuro bayRelationship between satellite-derived information and measured values

The investigation was implemented from 1997 to 1999. The study siteis showed in fig.1. Nemuro bay covers an area of 700km as half closedand shallower sea. It is thought that about 25,000 years ago the land waspeat marsh. The reason why we chose the investigation site at Nemurobay is that we once observed water pollution from satellite imagery, andgeographical features and sea currents are interesting. Usage of satellitehas been changed from ADEOS(domestic satellite) to LANDSAT/TM,NOAA/AVHRR and Orbview-2/SeaWiFS, because the ADEOS was failed.

The river water was dyed in brown by humic substances. COD valuewas 5.7mg/l as average of all rivers and tributaries which was higher thanthose of other rivers in Hokkaido caused by humic substances. Humicsubstances in COD involved more than 70%. T-N value was 1.13mg/l,T-P value was 0.056mg/l, respectively, and those values were same withother rivers in Hokkaido.

The property of catchment regime was analyzed between precipitationand flow ratio. The product of precipitation and flow ratio was constant,and there was no fluctuation of pollutant matter load throughout the year.Most of pollutants matters were supplied from Lake Huren which occupiedabout 46% of the catchment area.

Water budget of Lake Huren was calculated, using Doppler typecurrent meter and measured in the cross-sectional distance with a lighttransit tool. More than 43 million tons of water were discharged fromthe mouth of Lake at low tide, where the tide balance is 152cm. Thedischarged water comprised a large amount of organic mutters andnutrients. These matters were discharged from the lake mouth to coastalareas during low tide.

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2

●Chemical budget in basin

Conclusion

Fig.2 Distribution of Chlorophyll-a

Fig.5 SeaWiFS-derived Chl-a imagery.

Fig.3 Relationship between LANDSAT(band3)-derived data and measured Chl-a

Fig.4 NOAA/AVHRR-derived SST(Sea SurfaceTemperature)

9

The distribution of COD concentration, nutrient and chlorophyll-a areshown in fig.2. These distribution were characterized similarly. Salinity inthis area measured quite low values due to fresh water from lake Huren.This means that northern sea area off Nemuro peninsula was affected by

the lake water.The distribution of the COD concentration and Ignition Losses of these

substrates suggested that the mud bed formed in the central part of thebay and sand bed formed in the inner part of the bay. This means thatthe discharged soil was washed by wave and accumulated the sand in theinner part, and particle muddy sand were transported to the central part,on the other hand.

Comparable analysis ofsatellite-derived informationa n d a n aly tical d ata o nChlorophyll-a was implementedusing LANDSAT, NOAAand Orbview-2. We usedthe satellite imagery of thefine days near the fieldw o r k s . T h e c o m m o no c c u r r e n c e o f c l o u d yweather mean that there werefew chances for investigation.SST (Sea Surface Temperature)from NOAA is shown in fig.3 . We can see the surfaceareas where the high watertemperature extended overthe bay.

A relationship betweenNOAA-derived data and measured chlorophyll-a values is shown in fig.4.There is a good relationship between the two measurements at the seasurface, but several points are out of place from linear regression, causedby dissolved and particles matters near the mouth of Lake Huren whichadd errors to the algorithm. It assumed that the satellite’s sensor mistakebrown water for chlorophyll-a.

To monitor the oceanic water quality such as chlorophyll-a, oil spilland suspended matters, each algorithm was made byempirically accessedmethod. There are fewer reports on the algorithm fitting for coastalwaters when compared with oceanic one. Analytical chlorophyll-a valuesare usually higher than those of satellite(SeaWiFS)-derived values in theNemuro Bay. Moreover, chlorophyll-a values from Satellite were in errorby large amounts for suspended solids and dissolved matters near theriver mouth. The reason why chlorophyll-a values are different fromanalytical values in coastal waters is that the present algorithm was made

empirically for oceanic surface waters. Therefore, we need to make a newalgorithm fitted for coastal sea waters, by arranging the relationship amongthe chlorophyll-a, turbidity and right property of satellite’s sensor, and haveto pay attention to color of humic substances, simultaneously.

The water pollution in the Nemuro bay is due to the large amount ofpolluted matters (about 43million tons of lake water, nearly 75% of lakevolume) discharged from the mouth of lake Huren lagoon, especially, incase of low tide during the spring tide. These waters diffuse partially offthe northern side of Nemuro peninsula. These pollutants trigger theblooming of phytoplankton and accumulate on the seabed forming asubstrate rich in nutrient and organic matter. This sometimes become thesources of water pollution. A good relationship between analyzed data andsatellite-derived data on chlorophyll-a were observed, except the watersnear the mouth of lake Huren were removed from the regression. Thismeans that we need to make up new algorithm for fitting the coastalwaters where it is rich in dissolved matters such as humic substances.

Postscript Within the scope of the research project on coastal waters, acollaborative investigation of Ishikari bay and other sea areas were conductedaround Hokkaido with professor S. Noriki, professor S. Saitoh and Dr. K.Kido. We have been getting the information about the component ofsubstrate such as metal, chemical component(PAH, PCB’s and Dioxin),and search into the annual fluctuation of those items with dating(accumulating speed is nearly 0.6 g/cm .y at Ishikari bay using Pbmethod)

From this fiscal year, we commenced a new program on environmentalwater quality, substrate and ecological issues in the Kushiro sea area.Results already indicate the possibility of deriving new algorithms forremote sensing of coastal sea areas, including a goodrelationship betweenUV(254nm) absorbance as humic substances and COD as organicmatter.

Coastal seas are vulnerable to chemical products discharged from inlandregions. The pollution can become harmful for human health due tobiological concentration, and also cause the degradation of marine resources.There are many problems in coastal sea areas which have to be resolved.The need for this type of

investigation is graduallyincreasing. But there are fewstudy on coastal waters, exceptcentral part of Japan or mainsea traffic area. Moreover thereare many coastal areas noteven studied at any level. Weshould develop fundamentaland applied research to generatethis environmental map of allsea areas around Hokkaido.

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Water quality and substrate

Analysis of satellite-derived imagery

Examination of algorithm for coastal waters

TRAINING THE MEDITERRANEAN ANDBLACK SEA COASTAL MANAGERS:MEDCOAST’S TRAINING PROGRAMS

Chairman, MEDCOAST

Middle East Technical University06531 Ankara, TurkeyTel. +90-312-210 54 29-35-30 Fax: +90-312-210 14 12E-mail: ozhan@metu.edu.tr

Prof. Dr. Erdal Ozhan

10

The concept of MEDCOAST, which is an NGO network of Euro-Mediterranean academic institutions, was born in 1990, and the new initiativewas launched in two directions in 1993. One of these was theorganisation of the First International Conference on the MediterraneanCoastal Environment (2-5 November 1993, Antalya, Turkey), which placedstrong emphasis on the management issues. The second was thedevelopment of a project proposal to the Med-Campus program of theEuropean Union, aiming training and education. The project, which hadthe title of Educational Programs in Coastal Zone Management, was selectedfor funding and became operational in early 1994. Over the past sevenyears since its inception, MEDCOAST has organised seven internationalscientificmeetings and eleven training programs, producing volumes of dataand information valuable for coastal and marinemanagement, and a familyof MEDCOAST alumni totalling more than 200. These MEDCOASTactivities have made a noticeable contribution to integrated coastalmanagement in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Today, MEDCOASThas become a regional institution that serves as an umbrella forbringtogether the efforts of 15 quality centres from theEuro-Mediterraneancountries.

The training offered by MEDCOAST has been through two series oftraining programs. The more comprehensive series is named as theMEDCOAST Institute, and deals with the integrated coastal managementin a wide sense. Theshorter series concentrates on the more specific topicof Beach Management, which is a very important issue for most of theMediterranean and Black Sea countries due to coastal recreation andtourism industry. ,

The MEDCOAST Institute is a three-week long international trainingprogram on the theme of "Integrated Coastal Management in the Mediterraneanand the Black Sea". Since 1994, five Institutes have been carried outThe MEDCOAST Institutes in 94 and 95 were organised by utilising thegenerous financial support of the European Community through their Med-Campus program. The third event, MEDCOAST Institute 96, was realisedthrough sponsorship of the Turkish Prime Ministry, as well as a numberof smaller sponsors. The fourth event, MEDCOAST Institute 98 wasorganised through the support of PEW Fellowship Award in MarineConservation, and several other sponsors including UNEP MAP Co-ordinating Unit and the Priority Actions Program Regional Activity Centre.

The fifth MEDCOAST Institute in 1999 was supported by severalinstitutions with modest contributions.

Four objectives of the MEDCOAST Institutes are:1. To train professionals from the riparian countries on issues

relevant to environmental management of coastal and sea areas of theMediterranean and the Black Sea, by in-class training, field observations

and applied research,2. To serve as an instrument and a forum for exchange of information

and experience among professionals of the Mediterranean and the BlackSea and experts from other coastal countries, for successful coastalmanagement practices relevant to the Mediterranean / Black Sea by usingscientific information and modern management tools,

3. To contribute to the international efforts, such as the MediterraneanAction Plan, the GEF Black Sea Environmental Programme and the BlackSea Strategic Action Plan, firstly by introducing these activities to theparticipants, and secondly by contributing to human resource developmentin the riparian countries, which is very much needed for the execution ofthese international programs,

4. To carry out applied research on various aspects of coastal andmarine management in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea and to contributeto public awareness.

Participation at MEDCOAST Institutes is open to all qualified individualson a competitive basis. After applications are collected, the selectioncommittee decides on the individuals to be invited for participation byreviewing the applicants’ CVs. The participants are urged to generatetheir own funds from the international or national donors for participationin the MEDCOAST Institutes. The modest levels of sponsorship of severalinstitutions are used to provide partial sport toparticipants from thedeveloping countries.

The highest priority target group for participation in the MEDCOASTInstitutes is the professionals holding mid-managerial positions in theircentral governments and being responsible for planning and execution ofprograms or projects on coastal and sea issues. Other groups, indecreasing order of priority, are employees of coastal municipalities, non-governmental environmental organisations, universities and research centres.The maximum number of participants accepted to an Institute is 25, anddiversification of nationalities has been animportant consideration in theselection process, for increasing cross-national information exchanges.

All MEDCOAST Institutes have been run by an international faculty,including well-known experts from the partnerinstitutions of the MEDCOASTnetwork. Additionally, experts from the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP),the GEF Black Sea Environmental Programme, and from the non-networkinstitutions are invited as guest lecturers.

The program of MEDCOAST Institute comprises three parts:* In-class training, including formal lectures by thefaculty on various

topics related to Integrated CoastalManagement (ICM) in the Mediterraneanand the Black Sea, participants’ country reports, and group exercises(carried out in the attractive Campus of Middle East TechnicalUniversity, Ankara).

* Field study and observations on traditional wooden boats sailingalong a selected segment of the Turkish coast andanchoring at locationsof significant coastal conservation and/or development activities forobservations, applied research and interviews with various actors involvedin coastal management (eg. local government officials, developers,conservationists, etc.).

* A concludingworkshop, includingadditional lectures bythe faculty on topicsrelevant to the fieldstudy trip,presentationsby the participants ontheir field observationsand group discussionsessions on the issuesrelated to the field

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Fig.1

study trip and a half-day long "simulation game" on a coastalmanagement scenario (in the METU Campus in 1994, in a hotel inCappadocia in 1995, 1996 and 1998, in a hotel in Dalyan in 1999).

The lecture topics of the reputed international faculty of the MEDCOASTInstitutes cover a wide spectrum of coastal management issues. Theemphasised topics include thefollowings:

ICM issues and problems in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.Sustainable development and theoretical framework for ICM.Physical and ecological description of coastal systems.Coastal and marine resources, uses, and coastaldevelopment activities.Coastal tourism.Use of coastal engineering technology.Coastal management techniques and tools.Specially protected areasRemote sensing and GIS.Environmental economics.Institutional and legal arrangements.Review of ICM activities under MAP.Review of international efforts for ICM in the Black Sea.The field study part of the Institute provides a unique and highly

valuable experience to both the participants and the faculty. During theboat trip, significant coastal forms and features, coastal habitats,conservation areas, and important coastal development projects are studied.

Interviews are carried out with developers, local NGO representatives,protected area managers, central governmental officials (governors), andmayors. Pairs of participants are assigned ICM topics for detailedobservations and investigations during the field study trip. The teamspresent their reports later during the workshop phase of the Institute.Due to the logistical reasons, the past MEDCOAST Institutes have allbeen organised in Turkey and the samesegment of the coastline has beenused for the field studies (except the first Institute in 1994).

The final workshop, which was only two days long in the 1994Institute, was lengthened to one week in 1995. Lectures by the facultyon more applied topics, which are also relevant to the observations madeduring the field study trip, were moved to the workshop. Furthermore,the number of group discussion sessions, which was only one (special areamanagement plan for Sedir Island) in the 1994 Institute, was increased tofour in 1995, and to five in 1996. These topics are; "management planfor Dalyan Specially Protected Area","sustainable tourism in the Mediterranean", "legal and institutional systemsof the Mediterranean and Black Sea countries for ICM", "coastal useconflicts and environmental impacts in Dalaman coastal region", and"functions of nature exercise".

An important part of the workshop is the presentations by participantsof their field study reports. Each presentation is followed by an opendiscussion. This activity, which is carried out on a competitive basis, isfound very educational in general, and is highly valued by the facultyand the participants.

Another major activity included in the program of the workshop isthe simulation game, which takes about half a day. In the 1994 Institute,the scenario used (the Ibis Bay) was kindly provided by the InternationalAcademy of the Environment (Geneva, Switzerland). In 1995, the gamecalled HARBORCO (developed by Harvard Law School) was used.During the following institutes, a modified version of HARBORCO(DALAMAN-CO), based on some of the coastal uses and conflicts observed

during the field trip,was used.

After completionof all three phases oft h e I n s t i t u t e ,successful participantsare a w arded theM E D C O A S TC e r t i f i c a t e o fInternational TrainingProgram on IntegratedCoastalManagementin the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

Participants are asked to evaluate each MEDCOAST Institute at theend by completing a detailed questionnaire, which includes questionsconcerning all three phases of the Institute andcovering many academicmatters, as well as daily life issues, in addition to overall evaluation ofthe program. After the conclusion of the Institute, faculty members providetheirwritten evaluation reports and make valuable suggestions for the nextevent. According to overall opinions of the participants and the faculty,all five MEDCOAST Institutes have been very successful. After six yearsof successful organisation, MEDCOAST Institute has received a well-earnedreputation of being a prime training program in ICM specific to theMediterranean and Black Sea conditions, and providing a uniqueopportunity of high quality training for qualified professionals from theriparian countries. A total of 104 people participated in the five MEDCOASTInstitutes, which were organised between 1994-99. Thedistribution of theMEDCOAST Institute alumni to various countries is shown in Fig. 1.

The second serial training program of MEDCOAST has the title of "Beach Management in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea". The firstevent was held in Erice, Sicily in April 1995. In addition to MEDCOAST,two major sponsors for this training activity were the ICSC-WorldLaboratory (Land-3 Project) (Erice, Italy and Lausanne, Switzerland) andthe Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics (Valletta,Malta). Thirteen well-known experts from eleven countries contributed tothis program as lecturers. The second event was organised jointly byMEDCOAST and the Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics(Valletta, Malta) in Gozo, Malta in May 1996, and the third program byMEDCOAST in Varna (Bulgaria) in July 1997. The fourth event wasorganised again jointly by MEDCOAST and the Euro-Mediterranean Centreon Insular Coastal Dynamics (Valletta, Malta) in Valletta, Malta in July1998. The last course was held in Mamaia, Romania in June 2000 incollaboration with the International Ocean Institute (IOI), the Black SeaOperational Centre and the Robens Centre for Public and EnvironmentalHealth,University of Survey, U.K.

The training program in beach management is a one-week effort ona m o r e s p e c i f i c i s s u e . A l m o s t a l l a s p e c t s o f b e a c hmanagement are addressed in the course. Similar to the MEDCOASTInstitute, the beach management course is designed as an interactive process,i n c l u d i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m b o t h t h e f a c u l t y a n d t h eparticipants, and free discussion sessions. The topics, which are normallycovered, are the followings:

Characteristics of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea beachesBeach dynamicsBeach and dune ecologyCoastal engineering aspects

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・・・・・・・・・

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Ministry of the Environment of Japan

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Fig.2

Fig.3

Artificial beaches, beach nourishmentEnvironmental impactsWater qualityLitter managementTourism / recreational usesBeach ratings and awards, implementation of the Blue FlagsystemBeach management guidelinesA total of 107 people participated in the MEDCOAST’s five

training programs on beach management, organisedbetween 1995-2000. The distribution of the Beachmanagement Training Programalumni to various countries is shown in Fig. 2.

In eleven international training programs organised by MEDCOASTbetween 1994 and 2000, a total of 33 participants from 211 countriesreceived training. These eleven events produced 214 MEDCOASTalumni, with the distribution to countries as shown in Fig. 3. Out of the33 countries, 25 have coastline either along the Mediterranean or the BlackSea. A number of MEDCOAST alumni have played leading roles intheir countries as the focal persons in the international programs or projectsfor developing coastal management capabilities (especially in the frameworkof the Black Sea Environmental Program - BSEP, for which the focalpersons from all countries, except the Russian Federation, receivedtrainingin the first MEDCOAST Institute organised in 1994. The Russianparticipant at that institute, though he was not the focal person of theBSEP, is nowadays one of the leaders of the ICM efforts in Russia.). Inthe Mediterranean, all four coastal planners of the Ministry ofEnvironment of Israel, and almost all professional employees of the CoastalDepartment of the Turkish Ministry of Environment received training inone of the MEDCOAST Institutes.

Key people from the MEDCOAST Network Institutions, facultymembers of the training programs, and the alumni have created theMEDCOAST family of the individuals, who share common goals andconcerns. The MEDCOAST Familygathers regularly in the scientific

meetings organised by MEDCOAST,including the bi-annual conferenceseries and the various speciallymeetings. The MEDCOASTSecretariat located in the MiddleEast Technical University (Ankara,Turkey) facilitate communicationand enhance collaboration amongthe members of the MEDCOASTfa mily, and also with otherconcerned people, on many issues of management and wise use of theprecious coastal and marine areas of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

Further information on the MEDCOAST training programs describedabove or on other MEDCOAST activities can be obtained from the webpage www.medcoast.org.tr, or bywriting to the MEDCOAST Secretariat(e-mail: medcoast@metu.edu.tr, Facsimile: 90 312 210 14 12, Phone: 90312 210 5429-30).

At the meeting of the Central Environment Council’s Water QualitySubcommittee that was convened on October 19, 2000, a report on the "Revision of the Method of Establishing Total Emissions StandardsRelating to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for Water, and theEstablishment of Methods to Set Total Emissions Standards for Nitrogenand Phosphorous, Methods to Measure Pollutant Loads, etc.," submitted tothe Council by the Director-General of the Environment Agency inFebruary of that year, was completed. On the same day, a response wasissued by the Chairman of the Central Environment Council to the Director-General of the Environment Agency.

Based on this response, the Environment Agency is moving forwardwith the necessary procedures to revise relevant laws, etc. in order toapply new total emissions standards.

Of the 232 industries and other enterprise categories that are subject tothe Fourth Total Emissions Standards for the Regulation of Total EmissionsRelating to Water Quality, total emissions standards will be tightened for34 categories.

To further reduce the pollutant load from nitrogen and phosphorous,which will now be included as targets for regulation of total emissions,total emissions standards will be established for all 232 industries andother enterprise categories, like those for COD. For nitrogen, totalemissions standards will be established after adding special remarks for 54of the 232 industries and other enterprise categories in order to further

subdivide these in accordance with the characteristics of the processes, thequality of waste water, the technology used for processing waste waterand so on.In the same manner, for phosphorous, special remarks will be added for18 of the 232 industries and other enterprise categories.

Pollutant loads are determined by multiplying (a) the pollution status(concentration) that is subject to total emissions standards by (b) thequantity of waste water. However, the method of measuring the pollutionstatus of waste water will be based on test methods relating to wastewater standards for nitrogen content or phosphorous content. Accordingly,it would be appropriate to make the frequency of measurement, the methodof recording measurements and so on the same as for COD.

(1) Based on this response, the Environment Agency plans to moveahead quickly with the necessary procedures for revising the regulationsfor enforcement of the Water Pollution Control Law (suishitsu oshokuboshiho), issuing an Environment Agency Notification and so on, in orderto apply the new total emissions standards.

(2) The Environment Agency will also move forward with a study aimedat the establishment of a new basic policy for reduction of total emissions,in order to promote comprehensive and systematic water qualitypreservation measures designed to reduce not only the pollutant loadsdischarged from factories and enterprises subject to total emissions standards,but the overall pollutant load affecting the water quality in Tokyo Bay,Ise Bay and the Seto Inland Sea.

(3) Based on this basic policy for reduction of total emissions, thegovernors of prefectures involved in the reduction of total emissions willestablish total emissions reduction plans setting forth the reduction targetsfor each producing source in that prefecture, the means for reduction andso on. Studies will be promoted in each prefecture aimed at establishmentbefore the end of the year 2000.

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● Concerning the Response from the Central Environment CouncilRegarding the Establishment, Revision etc. of Total EmissionsStandards Relating to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrogenand Phosphorous

(1) Scope of total emissions standards for COD

(2) Scope of total emissions standards for nitrogen and phosphorous

(3) Measurement methods, etc. for nitrogen and phosphorouspollutant loads

1. Main points of the response

2. Future plans

JICA Training Course 2000

Systems of Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas

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Year Persons C o u n t r i e s

Date Subject Lecturer Organization

JICA Training Course 2000 Program

● Numbers of the participants of this coarse since 1990

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With the Director, Water Quality Bureau, EnvironmentAgency of Japan

With pupils at Honjo Elementary School, Kobe

Aug. 22 International EMECS Seminar "Chesapeake 2000 Agreement" International EMECS CenterAug. 23 Programme Orientation Hyogo Prefecutral Institute

of Environmental ScienceCourtesy Call on Hyogo Pref.Government Hyogo Prefecutral Government

Aug. 29 Society Environment Around Enclosed Coastal Seas Osaka University of ArtsAug. 30 Country Report International EMECS CenterAug. 31 Corporation Visit No.1 Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd.

Akashi WorksSep. 1 Fisheries Administration in the Seto Inland Sea Hyogo Prefectural Fisheries

Experimental StationSep. 4 General View of Water Pollution Mechanism Kyushu UniversitySep. 5 Administration of Waste Disposal Osaka Bay Phoenix CenterSep. 6 Corporation Visit No.2 Kobe Steel Co.,Inc. Kakogawa Works

Sep. 7-8 Monitoring Water Quality Using Marine Algae Kobe University Research Centerfor Inland Seas

and Restoration of Macro-Algae CommunitiesSep. 11 Weather and Ocean Environment Kobe Marine Meteorogical Observatory

Environment Education: Visit to Honjyo Elementary School Kobe Honjyo Elementary SchoolSep. 12 Pollutant Load Matter Cycle Process Kagawa University

in Tidal Flat of the Seto Inland SeaSep. 13 Restoration of the Tidal Flat Environment Metocean Environment Inc.Sep. 14 Biological Monitoring for Coastal Environment College of Technology Toyama

Prefectural UniversityVisit to the Example Site of Environmental Restoration International EMECS Center

Sep. 18 The Mangrove Plant and its Life Kyoto UniversitySep. 19 Remote Sensing and its Application Kobe University of Mercantile MarineSep. 20 Water Pollution and Prediction Ecosystem Osaka University

Model in Osaka BaySep. 21 Water Pollution Modeling Mathematical Kyoto University

Model of Water QualitySep. 22 Mid Evaluation Meeting International EMECS CenterSep. 25 Development and Environment Conservation Chugoku National Industry

Research Institutein the Seto Inland Sea

Sep. 26 Biological Production and Environmental Conservation Hiroshima Universityof the Seto Inland Sea

Sep. 27 GIS Technology Tottori UniversitySep. 28 Corporation Visit No.3 Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.Sep. 29 Outline of Water Cycle System Nikken Sekkei Co.,Ltd.

Oct. 2 Marinetime Disaster Marinetime Disaster Prevention CenterOct. 3 Port and Harbor Research Port and Harbor Research InstituteOct. 4 Environment Research National Institute for Environmental StudiesOct. 5 Courtesy Call on Environment Agency of Japan / Environment Agency of Japan

Lecture of Water Environment AdministrationOct. 6 Lecture of Environment Impact Assessment Administration Environment Agency of Japan

Oct. 10 Mechanism of Eutrophication in Enclosed Coastal SeasMechanism of Pollution by Toxic Substances

Oct. 11 Monitoring PlanOct. 12 General View of AnalysisOct. 13 Water Quality Measurement in Laboratory

Oct.16-18 Individual ProgramOCT. 19 Report MakingOCT. 20 Evaluation Meeting / Closing Ceremony JICA/International EMECS CenterVisit the company

On September 11, JICA participants visited Honjo ElementarySchool to participate in a class on environmental education.The school is located in an area which was one of the worstaffected by the devastating earthquake of January 1995, Thechildren manage and observe a small eco-system they havecreated themselves. The visitors also enjoyed classes in Japanesecalligraphy, knitting and so on with the pupils.

1990 8 China, Malaysia, Thailand, Egypt, Saudi Arabia,Turkey, Brasil, Mexico

1991 7 China, Korea, Thailand, Egypt, Saudi Arabia,Turkey, Colombia

1992 9 China, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Kuwait,Brasil, Columbia, Madagascar, Senegal

1993 5 Korea, Mexico, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand1994 6 Korea, Poland, Mexico, Philippines, Saudi Arabia,

Indonesia1995 7 Chile, Mexico, Phillippines, Thailand, Saudi Arabia,

Indonesia1996 8 Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey,

Chile, Iran, Kuwait1997 7 Philippines, Thailand, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Turkey,

Iran, Kuwait1998 5 Chile, Saudi Arabia, Mozambique, Thailand, Viet Nam1999 6 Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Egypt, Turkey, Brasil, Sri Lanka2000 6 China, Thailand, Phillipines, Turkey, Indonesia,

Saudi Arabia

Hyogo Prefecutral Institute of Environmental ScienceHyogo Prefecutral Institute of Environmental ScienceHyogo Prefecutral Institute of Environmental ScienceHyogo Prefecutral Institute of Environmental ScienceHyogo Prefecutral Institute of Environmental ScienceHyogo Prefecutral Institute of Environmental Science, etc.

Environmental management and the social background of JapanRegulations, policy and future approaches to water qualityWaste water treatment / Monitoring and AnalysisWater Pollution Mechanisms and Modeling / Water quality evaluationFisheries administration / Environmental educationEnvironment Impact Assessment / related issues

This training course was geared towards a general introduction to theenvironmental management of enclosed coastal seas in Japan, such as theSeto Inland Sea, Tokyo Bay and Ise Bay, both through lectures andworking on-site with professors, researchers and officials. The course isfor young public officials and researchers in this field from developingcountries that are facing the same kind of problems in their own coastalareas. Through this course, we had many opportunities to visit national/local institutes and organizations, and companies, etc. to develop a networkbetween the participants and local Japanese. The main issues covered inCourse 2000 were:

The course included Japanese language lessons conducted mainly inHyogo prefecture from August 7 through October 22 under the guidanceof the course leader, Prof. Hiroshi Tsuno. The participants discussedenvironmental issues not only in lectures but also with each other and inmeetings with citizens of Kobe. The Center hopes that these experiencesin Japan will be useful for the participants. We also hope that this networkwill benefit and enhance environmentally friendly activities in eachparticipating country in the future.

Japan International Cooperation Agency(http://www.jica.go.jp) or International EMECS Center

Further Information:

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MEDCOAST Secretariat

Middle East Technical University06531 Ankara - TurkeyTelephone: 90 - 312 - 210 54 29 / 210 54 40Facsimile: 90 - 312 - 210 14 12E-mail:medcoast@metu.edu.trhttp:www.medcoast.org.tr

contact addressMary BARRYThe University of Hull, Centre for Coastal Studies,Scarborough CampusFiley Road, SCARBOROUGH YO11 3AZ, UnitedKingdomtel: +44 (0) 1723 363 346fax: +44 (0) 1723 370 815J.P.Ducrotoy@biosci.hull.ac.ukhttp://www.hull.ac.uk

The fifth event of the well-established and reputed MEDCOAST conferenceseries moves to the southern shores of the Mediterranean for the first time.MEDCOAST expects to have another successful event in the magnificent

setting offered by Sousse, enhanced by the rich Tunisian culture andhospitality. Scientists, experts,managers, planners, policy makers, resourcedevelopers, users and conservationists from both the Mediterranean andthe Black Sea countries, or from outside the basins, are cordially invitedto participate!

Physical features, coastal ecosystems, coastal landscapes;Conservation issues, bio-diversity, endangered species, habitat protection,specially protected areas, coastal and marine parks.

Sustainable development of coastal and sea resources;Coastal ecosystem management;Integrated coastal management - theoretical framework and case reports;Management of wetlands, coastal dunes, estuaries, deltas and lagoons;Watershed management;Management of ancient sites, monuments and ship wrecks;Management of living resources: fisheries and mammals, problem ofexotic species, mariculture;Coastal tourism planning and management: facility siting, marinas, andecotourism;Transportation issues: oil transport and pollution;Siting of major industrial facilities;

Water quality issues: land based sources of pollution, toxicorganismsand harmful algal blooms, pollution control, sea outfalls, hazardousand solid wastes management,transboundary pollution issues;

Rehabilitation of damaged ecosystems;Coastal and sea policy, integration of science and policy;Institutional arrangements for implementing coastal management;Legal, economic and social issues; international aspects;Environmental and ecological economics;Education and public involvement, NGO role, Media role;Environmental impact assessment for coastal projects.

Coastal, environmental and ecosystem modelling;Coastal processes;Shoreline management and erosion control;Sea level rise and consequences;Ecocoastal engineering; environmentally sensitive development;Use of remote sensing technology and geographic information systems

in coastal management, global monitoring of coastal environment.

For abstract submission and general information, contact ConferenceSecretariat:

This conference will aim to provide a platform for scientific discussion onfluxes and dynamics of chemicals in aquatic environments and their impacton coastal margins

Conference Lecture: Alan Townshend, Professor of AnalyticalChemistry, University of HullWorkshop including excursionPublication of ProceedingsAccommodation available on siteSupported by the Royal Society of Chemistry

THEMES: The interactions between the atmosphere, land and oceans aswell as natural and anthropogenic inputs regulate fluxes and dynamicsof chemicals into and out of coastal margins. These interactions andprocesses affect coastal ecosystems and their management. Predictionsof rise in surface water temperatures and the attendant climatic changeincluding sea level rise, would suggest that the chemistry and biologyof coastal margins will become an area of increased research and thatbetter methods would need to be researched and adopted inunderstanding and controlling these events and their effects on coastalsystems. SCCS, the Scarborough Centre for Coastal Studies is based atthe University of Hull Scarborough Campus. Within walking distanceof the North York moors and the Heritage coast and a region wherethe fishing industry plays a major role in the culture and economy ofthe community it is ideally situated for the study and discussion of issuesaffecting both terrestrial and marine environments, especially coastalmargins. Expertise within the center include littoral ecology, behaviouralecology, sensory biology, fisheries and marine policy. Staff at the centrehas good links with research institutions and NGOs at local, nationaland international levels. IECS, the Institute of Estuarine and CoastalStudies, is a multi-disciplinary research and consultancy organisation setup to utilize the facilities and expertise in coastal sciences and

management within the University of Hull. ECSA, the Estuarine andCoastal Sciences Association, is an academic organisation with a worldwide membership, which promotes research and study of all aspects ofestuarine and coastal regions.

16.30 onwards Registration18.00 Inaugural LectureFollowed by Buffet Dinner

Keynote speech by Professor Alan Townshend, Head of the AnalyticalResearch Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull FormalsessionsConference Dinner

Full day excursion to Teeside Industrial Complex and Seal Sands,including lunchOpportunity to join delegates for evening meal in Scarborough

WorkshopsEnvironmental chemistry of coastal margins: from methodsto applicationsChemistry, environmental policy and law and the coastalenvironmentEducation and dissemination of scientific information

CONFERENCE TOPICS

DEADLINES

Abstract Submission:Acceptance Notification:Camera -Ready Final Paper:

January 31, 2001February 25, 2001

June 15, 2001

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CONFERENCE SESSIONS

Sunday July 8th

Monday July 9th

Tuesday July 10th

Wednesday July 11th

PHYSICAL, ECOLOGICAL, AND CONSERVATION ISSUES

INTEGRATED COASTAL AND OCEAN RESOURCEMANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

COASTAL ENGINEERING, MODELLINGAND DATA MANAGEMENT

15

BBooookkssKKeeyy DDiivveerrggeenncceess bbeettwweeeenn EEnngglliisshhaanndd AAmmeerriiccaann LLaaww ooff MMaarriinnee IInnssuurraanncceeCCeennttrreevviillllee MMaarryyllaanndd,, CCoorrnneellll PPrreessss,, 11999999 IISSBBNN 00--8877003333--552222--77

Dr. Thomas J. SchoenbaumDean Rusk Professor of International LawUniversity of Georgia, School of LawAthens, Georgia 30602TEL: (706) 542-5140 FAX: (706) 542-7822E-mail: tschoen@uga.edu

Ms. Ankana SirivivatnanonChief Administrator and Programme OfficerSEAPOL Secretariat, Bangkok, ThailandFAX: (662) 5033608. Email: seapol@asianet.co.th

SEAPOL, the Southeast Asian Programme in Ocean Law, Policy andManagement, is a non-governmental network of more than 500 scholars,government officials, members of the private sector and other individualswith a professional interest in ocean affairs of the Asia-Pacific region.Since its establishment in 1982, it holds regular symposia, forums, workshopsand training courses in the promotion of better law, policy andmanagement of marine affairs in the region. It establishes partnership withnational marine affairs centres and supports both institutional and individualnetworks in marine affairs studies and activities. It is a regional programme,originally of Southeast Asia but now of the entire Asia-Pacific.

Every three to four years SEAPOL organizes a major Conference inorder to bring experts from around the worm together to examine someof the current regional ocean issues in a global and inter-regional context.The Conference on "Ocean Governance and Sustainable Development inthe East and Southeast Asian Seas: Challenges in the New Millennium"will be such a major event to be hem in Bangkok, Thailand, on March21-23, 2001.

All who are interested in the current issues of ocean affairs in theAsia-Pacific region are cordially invited to participate.

To provide Asia’s finest forum on ocean affairs that will benefit theregion as a whole;

To examine current regional ocean issues, especially those of the Eastand Southeast Asian Seas, in a global and inter-regional context;

To bring international scholars, experts, senior government officials andprofessionals together from around the world to focus on ocean affairs inthe Asia-Pacific region;

To provide a clear focus on current problems of the Asia-Pacific marineenvironment; and

To enhance the ability of developing countries in the region to managetheir maritime interests and to facilitate cooperation between countries inthe region.

The Conference is for anyone who is interested in the current issues ofocean affairs in the Asia-Pacific region. It is anticipated that about 150leading scholars, experts, professionals and senior government officials fromthe region and from around the world will attend.

Please check our website (http://www.seapol.org) for conference andaccommodation expenses and registration form. For inquiry please write to:

For Registration please fill in the registration form and forward to theabove address. A late registration fee, of USD 50.00 per person will becharged after 15 th February 2001

This is indeed a learned and scholarly comparative study of Americanand English marine insurance law. Professor Schoenbaum gently introducesthe subject with an account of the basic legal concepts and principles ofmarine insurance, and then leads us in Chapter 2 to an historical surveyof both the common law and American admiralty law. The voyage intohistory is to prepare the reader, providing him with an insight into theevolution of American marine insurance law and the cause of the breakdownof the uniformity of Anglo-American law.

I must confess that initially I found Chapter 2 and parts of Chapter3somewhat daunting and a little difficult to digest. This is due as much tomy ignorance of the conflicts within the American federal-state legislativesystem as to the complexity of the legal issues. But as one gets deeperinto the book, the picture becomes clearer, and one finds it difficult toput the book down: it becomes totally absorbing. The notorious WilburnBout case is clearly a thorn in the side of many American lawyers: theSupreme Court ruling that state law, as opposed to federal law, applies tomarine insurance has engendered an enormous numbers of critical reviews.The case was seen by some judges and academics as having brought toan end almost 150 years of the supremacy of substantive federal rulesconcerning marine insurance. Professor Schoenbaum, however, is moreoptimistic and feels that all is not lost, and that the Wilburn Baat decisioncan be reversed.

Chapter 4 is concerned with the formation of the contract, including aninformative account of the role and duties of the broker. The authorconcludes that, save for one exception, the rights and duties of insuranceintermediaries are similar in both jurisdictions.

In Chapter 5 and 6, the author analyses the principal divergences (theduty of utmost good faith and warranties) between American and Englishlaw with admirable skill and clarity. Comparative law analysis can sometimesbe contrived and tiresome, especially if the differences are tediouslydelivered blow by blow. Professor Schoenbaum has very wisely steeredaway from adopting such a stance and has presented us with a most

readable and lively study of not only the major divergences between thetwo legal regimes but also the variations in federal and state law. Also,in identifying the similarities in Anglo-American law, he has rendered thebook invaluable to readers on both sides of the Atlantic. The author tackleswith vigor the duty of utmost good faith, raising prickly questions relatingto the foundation, nature and scope of the duty. The subject of"materiality" in relations to non-disclosure and misrepresentation is dealtwith in meticulous details.

The icing on the cake can be found in the examination of the subjectof warranties (Chapter 6). Our attention is drawn to the measures whichAmerican judges have taken to avoid the severe effects of the rule ofautomatic discharge propounded by Lord Goff in the celebrated case ofThe Good Luck. In trying to reconcile Lord Goff’s theory of automaticdischarge attendant on a breach of a warranty, the author has pointed outthat "He [the insurer] can waive the breach and remain liable or unlessthe breach is cured promptly, he can void the obligation." A breach ofwarranty, however, cannot under English law be cured. American law, inrejecting our literal compliance and automatic discharge rules, haseffectively rendered the warranty into a suspensive condition precedent orsubsequent, the breach of which can be remedied. Such a norm isintrinsically different from the strict marine insurance warranty as understoodunder English law.

On the subject of seaworthiness in a time policy, it is interesting tonote the recent case of The Lydia Flag where the policy in questioncontained an express warranty of seaworthiness. The parties have, by theincorporation of this express term, effectively negated the operation ofsection 39(5) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906, bringing the policylargely into line with American law. Could this be the beginning of anew trend in English time hull policies?

Any person who is interested in the subject of marine insurance can beassured that they would find the book immensely enlightening and, aboveall, a pleasure to read. It would undoubtedly, by reason of its attention todetails, serve as an excellent source of reference for academics,practitioners, researchers and students. More to the point, any countrystarting with a clean slate, minded to have a code or restatement of marineinsurance law would be well advised to consult this treatise, since takingthe best of both worlds is, of course, always a safe and sensible approachto the drafting of any new law.

In the concluding chapter, Professor Schoenbaum identifies policy andpolitics as the underlying basis of American law, and principle andformalism, as the foundation of English law: As a note of caution, it maybe appropriate at this juncture to be reminded of the slippery route whichAmerican courts have taken in relation to their "jolly little wards of the

OBJECTIVES

PARTICIPATIONS

INQUIRY AND REGISTRATION

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Bulletin Board

International EMECS CenterIHD Bldg. 5-1 Wakinohama-kaigandori 1-chome, Chuo-ku,Kobe 6510073 JapanTEL: +81-78-252-0234 TEL: +81-78-252-0404URL: http://www.emecs.or.jp E-mail: secret@emecs.or.jp

Call for ArticlesContributions from readers (reports on research on enclosed coastal seas,conference information, etc) would be greatly appreciated.

(Printed on recycled paper)

CCeenntteerr’’ss CCaalleennddaarr ((AAuugguusstt--DDeecceemmbbeerr,, 22000000))

AAddmmiirraallttyy aanndd MMaarriittiimmee LLaawwTThhiirrdd EEddiittiioonn

Dr. Thomas J. Schoenbaum

Published by West Group610 Opperman Drive P.O. Box 64526St. Paul, Minnesota 55164-0526, USATel: +1-800-328-9352E-mail: legaleducation@westgroup.comWeb: http:/lawschool.westgroup.com

Admiralty". In their kind and compassionate endeavours to protect theirinjured mariners, it has been said that American judges have gone too farand have created a Frankenstein. Thus, any policy approach, as opposedto principle-formalism, should be viewed with caution, for it could welllead to the birth of another unpredictable monster. The English rules mayat times produce harsh results, but the reward for any principle-baseddoctrine is certainty and clearly in the law and marketplace. Policy, notunlike politics, is a blunt instrument and can be capricious, whereasprinciple is sharper and stable: each carries a price.

In a calm, confident and methodical manner, Professor Schoenbaum hassuccessfully accomplished more than he set out to achieve. He has withouta doubt effectively elicited the main differences between American andEnglish marine insurance law. It is indeed comforting and refreshing tolearn that even after a most intensive and exhaustive study of the subjects,Professor Schoenbaum is able to say that our Marine Insurance Act 1906is still good enough to serve as a model for a new American MarineInsurance Act.(quote from the International Journal of Insurance Law, vol 2000)

In this third edition of Admiralty and Marinelaw, I have reviewed the whole manuscript and made three kinds ofchanges. First, certain sections had to be entirely rewritten because of newdevelopments, usually in the U.S. Supreme Court, which continues to shape

the law. Second, new decisions and statutory changes were accommodatedby revisions to lines of text and the addition of footnotes. Third, I addeda few new sections. I am heartened that, in general, the conceptual outlineis adequate. I also am heartened by the acceptance of the book by judgesand practitioners. I welcome and will answer all queries, suggestions, andcriticisms. The object is to produce a tome that is as useful as possibleto judges, lawyers, students, and those in the business of shipping.

(Quote from Preface of this book)

The Center accepted 6 JICA participants on this course fromAugust 7 through October 20, 2000. (See page 13 for details)

A kick-off meeting was held on August 14 in Kobe to discussthe contents of the first circular for the conference.

On August 22, a seminar was held in Kobe, which focused onthe new agreement "Chesapeake2000", or "C2K", This agreementis commited to protect and restorewater quality, living resources, andvital habitats, while also promotingsound land use, stewardship, andcommunity involvement and continuesthe cooperative approach from 1983

and the goals and due dates from 1987. In the seminar, three invitedspeakers from the US, Dr. Wayne Bell, Mr. David Carroll and Dr.Jane Nishida provided an outline to and the concept of the Chesapeake2000 Agreement. the audience of some 100 peaple also enjoyed anopen discussion with the speakers and the coordinator, Prof. Kumamoto.

The Scientific and Policy Committee was held in Kobe on August23 to discuss the Center’s future activities and how to attractparticipants to the 5th EMECS Conference. Prof. Kumamoto waselected chair of the committee. Prof E. Jansson and Prof. Yanagiwere elected vice chairs.

The Center participated inthe following exhibitions topromote the Center’s activities.* Coastal Zone Canada 2000:September 17-22 / Saint John,CANADA* Seto Inland Sea Research Forumin Okayama: Kurashiki, JAPAN* Techno-Ocean 2000:November 9-11 / Kobe, JAPAN

The 1st Circular for the 5th EMECS Conference was issued inSeptember. The 2nd Circular containing more detailed information onthe program, financial support and so on will be distributed aroundJanuary 2001.

In order to establish a plan for environmental maintenance tohelp achieve "environment-creating urban planning" that integrates bothland and sea areas and enhances the attractiveness of the Osaka Bay

region, the Center initiated off a research project committee made upof Dr. Ueshima and other learned and experienced persons from Japanto pursue research in the areas listed below:

(a) Studying policies to restore existing water environments andcreate new ones

(b) Verifying that these policies are technologically, environmentallyand economically feasible

(c) Studying what type of citizen involvement is desirable in therestoration of existing water environments and creation of newones.

On November 23, the 2nd meeting of Board of Directors washeld on Awaji Island and approved the following.

1: Election of a new trustee:Mr. Yoshiki Kimura, Governor,Wakayama Prefecture, Japan

2: Election of a new memberof the Scientific and PolicyCommittee:Mr. Ivica Trumvic, Director,UNEP PAP Center, Croatia

3: Establishment of the officeof the executive committeefor the 5th EMECS Conference.

On November 23, the Executive Committee was held on AwajiIsland.

From December 12 to 13, the Center and UNEP EAS/RCUorganized a symposium in Bangkok, Thailand to discuss importantissues on this topic around the East Asian region in cooperation withthe Thai government, Chulalongkorn University and SEAPOL. Detailswill be provided in the next EMECS Newsletter, which will be issuedaround March.

Schoenbaum’s Admiralty and Marine lawoffers a detailed and comprehensive treatment ofbasic rules, principles and issues relating to thelaw of the sea.

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JICA Training Course 2000

Kick off meeting for the 5th EMECS Conference

International EMECS Seminar "Chesapeake 2000"

1st Scientific and Policy Committee

Exhibitions

1st Circular for the 5th EMECS Conference issued

Research project committee on water cleanupand other plans for environmental restoration

2nd meeting of the Board of Directors

Executive Committee of the 5th EMECS Conference

International Symposium on Protectionand Management of Coastal Marine Ecosystems

"System of Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas"