InternationalDisputeSettlementin...

International Dispute Settlement inan Evolving Global Society

Constitutionalization, Accessibility, Privatization

This book is the outcome of the Sir Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures deliv-ered by the author atCambridgeUniversity in 2001. It addresses three salient issuesof contemporary international dispute settlement: the development of internationalconstitutional law in a global society; the increasing access of the individual; andthe developing role of international private arbitration.The book discusses recent thoughts and proposals concerning a new role for the

International Court of Justice in performing judicial constitutional functions, withparticular reference to the United Nations and the trends toward the recognitionof judicial review. It also addresses the question of the eventual establishment of anInternational Constitutional Court.The increasing access of individuals to international dispute settlement is exam-

ined in the light of ICSID arbitration, free trade agreements and other devel-opments in the WTO. Emerging trends in the organization of internationalcommercial arbitration are discussed in the light of privatization arrangements.

is Professor of International Law at the Instituteof International Studies and Law School, University of Chile. He is currently thePresident of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal and a member of the ICSIDPanels ofConciliators andArbitrators by appointment of the President of theWorldBank. He has lectured in universities in the USA, Europe, the Pacific and SouthAmerica, and at the Hague Academy of International Law.

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International DisputeSettlement in an Evolving

Global SocietyConstitutionalization, Accessibility, Privatization

FRANCISCO ORREGO VICUNA

Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures2001

Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law

University of Cambridge






The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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C© Francisco Orrego Vicuna 2004

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004

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Contents

Preface page viiAcknowledgements ixList of abbreviations xTable of treaties xiiTable of cases xxi

1 An evolving international society: institutionalization,privatization, globalization 1

2 A constitutional court for an international society? 10

3 Individuals and settlement of international claims: changeand adaptation of governing rules 29

4 Individuals before international courts and tribunals:a continuing progression 48

5 Shaping a new role for the individual in international disputesettlement: the contribution of specialized jurisdictions 63

6 The World Trade Organization integrated dispute settlementsystem: innovation and transition 85

7 An alternative dispute resolution system for internationaldisputes 98

8 A centralized-decentralized dispute resolution system for theinternational community? 124

Bibliography 127Index 142

v






Preface

I have been greatly honored by the invitation of Sir Elihu Lauterpacht andthe Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law at the Universityof Cambridge to deliver the Sir Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lecturesfor 2001. Because these are the first Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures atthe beginning of a new century, it is appropriate to focus on a subject thatis likely to endure for many years and to which Sir Hersch Lauterpachtgreatly contributed in his own time.The new arrangements for dispute settlement under international law in

an evolving international society pose a number of key questions. First, itmust be asked what are the likely characteristics of international society inthe foreseeable future and what will be their impact upon the internationallegal order.The evolution that took place in this respect during the twentiethcentury offers a number of discernible trends that might serve to identifythe basic features of the international society and of international law.The second major question arises from the fact that international rela-

tions in an evolving society, one that is still developing its governing structureand rules, necessarily result in a whole set of new issues associated with thedifferent types of disputes that need to be attended to in the changing legalenvironment. This in turn raises the question of the most adequate disputesettlement arrangements for handling the new legal, moral and politicalconcerns of the international community.Three central concerns of the international community will be explored

in these lectures. First, the question of the need to establish and identifybasic constitutional rules for the governance of international society will bediscussed. In this context one might consider the feasibility of establishingan International Constitutional Court, as well as the role the InternationalCourt of Justice has had and is likely to have in dealing with constitutional

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Preface

issues. While this raises importantly the problem of the structure and pow-ers of the United Nations, it is not restricted to the ambit of any oneorganization; it also covers many questions of general international law.The emergence of the individual as a subject and actor of international

law is a second major concern to be explored. This aspect relates both tothe models that are already available to settle disputes involving both stateand individual interests and to the needs and developments that might beenvisaged in this field. However, although considerable progress has beenand is being made, some important limits have become evident; attendingto these with care is necessary if we are to avoid a distortion of the truefunction of these new arrangements.As international society becomes both more complex and interrelated

the number of disputes likely to be submitted to international procedures isexpected to grow exponentially; this is already evident from current prac-tice. The feasibility of establishing a structured or semi-structured mecha-nism of alternative dispute resolution at the international level will also beexplored, particularly with a view to attend the many disputes that relateto transnational business and commercial activities.The author had the opportunity and the privilege to participate as a

co-rapporteur on the subject of dispute settlement for the Centennial Com-memoration of the First Peace Conference. This event took place in 1999 inThe Hague and St. Petersburg, at the invitation of the Dutch and Russiangovernments, just as it had done a century earlier. During the work lead-ing to this commemoration and the discussions held on the subject, manyideas were contributed by distinguished international lawyers and judges,of which many have contributed to the present shape of these lectures.It is hoped that this discussion will provoke new thoughts and eventually

lead to new proposals on the improvement of current dispute settlementarrangements under international law, so as to facilitate the task of bothpresent and future international courts and tribunals, and other institu-tions. This in itself would, of course, be the greatest homage to Sir HerschLauterpacht, whose vision of an international society under law had at itsheart the need for just and effective international judicial institutions.

viii






Acknowledgements

The author wishes to acknowledge the many useful suggestions made bycolleagues and friends in the preparation and revision of these lectures.Particular mention must be made of Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, ProfessorJames Crawford, Dr. Joanna Gomula and Mr. Darren Peacock, all fromthe Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law at the Universityof Cambridge. Paz Zarate, from the Institute of International Studies ofthe University of Chile, also greatly helped in the organization of the tablesand bibliography.The research carried out in the preparation of these lectures was made

possible under Grant No. 1000755 of the Chilean National Fund forScientific and Technological Development on “New Alternatives for theSettlement of Disputes under International Law: trends for the twenty-firstcentury” (2000–2002).

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Abbreviations

APEC Asia Pacific Economic CooperationASEAN Association of South East NationsCSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in EuropeDSU WTO Dispute Settlement UnderstandingECJ Court of Justice of the European CommunityECR European Communities Court of Justice ReportsEU European UnionFAO Food and Agricultural OrganizationGATS General Agreement on Trade and ServicesGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICC International Criminal CourtICJ International Court of JusticeICSID International Centre for the Settlement of Investment

DisputesICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former

YugoslaviaIDI Institut de Droit InternationalILA International Law AssociationILC International Law CommissionIMF International Monetary FundMERCOSUR Southern Cone Common MarketNAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementOECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and

DevelopmentOSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in EuropePCA Permanent Court of Arbitration

x






List of abbreviations

PCIJ Permanent Court of International JusticeRIAA Reports of International Arbitral AwardsUN United NationsUNCC United Nations Compensation CommissionUNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade LawUNTS United Nations Treaties SeriesWIPO World Intellectual Property OrganizationWTO World Trade Organization

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Table of treaties

1899July 29 Hague Convention I for the Pacific Settlement ofInternational1907 Disputes (187 CTS 410; 26 Martens NRG, 2ndser. 920; 91 BFSP 970; 2 US Treaties 2016; 21 RTAF 703; 23Hertslet 509; USTS 392; 32 Stat 1779; JOF 1 December 1900, 306;1 AJIL (1907) Supp. 107) 108

1906Aug. 13 Pan-American Convention relative to Naturalized Citizensreturning to Reside in the Country of their Origin (6 Martens NRG,3rd ser. 215; 103 BFSP 1010; 202 CTS 265; USTS 575; 37 Stat1653; 3 Malloy 2882; 7 AJIL Supp 226) 36

1907Oct. 18 Hague Convention No I for the Pacific Settlement ofDisputes (3 Martens NRG, 3rd ser. 360; 100 BFSP 298; 2 USTreaties 2220; UKTS 6 (1971), Cmnd 4575; 205 CTS 233; USTS536; 54 LNTS 54; 25 Hertslet 590; 2 AJIL (1908) Supp. 43; JOF8 December 1910) 108

Oct. 18 Hague Convention No XII for the Establishment of anInternational Prize Court (3 Martens NRG, 3rd ser. 688; 100 BFSP435; 205 CTS 381) 48–9

Dec. 20 Convention for the Establishment of a Central AmericanCourt of Justice (100 BFSP 841; 3 Martens NRG, 3rd ser. 105; 2 USTreaties 2399; 206 CTS 79) 49

1909Jan. 11 Great Britain–USA, Convention relating to Boundary Watersand Boundary Questions between the USA and Canada (3 US

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Table of treaties

Treaties 2607; 36 Stat 2448; UKTS 23 (1910); 102 BFSP 37; USTS548; 208 CTS 214) 108–9

1914July 24 Chile–USA, Treaty for the Settlement of Disputes that MayOccur Between the USA and Chile (39 Stat 1645; USTS 621;6 Bevans 550) 105, 106

1919June 28 Treaty of Versailles (Treaty of Peace between the Allied andAssociated Powers and Germany) (112 BFSP 1; UKTS 4 (1919);3 US Treaties 3714; 11 Martens NRG, 3rd ser. 321; 16 AJIL (1922)Supp. 1; 29 Hertslet 603; 225 CTS 189) 49–50Part VII 50, 54

1920Dec. 16 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ,Series D, No 1 (2nd edn), 7; UKTS 23 (1923), Cmd 1981; 1 Hudson530; 6 LNTS 380), Art. 34(1) 57–8

1922May 15 Germany–Poland, Geneva Convention concerning UpperSilesia (9 LNTS 466) 50

1930Apr. 12 Hague Convention concerning Certain Questions relating tothe Conflict of Nationality Laws 39–40

Protocol Relating to Military Obligations in Certain Cases of DoubleNationality (50 Stat 1317; USTS 913; 2 Bevans 1049; 178 LNTS227; UKTS 22 (1937), Cmd 5460; 137 BFSP 238; USTS 913, 50Stat 1317; 4 Malloy 5261; 2 Bevans 1049; 5 Hudson 374) 36

1933Dec. 26 Montevideo Convention on the Nationality of MarriedWomen (49 Stat 2957; USTS 875; 3 Bevans 141) 36

1945June 26 Charter of the United Nations (9 Hudson 327; UKTS 67(1946), Cmd 7015; 145 BFSP 805; USTS 993; 1 Peaslee 1288; 59Stat 1031; 1 UNTS 16; 39 AJIL (1945) Supp. 190; JOF 13 January1946; 3 Bevans 1153; Blackstone’s International Law Documents, 5thedn 8 (amended version)) 11, 13–22, 50–2Chapter VI 22–6Chapter XVI, Art. 103 14

June 26 Statute of the International Court of Justice (9 Hudson 510;UKTS 67 (1946), Cmd 7015; USTS 993; 145 BFSP 832; 1 Peaslee

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Table of treaties

1322; 3 Bevans 1179; 1945 CanTS 7; 39 AJIL (1945) Supp. 215n;JOF 13 January 1946; 59 Stat 1031)Chapter II, Art. 34 59–60

1947Oct. 30 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (55 UNTS194; 148 BFSP 759; Cmd 7258 and 8048; TIAS 1700; 61 Stat (5) A3(6) 1365; 4 Bevans 639; ATS 23 (1948); 1947 CanTS 27; 8 SATS 5(1949); 1 Vert A 11; 1 Peaslee 706; The Results of the Uruguay Round ofMultilateral Trade Negotiations, CUP) 105Art. XII 92Art. XXIII 89–91

1948Apr. 30 American Treaty on Pacific Settlement (Pact of Bogota) (30UNTS 55; PAUTS 16; PAULTS 24; 152 BFSP 73) 108, 112

1949Apr. 28 Revised General Act for the Pacific Settlement of InternationalDisputes (71 UNTS 101) 108

Aug. 12 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners ofWar (Geneva Convention III) (75 UNTS 135; 157 BFSP 284; UKTS39 (1958); TIAS 3364; 6 UST 3316; Roberts and Guelff, Documentson the Laws of War, 3rd edn 243) 54

Aug. 12 Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of CivilianPersons in Time of War (Geneva Convention IV) (75 UNTS 287; 157BFSP 355; UKTS 39 (1958), Cmd 550; TIAS 3365; 6 UST 3516;Roberts and Guelff, Documents on the Laws of War, 3rd edn 299) 54

1950Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms (213 UNTS 221; UKTS 71 (1953), Cmd8969; 156 BFSP 915; ETS 5; 45 AJIL (1951) Supp. 24; 1 Peaslee354; 2 Vert A 20; 1 HRR 65; JOF 4 May 1974; 1 EYB 316; 1974RTAF 28) 52Art. 6(1) 35 n. 34

1953Feb. 27 Agreement on German External Debts (333 UNTS 4; 160BFSP 245; UKTS 7 (1959); 4 UST 443; TIAS 2792) 51

1954Sept. 28 Convention on Status of Stateless Persons (360 UNTS 130;161 BFSP 372; UKTS 41 (1960)) 35

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Table of treaties

1957Mar. 25 Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community(Treaty of Rome) (163 BFSP 206; 4 EYB (1956) 412; 298 UNTS 11;UKTS 15 (1979), Cmnd 7480; JOF 2 February 1958; 1958 RTAF 5;12 Vert A 134)Art. 177 [new Art. 234] 61, 75Art. 179 [new Art. 236] 75

European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (320UNTS 243; ETS 23; 5 EYB 347; UKTS 10 (1961), Cmnd 1298; 17Vert A 192), Art. 26 111

1958June 10 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of ForeignArbitral Awards (New York) (330 UNTS 38; 21 UST 2517; TIAS6997; UKTS 26 (1967), Cmnd 3655) 73, 111

1961July 9 EEC–Greece, Association Agreement ( JO (CEE) 16 February1963, 294) 75 n. 79

1963May 25 Charter of the Organization of African Unity, Protocol of theCommission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration (21 July1964) (3 ILM (1964) 1116; Brownlie, Basic Documents on AfricanAffairs, 9; 1 Sohn (edn), Basic Documents of African RegionalOrganizations 69) 112

1965Mar. 18 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes betweenStates and Nationals of Other States (ICSID) (575 UNTS 159;UKTS 25 (1967), Cmnd 3255; 17 UST 1270; TIAS 6090; 1966UNJYB 196; 60 AJIL (1966) 892; 4 ILM (1965) 532) 64–7, 111Art. 25(1) 65Art. 25(2)(b) 65Art. 25(3) 65Art. 26 66Art. 27 64–5Art. 54 66

1969Nov. 22 American Convention on Human Rights (PAULTS 36; 9 ILM(1970) 673; 65 AJIL (1971) 679; Blackstone’s International LawDocuments, 5th edn 141), Art. 1(1) 52

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Table of treaties

1972Apr. 15 Canada–USA, Agreement Concerning the Water Qualityof the Great Lakes (23 UST 301; TIAS 7312; 11 ILM (1972)694) 109

1975Jan. 30 Inter-American Convention on International CommercialArbitration (PAUTS 42; 14 ILM (1975) 336) 73, 111 n. 66, 114Art. 510 73Art. 707 73

1978Nov. 23 Canada–USA, Agreement Concerning the Water Quality ofthe Great Lakes (30 UST 1383; TIAS 9257; 1153 UNTS 187)109

1979May 8 Inter-American Convention on Extraterritorial Validityof Foreign Judgments and Arbitral Awards (PAUTS 51; 18ILM 1224) 111 n. 66

Treaty establishing the Court of the Cartagena Agreement as amendedby the Trujillo Act of 10 March 1996 and the Cocha Protocol of 28May 1996 to form the Court of Justice of the Andean Community(http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/Junac/Tribunal/indexcar.asp)77

1980Aug. 12 Treaty establishing the Latin American Integration Association(ALADI) (20 ILM 672) 75–6

1981Jan. 19 Iran–USA, Declaration of the Government of the Democraticand Popular Republic of Algeria concerning the Settlement ofClaims by the Government of the USA and the Government of theIslamic Republic of Iran (20 ILM (1981) 230; 75 AJIL (1981) 422;1 Iran-US CTR 9) 42–4Art. VII(1) 42–3

1982Dec. 10 Convention on the Law of the Sea (21 ILM (1982) 1261; Misc11 (1983), 8941; 1833 UNTS 3 (1994); Brownlie, Basic Documents inInternational Affairs, 3rd edn 129)Part VII, Section 1, Art. 91 33–4Part XI 81–2Art. 187 81Art. 187(a) 81

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Table of treaties

Art. 187(b) 81Art. 188(2) 82

Part XVArt. 284 106Art. 292 82

Annex VI (Statute of the International Tribunal on the Law of theSea), Art. 20 82

1983Arab League, Convention on Judicial Cooperation 111 n. 66

1984Nov. 29 Argentina–Chile, Peace and Friendship Treaty (24 ILM (1985)11), Annex I 106

1987Dec. 15 ASEAN Agreement for the Promotion and Protection ofInvestments (27 ILM (1988) 612) 68

1988Jan. 2 Canada–USA, Free Trade Agreement (27 ILM (1988) 281)

1990June 11 Chile–USA, Agreement to Settle Dispute ConcerningCompensation for the Deaths of Letelier and Moffitt (30 ILM (1991)422; 88 ILR 730) 34, 106

1991Dec. 17 MERCOSUR Protocol for the Settlement of Disputes 76–7

1992Feb. 7 Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) (EC 3 (1992),Cmnd 1934; 31 ILM (1992) 247)Title III, C 34

Dec. 10 Statute of the Central American Court of Justice (CorteCentroamericana de Justicia (1998), p. 408) 77

Dec. 15 Convention on Conciliation and Arbitration in the Frameworkof the OSCE (32 ILM (1993) 557; 1995 RTAF 1) 105–6Preamble 103Art. 3 105Art. 16 104Art. 18 106Art. 19 106

Dec. 17 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (32 ILM(1993) 289, 605)Chapter II, Art. 201 68–9

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Table of treaties

Chapter XI 68, 95–6Art. 1113 69Art. 1117 69Art. 1120 68Art. 1121(2) 69Art. 1127 69Art. 1128 69Art. 1132 69Art. 1139 69

Chapter XIX 72Art. 1902 72Art. 1904(1) 72Art. 1904(3) 72Art. 1904(5) 72Art. 1904(13) 72Annex 1911 72

Chapter XX 71Art. 2005(1) 71Art. 2005(5)(b) 71Art. 2006 104Art. 2020 73Art. 2022(1) 73Art. 2022(2) 73Art. 2022(3) 73Art. 2022(4) 73

1993Sept. 14 North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation(32 ILM (1993) 1480)

Nov. 24 Agreement to Promote Compliance with InternationalConservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on theHigh Seas (33 ILM (1994) 968), Art. 3(3) 33–4

1994Jan. 17 MERCOSUR Protocol on the Reciprocal Promotion andProtection of Investments (Colonia) 68, 76

Apr. 15 Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (33ILM (1994) 1144; The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations, CUP; Blackstone’s International Law Documents, 5th edn380) 92–7, 105Art. V 94Annex 1A, Agreement on Preshipment Inspection, Art. 4 93

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Table of treaties

Annex 1C (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights) (TRIPS) 93Annex 2 (Dispute Settlement Understanding) 85–91Art. 3.5 86Art. 3.7 87Art. 4.1 86Art. 4.11 86Art. 4.4 86Art. 4.6 95Art. 5 86Art. 5.4 86Art. 5.5 86Art. 5.6 86, 95Arts. 6–16 87Art. 7 87Art. 13.1 93Art. 13.2 93Art. 14.1 86, 95Art. 17 87, 88–91Art. 17.10 95Art. 17.13 87Art. 17.14 89Art. 21 87Art. 21.1 90Art. 21.3 87Art. 22 87–8Art. 22.6 87, 88Art. 24 86Art. 25 87Art. 25.1 87Art. 25.2 87Art. 25.3 87Art. 25.4 87Appendix 1 (covered agreements) 86Appendix 2 (special or additional Rules and Procedures) 86

June 13 Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Free Trade Agreement 68Aug. 5 MERCOSUR Protocol on the Reciprocal Promotion andProtection of Investments made by Countries that do not belong toMERCOSUR (Buenos Aires) 68

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Table of treaties

Dec. 17 Energy Charter Treaty (33 ILM (1994) 360; 10 ICSIDReview–Foreign Investment Law Journal (1995) 258) 68

1998July 17 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (37 ILM(1998) 999; Blackstone’s International Law Documents, 5th edn 446;Schabas, An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (2001); UNDoc. A/CONF.183/9 of 17 July 1998) 55–7

2001Feb. 14 Treaty Establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice(http://www.sice.oas.org/trade/ccme/ccj1.asp) 77

2002Feb. 18 MERCOSUR Protocol for the Settlement of Disputes (Protocolof Olivos) 76

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Table of cases

Action Against the Judiciary of Nicaragua for Failure to Comply with a Deci-

sion, Central American Court of Justice, Case No. 30.9, 5 December1996 77

Ambatielos arbitration (United Kingdom–Greece), (1963) XII United NationsReports of International Arbitral Awards 91; 23 ILR 306; 24ILR 291 58, 67

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

(Bosnia-Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia-Serbia and Montenegro), Provisional Mea-sures [1993] ICJ Reports 3 (Order of 8 April) and 325 (Order of 13September); 95 ILR 1 25

Arbitral AwardMade by the King of Spain on 23December 1906 [1960] ICJReports192; 30 ILR 457 121

Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) [1991] ICJ Reports53; 92 ILR 31 121

Asbestos case, WTO Appellate Body Decision, AB-2000-11, WT/DS135/AB/R, 12 March 2001 94

Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Co. (Belgium v. Spain) [1970] ICJ Reports 3;46 ILR 1 40–1, 42, 47, 58

Bier v.Mines de Potasse d’Alsace [1976] ECR 1735 61British Steel Case, WTO Appellate Body Decision, AB-2000-1, WT/DS138/AB/R, 10 May 2000 94

CMS Gas Transmission Company v. Argentine Republic, ICSID case ARB/01/8,Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction, 17 July 2003, (2003) 42 ILM789 41

Case Concerning Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal

Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v. United Kingdom,

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Table of cases

Libya v. United States), Provisional Measures [1992] ICJ Reports 3, 114(Order of 14 April); 94 ILR 478 25

Case Concerning the Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig, Advisory Opinion No.15 [1928] PCIJ Reports, Series B, 17–21; 4 ILR 281; 4 ILR 287 50

Case No. A/18, 6 April 1984, 5 Iran–US Claims Tribunal Reports 251–428;75 ILR 175 43

Ceskoslovenska Obchodni Banka, AS. v. Slovak Republic, ICSID Case No.ARB/97/4, Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction, 24 May 1999, 14ICSID Review–Foreign Investment Law Journal (1999) 250; (1999) 5 ICSIDReports 414 65

Crevier, World Bank Administrative Tribunal, Decision No. 205, 1999 79EC—Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas,WTOAppellateBody Report, WT/DS27/AB/R, 9 September 1997 93

Elettronica Sicula (ELSI) (United States v. Italy), [1989] ICJ Reports 15; 84 ILR311 41

Esphahanian v. Bank Tejarat, Award No. 522-828-1, 21 October 1991, 27Iran–US Claims Tribunal Reports 196; 72 ILR 478 43

DeMerode, World Bank Administrative Tribunal, Decision No. 1, 1981 79Fedax NV v. Republic of Venezuela, ICSID Award of 11 July 1997, (1998) 37International Legal Materials 1378; (1998) 5 ICSID Reports 200 38, 67

Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex (France v. Switzerland), (1930)PCIJ Reports, Series A. No. 24 (1932) Series A/B No. 46; 5 AD 16; 6AD 632 120

Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia) [1997] ICJ Reports 3; 116ILR 1 120

Housing and Urban Services International, Inc. and Government of the Islamic Republic

of Iran, Award No. 201-174-1, 22 November 1985, 9 Iran–US ClaimsTribunal Reports 313–330 44

I’m Alone (Canada v. United States) (1935) RIAA, III, 1609; 7 AD 203 34International Military Tribunal for the Trial of Major German War Criminals, Judg-ment 30 September 1946 (Cmd. 6964); 13 AD 203 54

JapanMeasures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper (Kodak-Fuji),WTOAppellate Body Report, WT/DS/44/5, 1998 92

Lederer v.GermanGovernment, Anglo-GermanMixedArbitralTribunal, (1924)Recueil des Decisions des Tribunaux Arbitraux Mixtes 762–768 49

Letelier v.Chile, Chile–UnitedStatesCommission, 11 January 1992, SeparateConcurrent Opinion of Commissioner Francisco Orrego Vicuna (1992)31 International Legal Materials 1–18; 88 ILR 737 35

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Table of cases

Maffezini v. Kingdom of Spain, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/7,Award of 13 November 2000 (2000) 5 ICSID Reports 419;www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/awards.htm 66, 67

Marbury v.Madison, US Supreme Court, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 1803 24Mavrommattis Palestine Concessions (Greece v.United Kingdom), Jurisdiction (1924)PCIJ Reports, Series A No. 2; 2 AD 27 31

Merge Claim, Italian-United States Conciliation Commission (1955) 14 ILR236 and 22 ILR 443 39n, 43, 56

Methanex v. United States, Order of the Tribunal, 15 January 2001 95Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v.Guatemala),Merits [1955] ICJReports 4–23; 22 ILR349 43, 58, 59

Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, ICTY Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, 2 October 1995;105 ILR 419 25, 58

Public Citizen v. Office of the USTR, US District Court for the District ofColumbia, Civil Action No. 92-0659, Order of 6 November 1992 95

Re Oil Spill of “Amoco Cadiz”, 699 F. 2d 909 (17th Cir. 1983); 63 ILR310 61

Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of theUnited Nations, AdvisoryOpinion[1949] ICJ Reports 174, 186; 16 AD 318 34, 39(n.55)

Reservations to the Genocide Convention, Dissenting Opinion of Judge AlejandroAlvarez [1951] ICJ Reports 15–53; 18 ILR 388 17

Re Union Carbide Corp. Gas Plant Disaster, 809 F. 2d 195 (2nd Cir. 1987) 61Sedco Inc. v. National Iranian Oil Co. (1987-II) 15 Iran–US Claims TribunalReports 23; 84 ILR 483 43

Sigwald Charles v. Germany, French-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, CaseNo. 255; 3 AD 337 49

Socobelge v. Greece, Permanent Court of International Justice, Ser. A/B,No. 78 (1939) 9 ILR 521; 18 ILR 3; 9 AD 521 121

Steiner and Gross v. Poland, Upper Silesian Arbitral Tribunal, Decision of30 March 1929; 4 AD 291 50

US Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, Communicationfrom the Appellate Body, WT/DS/58/13, 12 October 1998 94

US Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WTO Appellate BodyReport and Panel Report, WT/DS2/9, 20 May 1996 91

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