International trade in fish and fish production
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“Foro Económico de Pesca y Acuacultura 2015”TENDENCIAS MUNDIALES DE LA COMERCIALIZACIÓN DE PRODUCTOS PESQUEROS Y
ACUÍCOLAS26 y 27 de noviembre de 2015 , Ciudad de México, Mexico
1
Presentation by Árni M. Mathiesen Assistant Director-General
Fisheries and Aquaculture DepartmentFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
International trade in fish and fish production
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OPENING QUESTIONS:
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First let us analyze the developments over the last decades and the present situation.
Will there be any international trade?
1. Due to political reasons?2. Due to lack of demand?3. Due to environmental reasons?
• Will there be any fish to trade?
• What are the challenges and what do we need to do about it?
1. Can we do anything about it?2. Should we do anything about it?
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Total Landings of Marine Fisheries
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Marine Fish Landings by Continent
19501952
19541956
19581960
19621964
19661968
19701972
19741976
19781980
19821984
19861988
19901992
19941996
19982000
20022004
20062008
20102012
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
4
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Fish Landings: Developed vs Developing Nations
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0e+0
01e+
072e
+073
e+07
4e+0
75e+
076e
+07
yrs
Land
ings
(t)
5
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Fish Landings: High vs Low Trophic Level
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Landings’ Proportion of Fish with Trophic Level=>4
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
1214
1618
20
% F
ish
TL=
>4
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Global Trend in the State of World Marine Fish Stocks, 1974-2011
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Proportion of overfished Stocks by FAO Statistical Area
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1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0Aquaculture for human consumptionCapture for human consumptionNon-food usesPer capita food fish supply
Production (million tonnes live weight) Per capita yearly supply (kg)
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Americas, Europe, Africa, and Oceania Combined. 9%
[Million Tonnes]
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
China61%
Asia91%
Aquaculture vs. Capture Fisheries Production
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Capture Aquaculture
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
Asia Africa Central America South America North America Europe Oceania
2004 to 2013% change in fish production by world region
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19761978
19801982
19841986
19881990
19921994
19961998
20002002
20042006
20082010
20122014
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
160000000
0
5
10
15
20
25
World seafood exports Linear (World seafood exports)World seafood consumption Linear (World seafood consumption)
Kg p
er c
apita
per
yea
r
Globalization in a graph: world seafood exports vs world average seafood consumption 1976 to 2014
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2012 2013 20140
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
35.2%
35.4%
35.6%
35.8%
36.0%
36.2%
36.4%
36.6%
36.8%
37.0%
Production volume Trade volume Proportion of production traded
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Perc
enta
ge tr
aded
Production vs trade – last three years
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19761978
19801982
19841986
19881990
19921994
19961998
20002002
20042006
20082010
20122014
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
Developed ImportDeveloping Import
19761978
19801982
19841986
19881990
19921994
19961998
20002002
20042006
20082010
20122014
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
70000000
80000000
90000000
Developed ExportDeveloping Export
World seafood trade: developed vs developing
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Jan-00
May-00
Sep-00Jan-01
May-01
Sep-01Jan-02
May-02
Sep-02Jan-03
May-03
Sep-03Jan-04
May-04
Sep-04Jan-05
May-05
Sep-05Jan-06
May-06
Sep-06Jan-07
May-07
Sep-07Jan-08
May-08
Sep-08Jan-09
May-09
Sep-09Jan-10
May-10
Sep-10Jan-11
May-11
Sep-11Jan-12
May-12
Sep-12Jan-13
May-13
Sep-13Jan-14
May-14
Sep-14Jan-15
0
50
100
150
200
250
Fish Meat (Terrestrial)
Terrestrial meat price index vs. Fish price index Jan 2000 – Jan 2015
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Conclusion from this analyzes is:
• Total production has stabilized over the last 20 years.
• Capture fisheries landings have shifted from developed countries to developing countries.
• Degree of overfishing has been stabilizing over the last 20 years but is still unacceptable.
• Aquaculture is overtaking capture fisheries in production for human consumption.
• Great expansion in trade, particularly from developing countries to developed countries, is slowing down.
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Conclusion from this analyzes is:
A. Center of gravity for fish production has moved from developed countries to developing countries, where small scale
fisheries will be extremely important.
B. Center of gravity has moved from capture fisheries to aquaculture, particularly aquaculture in Asia.
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Will there be any international trade in fish?
1. Political reasons?
The general political environment is favorable.
Something dramatic has to happen to change that.
2. What about demand?
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• 805 million people estimated to be suffering from chronic hunger in 2012–14, down 100 million in the last decade.
• The vast majority, 791 million, live in developing countries.
Hunger
1990-92 2000-02 2005-07 2009-11 2012-14700
750
800
850
900
950
1,000
1,050
1,100
1014.5
929.9 946.2
840.5805.3
994.1
908.7 930.8
824.9790.7
WorldDeveloping regions
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
WORLD 1 014.5 18.7 929.9 14.9 946.2 14.3 840.5 12.1 805.3 11.3
Number of undernourished (millions) and prevalence (%) of undernourishment
1990–92 2000–02 2005–07 2008–10 2012–14*
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Vitamin A deficiency Causes blindness.250 million preschool children affected.Iron deficiencyAnaemia contributes to 20% of all maternal deaths.40% of preschool children anaemic in developing countries.Iodine deficiency Impairing cognitive development in children54 countries still iodine-deficient
Millions of children suffering nutrition deficiency
Source: WHO
805 million hungry people
Source: WHO
Trend Worldwide obesity has nearly doubled since
1980. Adults (aged 20 or older)
More than 1.4 billion (35% of total) overweight in 2008
Over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women (11 % of total) obese in 2008.
Children (under the age of 5) More than 40 million children overweight or
obese in 2012.
Billions of obese or overweight people
Source: WHO
Food security and nutrition status
Hunger hand-in-hand with poverty
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Contribution of fish to human nutrition
AsiaAfrica
EuropeOceania
Northern AmericaLatin America & Caribbean
LIFDCsWorld
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
22.919.4
11.610.3
7.66.5
24.116.7
%Fish as a percentage of total animal protein intake
Fish provides high quality animal protein Fish especially important to countries with low animal protein intake
Vitamin A
Protein
DHAEPA
Vitamin D
Vitamin B12
Zinc
Iron
Calcium
Selenium
Iodine
Fish, a source of nutrients Daily need (RDI) for children:
DHA+EPA (Ω-3); seafood main source 150 (250) µg
Vitamin A;250 million preschool children deficient
150 (250) mg
Iron; 1.6 billion people deficient
8.9 mg (at 10% bioavailability)
Iodine; seafood natural source, 2 billion people deficient
120 µg
Zinc; 800 000 child deaths per year
5.6 mg(at moderate
bioavailability)
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• .
OECD-FAO Fish Model Projections (2022)
Source: OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2013-2022 (Table A.26.2). Countries/regions ranked by per capita fish consumption in 2010-12 average.Countries/regions with declined per capita fish consumption highlighted in red.
WB-FAO-IFPRI Fish to 2030 Projections
Source: World Bank Report on Fish to 2030 (Table 3.7). Countries/regions ranked by per capita fish consumption in 2006. Countries/regions with declined per capita fish consumption highlighted in red
Country/
region
Fish Demand (2030) Total
fish prod. (2012,
mil. tonne)
S-D gap2030
(col. 4 minus col. 3)
kg/cap.Total (mil. tonne
)
WORLD
29.1 261.2
156.5 -104.7
S.S. Africa
10.8 15.1
6.9 -8.2
L.A. & C.
12.2 18.3
14.8 -3.4
N. Africa
12.9 3.7
2.8 -0.8
Europe
27.3 23.4
16.0 -7.4
N. America
29.8 12.9
6.7 -6.1
Oceania
31.9 1.8
1.4 -0.3
Asia
37.0 186.3
107.8 -78.5
Future fish supply and demand projections
FAO/FI Fish Supply-Demand Gap Projections
Source: Estimation of FI/FAO (preliminary results)Main assumptions: 1) Per capita fish demand affected by income growth. 2) Fish price unchanged. 3) Preference over fish unchanged
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What about environmental reasons?
a. Climate change: Video presentation delivered on the on the occasion of the Workshop on the Climate Change’s Impact held in Boracay Islands, Philippines 9th May 2015:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ-fS2TZX_Y
b. We have done relatively well in the last 20 years post CCRF. The situation is stable in fisheries but the next 20 years may be different, continued challenge.
c. Aquaculture has a very light ecological foot print compared to terrestrial animal protein production systems. However question marks around animal protein and trophic levels. 24
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Greater demand for certification and traceability
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FAO response
Guidelines
o for Eco-Labeling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries (2005)
o for the Eco-Labeling of Fish and Fishery Products from Inland Capture Fisheries (2010)
o for Aquaculture Certification (2011)
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Bench Marking/Traceability
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Bench Marking/GSSI
Traceability/Catch Documentation
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Committee on Fisheries (COFI) Sub-committee on Fish Trade (FT)
• Established in 1985, first session October 1986
• Open to all FAO members
• Functions:
periodic reviews of global markets
discussion of specific issues
promotion and development of fish trade, particularly in developing countries
formulation of recommendations, guidelines and standards
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Main Challenges There are many challenges some of which have been
mentioned
They fall into two categories:
1. Refining the management and governance of fisheries in developed and middle income-countries.
2. Refining the certification/traceability systems to benefit a broader group of producers.
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Main Challenges
However, there are two main fundamental major challenges, both in
the shadow of climate change:
• Aquaculture• Small Scale Fisheries
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GovernmentsGovernance:• Policy (environment, socio economic).
• Regulatory frameworks.• Monitoring and surveillance.
Infrastructure:• Technology, capacity, services.• Seed and feed.• Water and energy.
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Increased Aquaculture Production
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Increased Aquaculture Production
Private Sector:Operations:• Resource use efficiency, best practices.• Business management, productivity.• Profitability.
Markets:• Access to consumers and finance.• Transparency, traceability, certification.• Codex and food safety.
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Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture
• Feed utilizationFish meal, protein, FCR / BP, R&D, Genetics
• Water qualityO2, NH3, Silt / BP, R&D, Reg. F.W.
• Mortality ratesHusban., Inf.d., Vacc. / BP, R&D, Genetics
• ProfitabilityRes.util., prod., finance / Tech., exte.,fine.,
cc.
• Livelihoods and equityDecent work, gender and youth.
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Small Scale Fisheries in Developing Countries> 50 % of the total catch
> 90% of the workers
Almost always marginalized and in many cases the poorest of the poorest in their countries.
What possibilities do they have to improve their fisheries management? With help they can?
- What happens when you attempt to improve a fishery?- Fishing effort is reduced. Fishermen are left on the beach.- Total community income is reduced. The population suffers.
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A holistic community approach is needed that contains the following elements:
1. Improved fisheries management system taking into account the biological and the socio/economic circumstances.
2. Address the unemployment through creating alternative employment opportunities through:
a. Increasing the value of the catch with value addition and by increasing trade activity and internalizing the value chain income in the community by the communities’ greater participation in trade.
b. Developing aquaculture and other income generating ecosystem services in the community.
c. Seek investment from outside in these enterprises. Blue bonds/Green bonds.
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A holistic community approach is needed that contains the following elements:
3. Create a community/cooperative/enterprise fishing rights system that closes the fishery to newcomers but also links as beneficiaries both those that continue fishing as well as those taking on new activities in common enterprises with supporting outside Blue bond investment
4. Set up a bridging (at least) social support system to make up for community income loss during transitional period. This needs to be financed by central governments or traditional external donors.
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Doing this calls for involvement of both investors and trade business in creating new opportunities and training individuals and building capacity in the communities.
Also the traders need to be open to new products as well as the traditional ones.
However, if we don’t do it we risk fisheries collapsing and trade flows reducing as well as communities collapsing and therefore driving migration.
Involvement
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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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Muchas GraciasTakk
Thank you Merci