InternatIonal Workshop SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE OF...

InternatIonal Workshop

SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPESBerlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and HumanitiesBerlin, 15 – 16 June 2010

3Social-Ecological RESiliEncE of cultuRal landScapES

SociAl-EcologicAl RESiliEncE of cultuRAl lAndScApES

Berlin, 15 – 16 June 2010

WoRkSHop pRogRAm

tuESdAy, 15 JunE 2010

9.00 – 9.30 arrival and registration

9.30 – 10.00 opening and introduction: Resilience and the cultural landscape tobias plieninger (Berlin-Brandenburg academy of Sciences and Humanities) &

claudia Bieling (university of freiburg)

10.00 – 10.30 the European rural landscape among globalization, identity and sustainability Mauro agnoletti (university of florence)

10.30 – 11.00 (Re)conceptualising the human in cultural landscapes and social-ecological systems

lesley Head (university of Wollongong)

11.00 – 11.30 two approaches towards understanding agricultural landscapes Mats Widgren (Stockholm university)

11.30 – 12.00 discussion on keynote addresses

12.00 – 13.15 lunch

13.15 – 15.05 conceptualising landscapes as social-ecological systems chair: William c. found; discussant: Mats Widgren from cultural landscapes to resilient social-ecological systems. transformation

of a classical paradigm or innovation of a novel approach? Thomas Kirchhoff (Protestant Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Heidel-

berg), Deborah Hoheisel (Technical University Munich) & Fridolin Brand (ETH Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich)

on the suitability of resilience and system concepts when analysing landscape dynamics

Marie Stenseke, Elin Slätmo (University of Gothenburg) & Regina Lindborg (Stockholm University)

Analysing resilience – comparing an expert driven framework for analysing

resilience with a case study in an italian cultural landscape Ian Soane (University of Lancaster / IASMA – Istituto Agrario San Michele

all’Adige), Alessandro Gretter, Rocco Scolozzi & Cristina Orsatti (IASMA – Istituto Agrario San Michele all’Adige)

Relationships between path dependency and resilience of cultural landscapes Andreas Röhring & Ludger Gailing (IRS Leibniz-Institute for Regional Develop-

ment and Structural Planning)

15.05 – 15.20 coffee break

15.20 – 17.30 driving forces of landscape change at various spatial-temporal scales chair: Kira gee; discussant: Mauro agnoletti

challenging the driving forces framework: contrasting conceptual land change studies with empirical findings

Matthias Bürgi & Anna M. Hersperger (WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research)

Resilient basic structures and transient contents of cultural landscapes: An em-pirical review of historical landscapes as an aid to landscape system analysis

Robert C. Zimmermann (Senneville, Canada)

landscape asymmetry as an element of agro-ecosystem resilience Dirk van Apeldoorn, Marthijn P. Sonneveld & Kaspar Kok (Wageningen University)

landscape dynamics in the dehesas of Sierra morena (Andalusia): A political-ecological analysis of driving forces and land-use decisions in an European agrosilvopastoral system

Christoph Schröder (Universities of Sevilla and Pablo de Olavide)

landscapes in Eastern germany at a turning point – population decline and the development of land consumption

Maria Moorfeld (Technische Universität Berlin)

20.00 Seminar dinner (Restaurant Brechts, Schiffbauerdamm 6-7, www.brechts.de/en)

WEdnESdAy, 16 JunE 2010

8.30 – 9.00 Resilience and regime shifts in cultural landscapes: Assessing cascading effects Ann P. Kinzig (Arizona State University)

9.00 – 9.30 A heterarchy of knowledges: Re?-assembling a global conscience Carole L. Crumley (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill / Stockholm Resilience Centre)

9.30 – 9.55 discussion on keynote addresses


10.10 – 11.40 Resilience-based perspectives on landscape change chair: Robert c. Zimmermann, discussant: ann p. Kinzig the sugar-cane cultural landscape of the caribbean islands: tracking a social-

ecological system from the 16th to the 21st century William C. Found & Marta Berbés-Blázquez (York University) local land-users’ perception and impacts of land use and management changes in two cultural landscapes: a comparative case (north of Spain and

north of Argentina) Alejandro Rescia Perazzo, Maria E. Pérez-Corona (Universidad Complutense de

Madrid) & John Dover (Staffordshire University)

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offshore wind farming on the West coast of Schleswig-Holstein: A shift to-wards a new cultural landscape?

Kira Gee (GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht) & Benjamin Burkhard (Kiel University)

11.40 – 12.20 Social capital as source of resilience and adaptation in landscapes

chair: Matthias Bürgi; discussant: carole l. crumley

desirable states: the politics of resilience thinking Betsy Beymer, Thomas J. Bassett (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) &

Ian Bryceson (Norwegian University of Life Sciences)

using social-ecological inventory to identify ecosystem services of traditional rural biotopes in South-West finland

Traci Birge & Marianne Fred (Åbo Akademi University / Novia University of Ap-plied Sciences)

12.20 – 13.20 lunch

13.20 – 14.50 Explaining high institutional persistence in East german recreational fisheries governance after the disturbance of the german reunification in 1990 Katrin Daedlow, Volker Beckmann & Robert Arlinghaus (IGB Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries / Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)

Social-ecological resilience and transhumance landscapes in the mediterra-nean: learning from the past, looking for the future

Elisa Oteros-Rozas, José A. González Nóvoa, Berta Martín-López, César A. López & Carlos Montes del Olmo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)

the role of homegardens in strengthening social-ecological resilience: case studies from cuba & Austria

Christine Buchmann, Brigitte Vogl-Lukasser & Christian R. Vogl (University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna)


15.05 – 16.55 Adaptive management of cultural landscapes chair: Marie Stenseke, discussant: lesley Head

using ecosystem services as a framework for causality and the matching of social and ecological scales

Magnus Tuvendal & Thomas Elmqvist (Stockholm University / Stockholm Resilience Centre)

A resilience perspective on stocking-based recreational fisheries management in cultural landscapes

Maja Schlüter & Robert Arlinghaus (IGB Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries / Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)

Social-ecological factors of landscape planning in germany Wolfgang Wende (IÖR Leibniz Institute for Ecological and Regional Develop-

ment)

collective efforts to manage cultural landscapes Katrin Prager (The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute)

16.55 – 18.00 concluding session: outlook by the discussants and final discussion

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS


contEnt

opEning And intRoduction

Workshop Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

kEynotE ABStRActS

the european rural landscape among globalization, identity and sustainabilityMauro agnoletti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

(Re)conceptualising the human in cultural landscapes and social-ecological systemslesley Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

two approaches towards understanding agricultural landscapesMats Widgren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Resilience and regime shifts in cultural landscapes: assessing cascading effects ann p. Kinzig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

a heterarchy of knowledges: Re?-assembling a global conscience carole crumley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

concEptuAliSing lAndScApES AS SociAl-EcologicAl SyStEmS

from cultural landscapes to resilient social-ecological systems. transformation of a classical paradigm or innovation of a novel approach? thomas Kirchhoff, deborah Hoheisel & fridolin S. Brand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

on the suitability of resilience and system concepts when analysing landscape dynamics Marie Stenseke, Elin Slätmo & Regina lindborg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

analysing resilience – comparing an expert driven framework for analysing resilience with a case study in an italian cultural landscape ian Soane, alessandro gretter, Rocco Scolozzi & cristina orsatti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Relationships between path dependency and resilience of cultural landscapes andreas Röhring & ludger gailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

dRiving foRcES of lAndScApE cHAngE At vARiouS SpAtiAl-tEmpoRAl ScAlES

challenging the driving forces framework: contrasting conceptual land change studies with empirical findingsMatthias Bürgi & anna M. Hersperger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Resilient basic structures and transient contents of cultural landscapes: an empirical review of historical landscapes as an aid to landscape system analysisRobert c. Zimmermann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

landscape asymmetry drives agro-ecosystem resiliencedirk van apeldoorn, Marthijn p. Sonneveld & Kaspar Kok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

landscape dynamics in the dehesas of Sierra Morena (andalusia): a political-ecological analysis of driving forces and land-use decisions in an European agrosilvopastoral systemchristoph Schröder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

landscapes in Eastern germany at a turning point – population decline and the development of land consumptionMaria Moorfeld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

RESiliEncE-BASEd pERSpEctivES on lAndScApE cHAngE

the sugar-cane cultural landscape of the caribbean islands: tracking a social-ecological system from the 16th to the 21st centuryWilliam c. found & Marta Berbés-Blázquez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

local land-users’ perception and impacts of land use and management changes in two cultural landscapes: a comparative case (north of Spain and north of argentina)alejandro Rescia perazzo, Maria E. pérez-corona & John dover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

offshore wind farming on the West coast of Schleswig-Holstein: a shift towards a new cultural landscape? Kira gee & Benjamin Burkhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

SociAl cApitAl AS SouRcE of RESiliEncE And AdAptAtion in lAndScApES

desirable states: the politics of resilience thinking Betsy Beymer, thomas J. Bassett & ian Bryceson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

using social-ecological inventory to identify ecosystem services of traditional rural biotopes in South-West finland traci Birge & Marianne fred. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Explaining high institutional persistence in East german recreational fisheries governance after the disturbance of the german reunification in 1990 Katrin daedlow, Volker Beckmann & Robert arlinghaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Social-ecological resilience and transhumance landscapes in the Mediterranean: learning from the past, looking for the future Elisa oteros-Rozas, José a. gonzález, Berta Martín-lópez, césar a. lópez & carlos Montes del olmo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

the role of homegardens in strengthening social-ecological resilience: case studies from cuba & austria christine Buchmann, Brigitte Vogl-lukasser & christian R. Vogl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

AdAptivE mAnAgEmEnt of cultuRAl lAndScApES

using ecosystem services as a framework for causality and the matching of social and ecological scales Magnus tuvendal & thomas Elmqvist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

a resilience perspective on stocking-based recreational fisheries management in cultural landscapes Maja Schlüter & Robert arlinghaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

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Social-ecological factors of landscape planning in germanyWolfgang Wende . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

collective efforts to manage cultural landscapesKatrin prager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

list of participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

OPENING AND INTRODUCTION


WoRkSHop QuEStionS

international “Social Ecological Resilience of cultural landscapes”Berlin, 15–16 June 2010

the workshop aims at creating, respectively enhancing, theoretical insights into the social-ecological resilience of cultural landscapes through coming to terms with – and challenging – existing concepts of “driving forces”, “thresholds”, adaptive cycles” and “adaptive management”. We expect that an improved understanding of these issues will facilitate the fostering and advancement of future research on the resilience and sustainable management of cultural landscapes. the basis of the workshop, and starting point for extensive discussion sessions, will be empirical studies focusing on cultural landscapes as social-ecological systems.

conceptualising cultural landscapes in terms of resilience• Is the resilience concept helpful to understand cultural landscapes (e.g. to surmount the Eurocentrism of the landscape approach)?• What are the potential problems and practical applications of the resilience/social-ecological systems framework for cultural landscapes?• How do different conceptual perspectives on cultural landscapes match with each other and are there potential ways for integration?

driving forces of landscape change at various spatial-temporal scales• Which fast and slow variables are the most important determinants of landscape change?• At what spatial and temporal scales do these drivers act?• How can the variety of different driving forces be integrated into a framework explaining landscape change?

Resilience-based perspectives on landscape change• Which possible alternate regimes and corresponding thresholds can be identified for the landscape?• What are the key points for intervention to avoid undesirable alternate landscape regimes?• How can phases of reorganisation and renewal be positively managed in cultural landscapes?

Social capital as source of resilience and adaptation in landscapes• How can social capital (e.g., social networks, shared cultural beliefs, traditions etc.) enhance resilience and adaptation in landscapes?• How do conditions of rapid change enhance and/or confound a community’s capacity to adapt?• How can social institutions be strengthened to increase regional resilience of landscapes to uncertain future changes?

Adaptive management of cultural landscapes• How can cultural landscapes be managed in an adaptive way?• How can adaptive management address the shortcomings of conventional resource management?• Which general principles that foster landscape resilience can be derived from the presented approaches?

KEyNOTE ABSTRACTS


tHE EuRopEAn RuRAl lAndScApE Among gloBAlizAtion, idEntity And SuStAinABility

mauro Agnoletti

the rural landscape is an important issue for the European union in which territory classified as rural accounts for more than 90% of the total surface area, contains over 60% of the population produces more than 50% of total wealth. apart from this quantitative data, it should also be pointed out that it is in the rural areas that much of European civilisation developed. this is reflected today by the many ways in which human beings have shaped the natural landscape over the centuries, producing some of the most mark and most representative manifestations of the European continent’s many different cultural identities. the numerous European landscapes are a reflection of the continent’s different faces, and the growing concern for the landscape indicates the social, political and cultural tensions of an entity that is still seeking its own identity, an identity not directed against other identities but concerned to overcome its own uncertainties by accepting dialogue, inclusion and diversity.

the role of the landscape and our perception of it have changed in the course of time. today, the landscape is no longer esteemed only for its “aesthetic and cultural” dimension, an elitist concept divorced from the socio-economic context. the landscape is now part of the definition of a development model. the aim is to tackle environmental issues by incorporating human society into a project not limited to simple “gardening” operations or to bureaucratic action that only involves systems of protection. the search for an identity and a sense of place highlights a deeper malaise associated with the globalisation process, its standardising, modernising effects on the one hand and its imbalances and inequalities on the other. tackling the landscape question in all its complexity involve a critique of established development models, without any concession to nostalgic yearnings for the pre-modern era or to unrealistic questing for an environment or landscape immune from human influence. the rural landscape is a cultural construct. it exists once conceived of or to some extent “planned” by human beings, with account taken of its natural components. the diversity of meanings associated with the landscape and the opportunities presented by a landscape-based approach for the European rural space mark out the landscape as a possible new paradigm for our development model, with the aim of harmonious integration of social, economic and environmental factors in space and time.

despite the wealth of activities on sustainable development, European rural and environmental policies have been unable to prevent degradation processes that have often led to homogenization of the landscape. one of the most important process occurred in the last century is the abandonment of land with movement of the rural population to the towns and consequent neglect of traditional landscapes, the being less suited to development of industrial scale farming. this development has been aided by the common agricultural policy (cap) which, in order to reduce surplus of production, has promoted the gradual abandon of traditional farming systems and intensification of the areas most suited for industrial farming. as a result of the abandonment of farmed land we are seeing an increase in woodland (the rate of forest growth is more than 400,000 hectares a year in Europe), a phenomenon that puts the effects of global warming and the danger of deforestation and desertification into a different perspective. the renaturalisation processes currently under way shows the disappearance of complex landscape mosaics, open spaces and the creation of compact, homogeneous, less diverse land cover which is not only detrimental to the landscape but also to biodiversity. these processes are often supported by policies carried out in protected areas according to the habitat directive.

conservation and valorization is urgently needed for the Euroepan Rural landscape. landscape resources are an important aspect of the economic development of rural areas, of their environmental quality, and of quality of life of population. However, conservation policies are often opposed by those who fear to stop development and growth. the idea of a conservative option opposed to “development” has now given way to the suggestion that, on the contrary, conservation is an emerging aspect of innovation in modern society. on the one hand, all development constantly adds to heritage assets laid down in the past; on the other, there cannot be any genuine conservation without the simultaneous creation of new assets.

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(RE)concEptuAliSing tHE HumAn in cultuRAl lAndScApES And SociAl-EcologicAl SyStEmS

lesley Head

in this paper i compare the ways the human has been conceptualised in the two broad literatures referred to, in the terms of the workshop, as the “social-ecological systems” or “resilience” perspective and the “cultural landscape” concept. in particular i am concerned to interrogate the extent to which the human (including human processes and systems) has been conceptualised as separate to, and distinct from, the nonhuman or more-than-human world. these are intensely intellectual questions that also matter on the ground, as illustrative examples from australia will demonstrate.

i argue that much of the work of the cultural landscape concept has been oppositional. it puts people and culture into landscapes that had been considered empty and natural. and it does so in a variety of ways, as different types of World Heritage cultural landscape (for example fossil and associative) indicate. Yet it does so in ways that remain inherently dichotomous, as entrenched in the term ‘cultural landscape’ itself. Similarly, the idea of separate social and ecological systems has been dichotomous. Even the stitching together of those systems in an ‘integrative’ framework, such as resilience, serves to further underscore their separateness.

in both cases these binaries are challenged by the empirical evidence of mutual constitution and embeddedness. i explore how relational perspectives that acknowledge a complex of human and nonhuman actors can help us reframe our thinking, and in so doing contribute to genuinely resilient landscapes.

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tWo AppRoAcHES toWARdS undERStAnding AgRicultuRAl lAndScApES

mats Widgren

for the management of agricultural landscapes we need good theories and understandings of the driving forces behind the emergence, endurance and decline of particular types of farming practices and farming systems. the question is not new in landscape studies, much research in landscape history has been aimed towards understanding the rationale behind and the explanation of a specific type of agrarian landscape might have been. What is perhaps new is the increased interest and belief in that particular types of landscapes, that once were the indirect effect of cultural, economical and political forces, quite different from the present, should be managed and sustained under present economic and political conditions. this sharpens the demands on the theoretical framework of landscape studies. in this presentation i want to contrast two such theoretical approaches, one based on resilience theory and the other based on political ecology.


RESiliEncE And REgimE SHiftS in cultuRAl lAndScApES: ASSESSing cAScAding EffEctS

Ann p. kinzig

Social-ecological systems consist of ecological, economic, and sociocultural domains, operating at different scales. often the crossing of a threshold in one domain and one scale introduces a “cascade” of regime shifts in other domains and at other scales. We examined these cascading regime shifts in four different cultural landscapes – a cheese-production system in france, a rangeland system in australia, a wheat-production system in australia, and a pollination-dependent system in Madagascar. in spite of the broad sociocultural and ecological differences in these systems, a “general model” of cascading regime shifts emerged. these cascading regime shifts also appear to lead to more resilient, though less desirable, new social-ecological systems.

A HEtERARcHy of knoWlEdgES: RE?-ASSEmBling A gloBAl conSciEncE

carole crumley

We are living through a remarkable moment in the history of our species and the planet we call home. While human prospects appear dire and those of the planet much compromised, the hopeful nature of our species once more requires us to think quickly and well. first, we must re-evaluate our tools for preparing a resilient future and ask ourselves whether all known system parameters been adequately mapped. We must then move from a cacophony of practice (cross-purposes) to a heterarchy of practice (cooperation), carefully choosing among theoretical, conceptual, and methodological tools. finally, we must confront once more the partiality of our knowledge about the world, and rededicate our spiritual as well as our intellectual selves to the effort. How, then, should we rediscover conscience?

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CONCEPTUALISING LANDSCAPES AS

SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SySTEmS


fRom cultuRAl lAndScApES to RESiliEnt SociAl-EcologicAl SyStEmS. tRAnSfoRmAtion of A clASSicAl pARAdigm oR innovAtion of A novEl AppRoAcH?

thomas kirchhoff, deborah Hoheisel & fridolin S. Brand

Environmental management in germany and many other European countries has commonly been oriented at the concept of cultural landscapes. However, the tight connection of this concept to conservative cultural values has been increasingly criticized. Quite recently, the concept of resilient social-ecological systems has been put forward by several research communities as a novel, scientifically well-founded, and unbiased alternative. in this article we ask: is this appraisal of the resilience approach as a culturally unbiased theory justified? to answer this question, we compare the classical version of the concept of cultural landscapes with the currently probably most influential concept of resilient social-ecological systems, which is advocated by the Resilience alliance.

We show that, beside minor differences, obvious structural similarities exist between these two concepts. first, both assume that society and nature are interacting entities which develop and mutually influence each other in a co-evolutionary way –– and in this way form a new, superordinate unity. Second, both emphasize that (successful) development is neither fortuitous nor mechanistic, but organic and leads to discrete, unique states: to unique cultural landscapes or resilient social-ecological systems characterized by a specific basin of attraction and regional specificity. third, the two concepts do not assume linear progress of societal development, but cyclic development, i.e. the adaptive cycle of social-ecological systems in the case of the resilience approach and the natural cycle of growing, prosperity, and dying of societies in the case of the concept of cultural landscapes. fourth, both concepts highly value traditional knowledge gained by pre-modern cultures.

We conclude that the concept of resilient social-ecological systems is a more scientifically focused and a functionally restricted version of the classical concept of cultural landscapes. it generally is subject to the same objections as the classical concept. in particular, it is not an unbiased natural scientific fact but it is grounded in a view of society, nature, and the man-nature-relationship that expresses a rather conservative worldview and value system that is opposed to current trends in world development, such as urbanization, industrialization and globalization. Such a worldview has tremendous consequences for the specific environmental management approach as it bounds humans very closely to the local natural conditions. conservation measures that try to implement resilient social-ecological systems do not apply a value-free scientific theory to the landscape but carry with them rather conservative values and a world-view that is directed against globalization.

on tHE SuitABility of RESiliEncE And SyStEm concEptS WHEn AnAlySing lAndScApE dynAmicS

marie Stenseke, Elin Slätmo & Regina lindborg

this paper discusses the usefulness of the concepts ”resilience” and “social-ecological systems” when analysing and understanding the development in marginal rural areas as well as future options. it is based on a joint research project between Stockholm resilience center and department of Human and economic geography in göteborg. one ambition is to explore the connectivity between the ecosystem approach and landscape research. as a part of an international research project, aiming at assessing the possibility for innovative practices that links social structures with management of biodiversity by comparing the development in agricultural areas under transition in Sweden, portugal and australia, we have investigated the main social and economic drivers for land use change in the last 50 years in the parish of Hållnäs, eastern Sweden. the direct (primary) and indirect (secondary, tertiary etc) drivers operate at various spatial, temporal and institutional scales, and we discuss them in terms of pressures, frictions, attractors and triggers. this is then linked to an assessment of the ecosystem and biodiversity in the case study area. We specifically address i) how to frame the integrated relationship between social and ecological aspects, ii) if we regard the areas as a social-ecological system, what options and limitations will that have, iii) how driving forces outside the study area, at various time scales can be handled in a system perspective. further, we discuss the usefulness to include the concept resilience of social-ecological system in this type of landscape transitions compared to an arena based concept like landscape. a key issue for future options is “What is to be resilient?”. as that is a value laden and political issue, aims of resilience can to a limited degree be defined by research, as it rather should be processed in ongoing democratic dialogues and continuous ethical considerations.

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AnAlySing RESiliEncE – compARing An ExpERt dRivEn fRAmEWoRk foR AnAlySing RESiliEncE WitH A cASE Study in An itAliAn cultuRAl lAndScApE

ian Soane, Alessandro gretter, Rocco Scolozzi & cristina orsatti

this paper draws on the expert views of over one hundred stakeholders, including fifty specialists worldwide who are involved in research or management of natural resources in a rural context. it explores ideas relevant to Resilience and Social Ecological Systems (SESs) from perspectives offered in three separate but thematically linked events and applies these perspectives in the construction of panarchy metaphors that examine natura 2000 interest associated with “Malghe” (alpine-mountain) grassland, in Val di ledro, trentino, italy.

the authors invited participants in the three events to consider resilience in the context of the management of upland cultural landscapes but other themes including public health, nature conservation and cultural identity emerged.

this approach resulted in participants embarking on discussions that were subsequently classified as illustrating seven key themes:

1. cultural landscapes,2. SES as metaphor or quantitative model,3. Resilience as by-product of complex systems or a human attribute,4. SES and co-adaptation,5. Resilience and value systems,6. transformation or resilience,7. Resilience analysis as an applied technique.

these debates identified valuable insights on the application of resilience techniques. System scale and governance relationships in resource management occurred as a crosscutting theme. participants’ valued panarchy and SES as “thinking tools” for use within participatory techniques but differed on their value as predictive models for generating locally adapted solutions.We are able to shed light on some of these concerns by looking at our current work on developing a panarchy perspective to natura 2000 interest within the cultural landscape of Malghe grassland. as part of work in progress we present issues encountered in constructing adaptive cycle diagrams and defining their comparative shapes through evaluating relative natural capital and complexity. We also explore options of combining social and biophysical measures within adaptive cycles and SES.

Keywords: Social Ecological Systems, Resilience, Community, Cultural Landscape, Grassland

RElAtionSHipS BEtWEEn pAtH dEpEndEncy And RESiliEncE of cultuRAl lAndScApES

Andreas Röhring & ludger gailing

the paper deals with the relationships between the social-ecological resilience concept and the socio-scientific approach of path dependency by the example of cultural landscapes from a regional science perspective. the investigation of path dependencies can help to understand the drivers of change and adaptability as well as the reasons for stability and inflexibility of cultural landscapes, shaped by physical and institutional dimensions.

the presentation aims to (1) discuss the relationship between resilience and path-dependency theoretically, and (2) provide empirical findings on the basis of case studies in rural and suburban cultural landscapes.

natural risks, social and economical problems and innovation processes are challenges for regional development. in this relationship the resilience of regions is increasingly a topic in spatial planning and regional science. Resilience and path dependency seem to be contrary approaches – the first aims at the adaptation of ecosystems; the second explains the background for the implementation of inefficient technologies and their long-term persistence. Specifying this relationship, resilience can contribute to keep regions, shaped by path dependent processes, adaptable and flexible. in contrast to that, the approach of path dependency can enrich the resilience concept to analyse the historical roots and their consequences for the adaptability of regions and the dynamic of the adaptive cycle. it can also offer additional value by using the positive feedback mechanism with increasing returns to enforce the resilience of a region.

Resilience and path dependency will be discussed from the perspective of regional science focussing on problems of the development of cultural landscapes. cultural landscapes are complex socio-spatial constructs shaped by cultural features, historical persistences, typical structures of land use and settlements with identity-establishing and image-generating effects. But because of their specific landscape features and social structures cultural landscapes can be affected by natural or socioeconomic risks. Referring to these potentials and risks, cultural landscapes can be developed by governance structures to action arenas. in this sense a cultural landscape is a suitable level of scale to debate problems of resilience.

the case studies focus at the examples of the rural respectively suburban cultural landscapes oderbruch and Barnim. the oderbruch case study, a rural region at the polish Border, reflects the interrelation between institutional and physical path dependency and resilience in the face of the risk of flooding. Strong path dependency shaped by the logics of action of the water and land use regime led to a loss of flexibility and adaptability of the social-ecological system. But resilience requires new concepts with regard to the multifunctionality of the cultural landscape. the Barnim case study examines the social construction of resilience on the basis of intended processes of regional path creation by the establishing a regional park and a nature park in a suburban cultural landscape in the north-East of Berlin.

30

DRIvING FORCES OF LANDSCAPE

ChANGE AT vARIOUS SPATIAL-

TEmPORAL SCALES


cHAllEnging tHE dRiving foRcES fRAmEWoRk: contRASting concEptuAl lAnd cHAngE StudiES WitH EmpiRicAl findingS

matthias Bürgi & Anna m. Hersperger

conceptual studies as well as empirical research both bear the potential to contribute to theory development. at the example of the driving forces framework, we contrast the two approaches and illustrate exemplarily how existing concepts can be challenged and further developed by both.

the framework of driving forces is gaining increasing attention in land change science. We summarize two conceptual papers in which we fist outlined a systematic procedure to assess the driving forces of land change (Bürgi et al. 2004), and subsequently expanded the approach by conceptualizing the integration of actors in studies of driving forces (Hersperger et al. in press). to increase the value of empirical case studies on land change, we strive to generate insights which are valid beyond the boundaries of the case study region. as a way to facilitate generalization, we suggest testing hypotheses on driving forces of land change derived from one case study in another region. We will illustrate this approach in a case study on land change in the limpach Valley, Switzerland (Bürgi et al. 2010).

Based on both conceptual as well as empirical approaches, we conclude with three challenges to the driving forces framework, i.e., the lack of concepts on how to integrate cultural aspects, the study of persistency and resilience in the land, and finding links between the driving forces framework and the concept of ecosystem goods and services.

Keywords: land-use planning; land-use and land-cover change; landscape history; persistence; precursors of change; standard procedure

ReferencesBürgi m, Straub A, Gimmi U, Salzmann D (2010) The recent landscape history of Limpach valley, Switzerland: Considering three empirical hypotheses on driving forces of landscape change. Landscape Ecology 25:287-297.Bürgi m, hersperger Am, Schneeberger N (2004) Driving forces of landscape change - current and new directions. Landscape Ecology 19:857-868.hersperger Am, Gennaio mP, verburg Ph, Bürgi m (in press) Linking land change with driving forces and actors: four conceptual models. Ecology and Society.

RESiliEnt BASic StRuctuRES And tRAnSiEnt contEntS of cultuRAl lAndScApES: An EmpiRicAl REviEW of HiStoRicAl lAndScApES AS An Aid to lAndScApE SyStEm AnAlySiS

Robert c. zimmermann

Rural landscapes are the visual expression of the imprint of socio-economic systems on natural ecosystems. it is tempting, therefore, to see these landscapes as basically two superimposed systems subject to the same broad laws governing the development, stability, disturbance, collapse and new stasis that have been formulated primarily for natural ecosystems. analogies can illuminate but they can also mislead. Basic differences exist between cultural landscapes and natural systems, and they warn us against a direct read-across of concepts from one to the other system. in particular, concepts such as resilience and disturbance require different assumptions and definitions when dealing with cultural landscapes. thus complex ecosystems may be stable, whereas complex landscapes are often inherently unstable. disturbance that leads to drastic changes, if not to collapse, in natural systems has invariably a negative connotation, whereas a “disturbance” with a similar impact on a cultural landscape may be a positive event. conserving ecosystems and cultural landscapes also requires radically different concepts.

a key priority for adapting systems analysis to cultural landscapes is the identification of traits that characterise stability in these landscapes because these traits are not necessarily those that define stable ecosystems. Resilience is also a key to conservation. an attempt has been made to isolate some of these traits by reviewing a number of historical landscapes in both Europe and french canada. the seigneurie landscape of canada has proved to be unusually resilient, and it may have some lessons for landscape conservation elsewhere. in reviewing these case studies, it was found useful to judge landscapes on the basis of the metaphor of “bones keep, but flesh decays” because most landscapes consist of a more or less resilient basic structure (“bones”) that supports more transient contents (“flesh”). the two usually occur at different scales. an attractive but vulnerable “flesh” that cannot be preserved should not distract us from focusing on identifying and strengthening inherently resilient “bones”. using this scheme, the coltura promiscua, two french canadian landscapes, Waldhufen, Marschhufen, three-field landscapes, bocage, montado/dehesa, and the alberata padana were reviewed for structure and contents. Resilience is mainly a combination of utility or environmental functions that transcend ever-changing socio-economic systems, especially if these functions are superimposed spatially, the imprint of the basic land-survey and cadastral system, a crop specialisation that is unavoidable in a particular setting, and a strong association of a landscape with a sense of community, way of life, and ethno-cultural identity.

34


lAndScApE ASymmEtRy dRivES AgRo-EcoSyStEm RESiliEncE

dirk van Apeldoorn, marthijn p. Sonneveld & kaspar kok

landscape asymmetry reflects slow processes that operate at different spatial and temporal scales. from a resilience perspective, these processes govern thresholds in social-ecological systems, which might interact and cascade to less desirable system configurations. in this paper we particularly look into the landscape asymmetry of soil organic matter (SoM) and how this affects farm- and regional management. the aim of this paper is to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of SoM in an agricultural landscape in the netherlands. this is done through the combination of multiple geographic datasets and the exploration of long-term SoM built-up using model simulations. Results show that the spatial variability of SoM is influenced by groundwater hydrology and soil texture whereas temporal variability of SoM is related to management history. Model simulations reveal that SoM decomposition, which itself is related to landscape position, determines the SoM content in the long term. the resulting landscape asymmetry determines dynamics at field, farm and governance level. linking these dynamics in a multi-scale and domain framework reveals a potential for landscape embedded practices and local governance initiatives. Realization of this potential is currently undermined by production oriented practices and policies. our analysis identifies long-term drivers of critical agro-ecosystem parameters and links this to controlling factors that are spatially distributed in the landscape. the concept of landscape asymmetry thus involves both spatial scales and temporal scales and puts this in the context of socio-ecological dynamics.

Keywords: resilience, multi-scale, soil organic matter, sandy soils, Netherlands, dairy farming

lAndScApE dynAmicS in tHE dEHESAS of SiERRA moREnA (AndAluSiA): A politicAl-EcologicAl AnAlySiS of dRiving foRcES And lAnd-uSE dEciSionS in An EuRopEAn AgRoSilvopAStoRAl SyStEm

christoph Schröder

the dehesa and Montado system covers more than 3 million hectares of the southwestern iberian peninsula. it represents both a unique agrosilvopastoral landuse and a rural socioeconomic system with high biodiversity. By using local and regional resources in a spatially and temporally differentiated way, it is adapted to the limitations of the Mediterranean ecosystems and its climatic variability.

the dehesas of Sierra Morena in andalusia have experienced two major regime shifts during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning 21th century that can be identified as the dehesa crisis in the 1960s and its economic and socioecological revaluation during the 1990s, with a profound impact on the dehesa system both functionally, ecologically, socially and economically. combining multitemporal analyses of aerial photos and indepth interviews with landmanagers and regional decisionmakers, a farm typology concerning its landuse dynamics is presented. Based on the different farm types, the paper gives insights on how the dehesa landscape has been modified by the combination of landusers’ strategies in the local context and regional and supranational driving forces during the regime shifts, using a politicalecological approach. the paper focusses on the drivers’ temporally and spatially differentiated impact as well as on the different coping strategies on the farm level.

the results of the politicalecological analysis suggest that, first, landscape dynamics are highly differentiated spatially due to different management strategies and, therefore, external drivers’ impact are amplified or mitigated depending on the local circumstances. While some types of properties are more resilient in the face of disturbances, others are not and, consequently, suffer shifts to new structural and functional states.

Secondly, both future policy formulation and local activities must be orientated towards schemes of adaptive management as well as innovative local and regional incentives such as ecological or cooperative agriculture to reinforce the multifunctional nature of the dehesas in order to manage future landuse dynamics. this is even more important, considering the dehesas a frontier area preventing the expansion of desertification in the context of global environmental change in the region.

36


lAndScApES in EAStERn gERmAny At A tuRning point – populAtion dEclinE And tHE dEvElopmEnt of lAnd conSumption

maria moorfeld

Since 1990 Eastern germany is facing not only economic transformation but also demographic change. demographic change can be characterized by population decline, ageing and an increase of cultural as well as ethnic heterogeneity. this change is widely discussed in policy (e.g. social welfare system) and spatial planning (e.g. adaptation of infrastructure).

as there is no empirical research about what are the effects of demographic change on landscapes it is necessary to close this gap. What role is demographic change playing in the context of land consumption? this question shall be answered coming back to three case study areas in rural areas of Eastern germany (demmin, oberspreewald-lausitz, and former löbau-Zittau) which have been facing a strong population decline and ageing during the last 20 years. the acquired data come from expert interviews, document analysis and statistical as well as giS data.

Social and ecological resilience are two different sides of landscape resilience. in this paper linkages between these two are analysed. demographic change can be seen as a characteristic of instability in social systems. it will be shown that demographic change is a driving force working on different temporal and spatial scales. What are its effects on landscapes and landscape resilience? the concepts used to explain these linkages are that of panarchy and adaptive cycles.

in the context of sustainable landscape development and social-ecological resilience of cultural landscapes demographic change and especially population decline are playing a major role as a mainly indirect acting force. it is argued that population decline in peripheral rural areas is one important driving force which weakens socialecological resilience of cultural landscapes.

RESILIENCE-BASED PERSPECTIvES ON

LANDSCAPE ChANGE


tHE SugAR-cAnE cultuRAl lAndScApE of tHE cARiBBEAn iSlAndS: tRAcking A SociAl-EcologicAl SyStEm fRom tHE 16tH to tHE 21St cEntuRy

William c. found & marta Berbés-Blázquez

the plantation sugar-cane landscape has been the most distinctive cultural landscape in a number of caribbean islands since colonization. this paper tracks the transformation of this social-ecological system from the 16th century until the present. in particular, it examines resilience in the sugar-cane cultural landscape, defined as “the ability of a system to maintain its identify in the face of internal changes and external disturbances” (cumming et al., 2005, p. 976).

our analysis characterizes the caribbean landscape using Holling’s adaptive cycle to illustrate how selected islands have moved through the stages of growth, conservation, release and reorganization at different points in time – and sometimes in different ways. at the same time, since the state of the sugar-cane landscape in any given island is almost inevitably related to changes in other caribbean islands – as well as to changes across the entire region, and to highly significant actions in remote locations (in Europe, for example) – the paper uses the concept of panarchy as a tool to analyze vertical and horizontal linkages across spatial and temporal scales.

the paper presents a timeline of significant changes and transformations in caribbean sugar-cane plantation landscapes over the past 500 years, and identifies the processes that account for the remarkable resilience of the landscape. it also documents changes in specific islands (cuba, Haiti, St. Kitts, Martinique, and Barbados) to illustrate how resources have been managed to (1) prevent the destruction of sugar landscapes, (2) preserve selected aspects of the landscape, or (3) to move landscapes through the “release” phase into desired forms of reorganization. the paper (including photographs) builds on recent fieldwork in several caribbean islands.

ReferenceCumming, G.S., Barnes, G., Perz, S., Schmink, m., Sieving, K.E., Southworth, J., et al. (2005). An exploratory framework for the empirical measurement of resilience. Ecosystems, 8, 975-987.

locAl lAnd-uSERS’ pERcEption And impActS of lAnd uSE And mAnAgEmEnt cHAngES in tWo cultuRAl lAndScApES: A compARAtivE cASE (noRtH of SpAin And noRtH of ARgEntinA)

Alejandro Rescia perazzo, maria E. pérez-corona & John dover

in recent decades, cultural landscapes around the world have been affected by rapid changes. changes have disrupted the delicate social-ecological balance they had reached over time by means of their transformability and adaptabilty –i.e. resilience. the most common driving forces behind these changes are associated with large-scale processes: population growth (urbanization), deforestation and land use and management changes. the ecological, social and economic consequences of these processes present regional differences. We studied two cultural landscapes: extensively used mountain grasslands in picos de Europa Region (cantabria, Spain) and an agro-silvo-pastoral system in chaco Region (formosa, argentina). We analyzed landscape change, the perception thereof and impacts on both social-ecological systems (SESs) through interpretation of remote sensing images and surveys/interviews conducted with the local people. in picos de Europa cultural landscape (pEcl), changes in the landscape are characterized by a loss of grazing and hay meadows, while in formosa cultural landscape (fcl) by a loss of xerophytic subtropical forests. in the case of pEcl, the change was triggered by abandonment of extensive livestock farming and in the case of fcl, by an advance of the agricultural frontier. the characteristics of the SESs of both cultural landscapes differ and the consequences of changes therein are perceived differently by the two local populations analyzed. However, in both cases, they involve the degradation of native ecosystems and the loss of their use, and the socioeconomic decline. the continuity of the SESs under the current conditions is unfeasible. Restoration of this type of cultural landscapes contributes to avoid rural abandonment and continued transmission of empirical knowledge of the land use, with a reasonable level of agricultural production. also, it contributes to maintain, with a high degree of variety and quality, of the flows of ecosystem goods and services they supply.

Keywords: ecosystem services, landscape perception, loss of native ecosystems, resilience of social-ecological systems

42


offSHoRE Wind fARming on tHE WESt coASt of ScHlESWig-HolStEin: A SHift toWARdS A nEW cultuRAl lAndScApE?

kira gee & Benjamin Burkhard

coasts have attracted attention from the point of view of socio-ecological systems research as well as cultural landscape research. in both cases, interest has recently shifted seaward, with increasing attention placed on marine drivers of change and the impact of maritime change on constructions of the land- and seascape. this is because entirely new forms of sea use are emerging that alter the physical manifestation of marine space; as such they also affect the seascape and local sense of place.

offshore wind farming is a contentious new form of use that has become a prominent driver of change across Europe. drawing on the results of the recent research programme “coastal futures” in northern germany, we use the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein as a case study describing impacts of offshore wind farming on the seascape. offshore wind farming is shown to lead to the emergence of a new cultural landscape in the sea, with renewable energy targets and accompanying policy instruments acting as the main drivers of change. this contrasts – and in some cases conflicts – with more traditional views of the marine landscape, which is valued for its aesthetic and symbolic qualities and plays an important role in tourism marketing and shaping local identity. the concept of cultural ecosystem services is used to explore the dimensions of the seascape and to frame the transfer of capital from one construct to another.

Based on the above, we argue that offshore wind farm construction can be conceived of as a threshold that would push the coastal and marine landscape into a new state. the paper explores this transition in the context of the symbolic values ascribed to the coast and the sea. We argue that the transition could be creative and innovative if the renewable energy theme is understood to add another dimension to the symbolic value of the sea rather than regarded as a competitor. factors that could contribute to such positive perception (e.g. siting, facilitating public discourse) are explored.

SOCIAL CAPITAL AS SOURCE OF

RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION IN

LANDSCAPES


dESiRABlE StAtES: tHE politicS of RESiliEncE tHinking

Betsy Beymer, thomas J. Bassett & ian Bryceson

the attention of resilience theory to how much shock a coupled social-ecological system can absorb and still remain within a desirable state begs many questions and conceptualizations about how the “system” was set up in the first place and how it’s structured. these include power relations supporting capital accumulation such as political regulations and global certifications for social and ecological “sustainability”. our paper illustrates how these dynamic political-economic “drivers” are integral parts of the structure and function of the system and argues that resilience cannot be conceptualized without considering these dimensions. By extension, our political ecological rendering of resilience reveals how conventional resilience thinking is highly political. By failing to address the political economy of resource use and management, we argue the apolitical and ahistorical resilience approach supports the status quo.

Resilience approaches aim to understand a system so as to avoid a “regime shift” into a new and potentially “undesirable state” through adaptive management plans that seek to mitigate ecological impacts. in industrial prawn farming, these mitigation strategies comprise a “technological fix” which is considered by some to be a move towards “ecological sustainability”. prawn farm owners are thus faced with a choice to relocate or invest in reorganization through technological innovation. through a case study of an industrial prawn farm on Mafia island, tanzania we argue that slow moving variables in the social and political realm may also lead to a “regime shift”. drawing on insights from ecological Marxism, we theorize how dispossession from accumulation will result in class struggles of resistance against both ecological impacts and violations of human, worker’s, and resource access rights. the case study shows how the system may be resilient for some, but not for others, and we argue that this cannot be understood without “following the power, the money, and the politics of these processes” (Robbins 2009).

uSing SociAl-EcologicAl invEntoRy to idEntify EcoSyStEm SERvicES of tRAditionAl RuRAl BiotopES in SoutH-WESt finlAnd

traci Birge & marianne fred

traditional rural biotopes in finland are cultural landscapes formed by traditional agri-pastoral practices, such as fodder collection, slash and burn agriculture and pasturing. these landscapes are biodiversity-rich and highly endangered. the quantity of these grazed woodlands and meadows in finland has declined to only 1% of what existed prior to 1950. concurrently, the quality of existing traditional rural biotopes has declined. Successful ecosystem management requires thorough knowledge of both ecosystem processes, as well as the social actors and structures that make these processes viable (Schultz et al. 2007). i present a social-ecological inventory methodology for understanding the role of key steward groups in management of traditional rural biotopes and for identification of ecosystem services of these landscapes. this study is being carried out in SW coastal finland, which has a long agricultural history and relatively high prevalence of managed seashore meadow. currently, this region is facing external pressures of changing demographics influenced by tourism and the ongoing challenges in the economic viability of farming, especially in the archipelago context. in 2010 i will interview farmers, part-time residents, hunters, bird watchers and other stewards and users of traditional rural biotopes regarding, for example, their management activities and goals and the social networks that influence their management of traditional rural biotopes. using interview and other data sources (i.e. subsidy applications) i will identify preferred ecosystem components (Schultz et. al 2007) and related ecosystem services. the social-ecological inventory will also be used to rank the relative impact in time and space of the various steward groups on traditional rural biotopes and importance of ecosystem services to steward groups. the aim with this methodology is to a.) better understand the social drivers behind management practices and b.) develop a way of communicating the value of traditional rural biotopes using the ecosystem services framework.

this research is part of coaSt-Man, a sub-global assessment (Sga) endorsed by the unEp-lead Millennium Ecosystem assessment sub-global assessment follow-up network (www.coastman.fi)

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ExplAining HigH inStitutionAl pERSiStEncE in EASt gERmAn REcREAtionAl fiSHERiES govERnAncE AftER tHE diStuRBAncE of tHE gERmAn REunificAtion in 1990

katrin daedlow, volker Beckmann & Robert Arlinghaus

this paper aims at understanding persistence and adaptation in a natural resource governance system after a strong disturbance in the social part of a social-ecological system (SES). the study is exemplified by the case of East-german recreational fisheries governance which was heavily disturbed after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. East german recreational fisheries managers were challenged by new civil laws and an alternative governance approach from the western part of germany. We applied three analytical steps to get insights in this process: we assessed adaptation and persistence in East german recreational governance structure and function before and after the reunification in 1990, the nature of the disturbance and formation of the reorganisation process, and the motivations of East german recreational fisheries managers to keep their customary governance approach. data are generated from ten in-depth interviews with pivotal managers in that time period. the study revealed that in an externally motivated, fundamental and rapid change situation people preserve customary rules-in-use as much as possible (path dependency), preferably enforced by strong leaders with influence on decision-making process, and try to keep transaction costs of adaptation low (learning, time, money). Embedded in their customary institutional arrangement East german managers developed an adaptive capacity to unavoidable changes in the new social environment while using their sphere of influence to maintain major parts of the customary governance approach. Both persistence and adaptation enabled them to absorb the disturbance of the german reunification and successfully manage for high institutional persistence 35 of the desired customary central governance approach.

Keywords: persistence, institutions, resilience, robustness, social capital, transaction costs,39 governance, leadership, recreational fisheries, East Germany

SociAl-EcologicAl RESiliEncE And tRAnSHumAncE lAndScApES in tHE mEditERRAnEAn: lEARning fRom tHE pASt, looking foR tHE futuRE

Elisa oteros-Rozas, José A. gonzález, Berta martín-lópez, césar A. lópez & carlos montes del olmo

cultural landscapes characterize the Mediterranean ecoregion, one of the world’s most important biodiversity hotspots, where human civilization and nature have coevolved for centuries. in many Mediterranean landscapes, the existence of marked seasonal changes in pasture availability, have historically encouraged transhumance, a traditional practice consisting in the seasonal migration of livestock. in Spain, wintering areas (dehesa landscapes) and summering areas (mountains) used by livestock are connected by a network of droves that extends over ca. 125.000 km and occupies ca. 425.000 ha. despite of the role of transhumance in maintaining extensive grazing, local breeds and ecological connectivity, several political and socioeconomic drivers have induced a gradual disappearance of this practice, with potential negative effects on ecosystem services generation and social-ecological resilience.

in this contribution, we use the resilience framework to analyze the past, present, and future of traditional livestock movements along the “conquense Royal drove”, one of the major livestock droves (ca. 410 km) still in use by sheep and cattle in Spain. Semi-structured interviews with transhumant shepherds, managers, and decision-makers were carried out, along with a thorough literature review, in order to: (a) characterize the ecosystem services generated and/or maintained by transhumant movements at different spatial scales, and (b) evaluate the role of transhumant practices in enhancing social-ecological resilience.

our results suggest that livestock movements are a key element of adaptability in Mediterranean cultural landscapes. a wide range of ecosystem services associated with transhumant movements have been identified, some of which are likely to influence social-ecological resilience. Seed dispersal, fire hazards avoidance, habitat connectivity, plant regrowth, and traditional ecological knowledge are some examples. in the face of current global change, the maintenance of transhumant practices, along with a well-preserved network of livestock droves, seems critical to cope with uncertainty and generate adaptive capacity in Mediterranean semi-arid regions characterized by a highly variable climate.

50


tHE RolE of HomEgARdEnS in StREngtHEning SociAl-EcologicAl RESiliEncE: cASE StudiES fRom cuBA & AuStRiA

christine Buchmann, Brigitte vogl-lukasser & christian R. vogl

Worldwide, homegardens are a community’s most adaptable and accessible land resource and are an important component in reducing vulnerability and ensuring food security. these gardens are usually managed with low-input practices and contain a high agro-biodiversity. Homegardens not only reflect accessibility to primary resources, such as food and medicine, but also reveal invisible social mechanisms and related resilience strategies. the role of cuban and austrian homegardens in relation to social, political and economic changes were investigated in trinidad (cuba) and lienz (Eastern tyrol, austria) using standard ethnobotanical research methods. this study shows that homegardens are embedded in larger social-ecological systems. Major events, such as the collapse of the Soviet union, the subsequent economic crisis and frequently changing cuban policies on agriculture, food security, religious freedom and healthcare in cuba, and changes in prices for agriculture commodities, changes in agriculture policies and subsequent changes in land use in the austrian alps (from cereals and crops to meadows and cows) have had an impact on household decision-making, influencing homegarden composition and management. Resilience is enhanced through a diversity of plants that are managed and used based on local as well as on global knowledge. Social networking surrounding homegarden produce plays an essential part in the continuous adaptation to change, aiming to increase self organisation and a diversity of resources, management and use strategies. Homegarden practices increase natural, social and cultural capital and therefore strengthen social-ecological resilience.

Keywords: Cuba, Austria, resilience, homegardens, social-ecological systems, adaptation, economic crisis

ADAPTIvE mANAGEmENT OF

CULTURAL LANDSCAPES


uSing EcoSyStEm SERvicES AS A fRAmEWoRk foR cAuSAlity And tHE mAtcHing of SociAl And EcologicAl ScAlES

magnus tuvendal & thomas Elmqvist

the theoretical framework of ecosystem services and that of resilience thinking is here applied in an empirical case study of a social-ecological system. the impact of disturbance and response strategies (coping, adaptation and transformation) are explored within and between two stakeholder groups using qualitative methods. in the Helge å catchment in Southern Sweden, a slow increase of dissolved organic carbon (doc) results in brownification of the water with consequences on ecosystem services in the lower part of the catchment. drivers of brownification were analyzed using published sources and available data. the selected ecosystem service benefits were the culturally significant fishing of eel on the “Eel-coast” of Sweden and the use of grazing and haymaking on seasonally flooded meadows for farming and conservation. Ecosystem services have been seen as a heuristic tool to link ecosystems system processes with human well-being but can also be used to make social links more visible in landscapes. Ecosystem service beneficiaries may be unknown to each other as well unaware of the ones involved in management and generation of services. the ecosystem service approach, when used spatially and temporally explicit, can be used as a tool for identifying and connecting legitimate stakeholders in the landscape.

A RESiliEncE pERSpEctivE on Stocking-BASEd REcREAtionAl fiSHERiES mAnAgEmEnt in cultuRAl lAndScApES

maja Schlüter & Robert Arlinghaus

Recreational fisheries are one of the major users of rivers and lakes in germany, many of which have been modified to “cultural landscapes” through changes in habitat structure and function resulting from damming, channelization and nutrient run-off. Recreational anglers are organized in associations and local clubs that perform management activities in accordance with their fishing rights. accordingly, they are responsible for the maintenance of the ecological integrity of water bodies in the face of angling exploitation. Stocking of native hatchery-reared or wild caught fish is often used as a panacea to compensate for exploitation through angling or (perceived) low productivity of the natural populations caused by non-fishing induced habitat modification. However, the economic and social benefits of stocking as well as the unintended genetic and ecological consequences for aquatic biodiversity and other ecological services are largely unknown. this produces a “knowledge trap” among local users in terms of believing in stocking as a panacea. in an inter-and transdisciplinary study we investigate the potential role of stocking for the resilience of recreational fisheries. the aim is to identify under which conditions stocking enhances resilience, but also why current fisheries management practices are quite resistant to change despite their potential ecological impacts and existing contradictory evidence. in our analysis we treat the recreational fisheries as a coupled social-ecological system (SES) and assess the ecological, economic and social implications of stocking and its relevance for the dynamics of the SES. to this end, we apply a framework for the analysis of SES from ostrom (2007) to identify critical variables from both the ecological and the social subsystems that, often in combination, determine the outcomes of stocking measures and thus the state of the coupled SES. We test the suitability of the framework to guide a truly interdisciplinary analysis and development of management measures that take the complexities of the system into account. the assessment provides a more differentiated picture of stocking practices and ways towards adaptive management that takes both local conditions and uncertainty into account. the case study serves as an example and test case for an application of the resilience concept in a trans-disciplinary setting to achieve a transition to adaptive management of natural resources in a cultural landscape.

56


SociAl-EcologicAl fActoRS of lAndScApE plAnning in gERmAny

Wolfgang Wende

the municipal landscape plan as addressed in the European landscape convention (council of Europe 2000) is one of the principle comprehensive nature conservation instruments and local landscape policy tools in germany (von Haaren 2001). Since its implementation in the german federal nature conservation law of 1976, some 60 to 70% of all municipalities have established such a landscape plan. the following paper provides empirical evidence on the actual practical implementation of landscape policy strategies and the application of nature conservation measures stemming from these landscape plans at the local level. the findings show the importance of social-ecological factors in influencing the implementation of landscape strategies in practice. the presence and cooperation of committed key actors is of special significance in this process. Evidently, the significance of the inclusion and participation of landowners in the development of a measure is such that it can increase the implementation success of landscape plans. this again focuses attention on the significance of cooperative planning processes which are oriented towards the inclusion of stakeholders, and which take social-ecological factors into consideration.

Referenceshaaren C. von (2001): Landscape Planning in Europe – framework and survey. In: (eds.) C. v. haaren, B. v. Kügelgen, Warren-Kretzschmar B: Landscape Planning in Europe. International Conference Report, 18-29.

collEctivE EffoRtS to mAnAgE cultuRAl lAndScApES

katrin prager

people are an important part of cultural landscapes which qualifies these landscapes as social-ecological systems. our present landscapes are a result of human activity in the past, and such activities continue to impact on landscapes today.

this paper will focus on the human and social capital that is present in particular landscapes. Social units (i.e. local groups, stakeholder partnerships) have formed to actively manage landscapes in order to preserve their natural and cultural value, but also to derive an income from them. My assumption is that the resilience of the social units is directly related to the resilience of cultural landscapes. for example, if the group who has to date managed a mountain meadow dissolves or stops their activities, this habitat will develop into forest, thus decreasing the biodiversity and perhaps visual value of this landscape.

Efforts to collectively manage cultural landscapes can be observed in several European countries. for example, there are landcare groups (landschaftspflege verbände) in germany, environmental cooperatives in the netherlands, the ‘thistle group’ (distelverein) in australia, and farming and Wildlife advisory groups (fWag) in the uK. they share similar goals in that they work to balance economic development with environmental and social goals. in other words, they strive for sustainable management of landscapes.

this paper maps out the groups involved in landscape management in germany, austria and Scotland, and derives a typology. groups are classified based on their origin (endogenous or exogenous incentive to establish the group), membership, size of group, institutional level of the group, type of problem and size of the area groups are concerned with, structure and decision making arrangements, resources available to the group, guiding principles/objectives, and future prospects of the group. this allows to derive insights about the human and social capital available in different landscapes. Supporting such groups (e.g. via political programmes, funding schemes, engagement in policy making) may be considered an adaptive management strategy for the restoration or maintenance of cultural landscapes.

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liSt of pARticipAntS

Agnoletti, mauro [email protected] University of Florence, Italy

Berbés-Blázquez, marta [email protected] york University, Canada

Betsy Beymer [email protected] University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Bieling, Claudia [email protected] University of Freiburg, Germany

Birge, Traci [email protected] Åbo Akademi University / Novia University of Applied Sciences, Finland

Brand, Fridolin [email protected] ETh Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland

Buchmann, Christine [email protected] University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, vienna

Bürgi, matthias [email protected] WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Switzerland

Bryceson, Ian [email protected] Norwegian University of Life Sciences

Burkhard, Benjamin [email protected] Kiel University, Germany

Crumley, Carole L. [email protected] University of North Carolina, USA

Daedlow, Katrin [email protected] IGB Leibniz-Institute of FreshwaterEcology and Inland Fisheries, Germany

Found, William C. [email protected] york University, Canada

Gee, Kira [email protected] GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, Germany

González Nóvoa, José A. [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de madrid, Spain

Gretter, Alessandro [email protected] IASmA – Istituto Agrario San micheleall’Adige, Italy

head, Lesley [email protected] University of Wollongong, Australia

hoheisel, Deborah [email protected] Technical University munich, Germany

Kinzig, Ann P. [email protected] Arizona State University, USA

Kirchhoff, Thomas [email protected] Protestant Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Germany

moorfeld, maria [email protected] Technische Universität Berlin, Germany

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Naumann, matthias [email protected] Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and humanities, Germany

Ohnesorge, Bettina [email protected] Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and humanities, Germany

Oteros Rozas, Elisa [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de madrid, Spain

Plieninger, Tobias [email protected] Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and humanities, Germany

Prager, Katrin [email protected] The macaulay Land Use Research Institute, UK

Rescia Perazzo, Alejandro [email protected] Universidad Complutense de madrid, Spain

Röhring, Andreas [email protected] IRS Leibniz-Institute for Regional Develop-ment and Structural Planning, Germany

Schaich, harald [email protected] University of Freiburg, Germany

Schleyer, Christian [email protected] Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and humanities, Germany

Schlüter, maja [email protected] IGB Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Germany

Schröder, Christoph [email protected] Universities of Sevilla and Pablo de Olavide, Spain

Soane, Ian D. [email protected] IASmA – Istituto Agrario San micheleall’Adige, Italy

Stenseke, marie [email protected] University of Gothenburg, Sweden

Trommler, Kathrin [email protected] Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and humanities, Germany

Tuvendal, magnus [email protected] Stockholm Resilience Center, Sweden

van Apeldoorn, Dirk [email protected] Wageningen University, Netherlands

Wende, Wolfgang [email protected] IÖR Leibniz Institute for Ecological and Regional Development, Germany

Widgren, mats [email protected] Stockholm University, Sweden

Zimmermann, Robert C. [email protected] Canada

contAct

Tobias PlieningerBerlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and humanitiesJägerstraße 22/23D-10117 Berlinphone: +49-30-20370-538e-mail: [email protected]

Claudia BielingUniversity of FreiburgTennenbacher Straße 4D-79106 Freiburgphone: +49-761-203-3818e-mail: [email protected]

the workshop is organized by the Ecosystem Services Research group. further information:

WWW.EcoSyStEmSERvicES.dE

We would like to thank the Saxifraga Foundation for providing some images. Saxifraga Foundation is a network of European nature photographers, whose aim is to stimu late and facili tate the conservation of European biodiversity. They do so by providing high-quality nature pictures free of charge. www.saxifraga.nl images source: Saxifraga/Willem van Kruijsbergen, Gerardo moreno, Agentur für Erneuerbare Energien (f.l.t.r.); cover: Saxifraga/Fitis-Sytske Dijksen

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