International Style and Frank Lloyd Wright (Corrected Final)

8/19/2019 International Style and Frank Lloyd Wright (Corrected Final)

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By:Astha Kulshreshtha

Suhail Anjum Usmani

Yasmeen


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The International style is a major architecturalstyle that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, the

formative decades of Modern Architecture.


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Modern movement

• Represents a dramatic shift in the design of buildings,away from the traditional forms and constructiontechniques and towards a new era of design.

• In the mid 19th century the architects of Europe andUnited States were emphasizing radically newdesigns, abandoning past building precedent and

exploring new materials and technology in theirworks.

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Before International Style

•

Before the use of the term “International Style”, the samethought towards simplification, honesty and clarity are

perceptible in US architects, Louis Sullivan and Frank LloydWright in Chicago as well as the west-coast residences ofIrving Gill.

• “Form follows Function” – Louis Sullivan• Functionalism in architecture, is the principle that architects

should design a building on the purpose of that building.•

Early modern architecture began with a no. of building styleswith similar characteristics (simplification of form andelimination of the ornament) which first arose around 1900.

• By 1940s these style had largely consolidated and been

identified as the International Style .Astha,Suhail,Yasmeen 4


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International Style

• Originated from the name of a book by Henry RussellHitchcock and Philip Johnson, The International Style , thatidentified, categorized upon characteristics common tomodernism across the world.

• The book was written to record the International Exhibition ofModern Architecture held at MOMA, New York city in 1932.

• All the works in the exhibition were carefully selected onlydisplaying those that strictly followed the rules/principles ofModern Architecture.

• The aim was to define a style that would encapsulate theModern Architecture.



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Principles

• The expression of Volume rather then Mass• The emphasis on Balance rather then Symmetry• The expulsion of applied ornaments



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Characteristics

• Simplification of Forms• Rejection of ornament•

Adoption of glass, steel and concrete as preferredmaterials

• Acceptance of industrialized mass-production techniques• Horizontal emphasis• Geometrical forms• Bands of windows



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Examples

The Bauhaus Building

• Architect: Walter Gropius• Location: Dessau, Germany• Year: 1926• Architectural Features:

– Simple geometry and use of rectangular shapes – Use of modern material i.e. glass and steel – Smooth surfaces and plain facade – Linear and horizontal elements – No ornamentation and less detailing – Band of simple rectangular windows



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Villa Savoye

• Architect: Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret• Location: Poissy, France• Year: 1931•

Architectural features: – Support of ground-level pilotis – Functional roof, serving as a garden and terrace – Free floor plan, relieved of load-bearing walls –

Long horizontal windows – Emphasis on the horizontal feeling of the house – Horizontal ribbon windows



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The Seagram Building

• Architect: Mies Van Der Rohe• Location: New York, United States of America• Year: 1958•

Architectural features: – Simple rectangular form – Open, flexible plan and multi-functional spaces – Widespread use of glass to bring the outside in –

Mastered steel and glass construction – Exposed and very refined structural details – Became model of skyscraper design throughout the

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Criticism

• The unornamented appearance of the

International Style met with criticism and is stillcriticized by many.

• Especially in larger and more public buildings, it

is said to be ugly, in human, sterile and elitist.



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• Real name - Frank Lincoln Wright• Born - June 8, 1867

At Richland Centre, Wisconsin• Died - April 9, 1959 (Aged 91)

At Phoenix, Arizona• Parents - William Carey Wright (Father)

Anna Lloyd Jones (Mother)• Nationality - American


Introduction


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• Famous American Architect, Interior Designer, Writer andEducator.

• Designed more than 1000 structures of which 532 have been completed.

• Has the credit of doing numerous residential projects alongwith offices, churches, schools, sky scrapers, hotels andmuseums.

• Authored 20 books and a number of articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe.

• Wrights “Organic Architecture” was a radical departurefrom the traditional architecture of his days, which wasdominated by European styles that dated back hundreds ofyears.

• Recognized as “the greatest American architect of all time” by the American Institute of Architect in 1991.



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Philosophy

• Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmonywith humanity and its environment , a philosophy is called“Organic Architecture” . The best example to understand his

philosophy is “Falling Waters” (1935), which has been called“the best all time work of American architecture ” .


Organic Architecture According To

Wright

• Integral to Site • Integral to Environment • Integral to Individual • Integral to material


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Inspirations Of Wright

1. Louis Sullivan

2. Nature3. Music4. Japanese art



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Major Features

• Use of natural materials like bricks, stone andwood

• Use of textured concrete• Design that blend well in its environment•

Truthness with material



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Prairie Style

• Houses designed during 1900-1901 at Oak Parkmarked the beginning of “Prairie Style”

• Initial Prairie Style Buildings: – Wright‟s Studio(1898) at Chicago – Nathan G. Moore House (1895) at Oak Park

• Public building in the Prairie Style: – Unity Temple at Oak Park

• Later Examples: – Robbie House, Chicago – Avery and Queene Coonley house in Riverside, Illinois



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Features of Prairie Style

• The design is considered to complement theland around Chicago.

• Extended low building with shallow roofs andsloping also.

• Windows are long and low, allowingconnection between interior and natureoutside, which is due to influence of Japanesearchitecture.



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Usonian Houses

• During the period of 1940-1950, Wright conceived anew type a dwelling that came to be known as “UsonianHouses” .

• Designed on a gridded concrete slab that integrated thehouse‟s radiant heating system, the house featured newapproaches to construction, including sandwich walls.

• Small kitchen (workspaces) adjoining the dining spaces.• Living areas outfitted with built- in- seating and tables.• Bedrooms were isolated and relatively small.• Highly practical houses for middle class families.



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ROBIE HOUSE

• Location - Chicago III• Construction - 1908 to 1910• Building Type - Residence• Owner - Fredrick C. Robie• In term of material this house is different from the earlier

Prairie Houses which was built from cement stucco, wood andtiles.

• The Robie House had the Prairie House„s characteristichorizontal, low lines, overhanging flat roofs and asymmetrical

plan.



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• The distinguishing features included the openness ofits plan and huge chimeny, whose vertical emphasis

balances the horizontal masses of the rest of thecomposition.

• The southern side of the main living space has acontinuous wall of art – glass doors.

• Wright also designed furnishings and fittings for theRobie House.

• Ornamental features beyond the leaded- glass

windows with delicate geometric patterns that wereanother feature of the Prairie House.



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FALLING WATER

“ M ATURE E XPRESSIONS OF O RGANIC

A RCHITECTURE ”


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• Location - Mill Run, Pennsylvania• Construction - 1934 to 1937• Building Type - Residence• Owner - Mr. & Mrs. Edger J. Kaufmann Sr.

•

One of Wright‟s most famous private residence was fallingwater at Pennsylvania.

• It was one of the most congenial and positive commission of

Wright, he described the contribution element :-“ The Inspiration of a site, the co- operation of an intelligent,appreciative client. ”



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• It was constructed over a 30 feet waterfall, the house may look very

big on the outside but on the inside it is quite small, which surprisessome visitor.• A series of soaring, smooth, cantilevered balconies anchored in solid

rock and woven together by roughly textured native sandstone walllaid up in alternating course, Falling water is constructed on three

levels with cantilevered terraces of reinforced concrete extending farout in four direction.• The lowest of the great cantilevered balconies form the main floor

of the house, open living room, which serves as combined diningand sitting space, reception & library.

•

The ideal example to understand the philosophy of “Organic Architecture” of Wright.• It has been considered as “ the best all-time work of the American

Architecture ”.



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WAX BUILDING


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• Name - Johnson Wax Building• Location - Racine, Wisconsin• Construction - 1936-1939 ; 1944-1950• Building Type - Headquarter• Owner - Herbert Johnson

• Johnson Wax Building was designed and constructed in two stages:First – Between 1936-39, came the main Administration BuildingSecond- Between 1944-50, The research Tower was added, intendedfor larger laboratory experiments.

• Herbert Johnson wanted his company‟s new administration buildingto be one that kept its workers‟ attention focused on the work inhand, not on what went on around them.



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• The main illumination for the open-plan, galleried office spacewas a glass roof , or skylight, supported on mushroom-shapescolumns, each designed to withstand a maximum of 12 tonsand set 9m apart.

• Throughout the Johnson Wax complex are spaces with curvingforms, soft colors, and filtered light from the Pyrex tubing.

• He designed a handsome, contoured furniture especially forthe building, including steel and wood desks and chairs thatharmonized with the restful, terracotta color of the filecabinets.



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Guggenheim Museum

“ T EMPLE OF S PIRIT ”


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• Name - Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum• Location - Manhattan, New York, NY•

Construction - 1943 to 1959• Building Type - Museum• “functionalism does not agree with non – objectivity.... I want a temple of

spirit, a monument! And your help to make it possible. ” Rebay appealed toWright.

• This was the last of Wright‟s many innovative buildings to be virtuallycompleted in his lifetime (just months before its official opening).

• The Guggenheim building demonstrates Wright‟s constant awareness of thegeometric forms in architectural design.

• Seen from the front, the main section of the building looks like a snail shellthat has been set upside – down on Fifth Avenue.

• His plan was for visitors to be taken to the top of the ramp by lift, and thenwalk down it, viewing the exhibits as they went.



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• It was based on the module of the circle similar the hemi-circlehouse.

• This can be seen in plan, fencing, dome ceiling, flooring pattern, and with curving ramps for circulation around central,rather than exterior courtyard.

• The huge skylight would provide an unusually generous

abundance of natural light, while the outward – sloping wallsapproximated, so Wright said, the angle at which a canvasslopes when standing on an easel to be painted.

• At the southern end of the site, the second level spreads out

and flows across the frontage, creating a fixed space for theGuggenheim‟s permanent holdings, while at the northern end,subsidiary unite nestles against the cone and houses staffoffices.



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NOTABLE WORKS

•

Robbie House• Price Tower• Falling Water• Johnson Wax Head Quarters•

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum• Taliesin• Darwin D. Martin House• Nathan G. Moore House• Gammage Auditorium• Beth Shalom Synagogue• Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio• Unity Temple



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International Style and Frank Lloyd Wright (Corrected Final)

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