International Society1900 - 1990

Total War• Born out of WWI and WWII

• Versailles and Appeasement – Give birth to Nazi Germany

– Characteristics • Industrialized Weapons and Machinery • Global in Scale • Unconditional Surrender• Mobilization of whole society • Casualties beyond soldiers • Economic and Social Impacts

– Today • Use of modern technologies • Non-state actors• Globalization

End of Empire • Imperialism fell in the 1900’s– Self Determination took its place – European Nations lost its control of world affairs – Decolonization • Britain

– 49 countries born out of their empire – Withdrew peacefully

• France – Opposite of Britain, usually forced out

• Legacies– National – Communism

The Cold War • WWII

• US and USSR Superpowers – US: capitalism and democracy – USSR: communism and authoritarian dictatorship

• 1945 – 53: Onset of the Cold War– Period when Cold War began and world began to

divide into Eastern (USSR) and Western (USSR) camps– Yalta and Potsdam Failed

• Europe divided into – East = Pro-USSR– West = Pro-US

– Truman Doctrine• US would support those nations combating the threat of

communism – Containment

• Preventing the spread of communism

Continue • Berlin 1948

• Located in Soviet territory – Stalin cut of roads and communication – Hoped to occupy all of Berlin

• Berlin Airlift

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)• April 1949• Collective self-defense

– United Western Europe and US

• Warsaw Pact • 1955

– Counter to NATO» United Eastern Europe under Moscow Rule

Continue • Chinese Civil War – Communist victory under Mao Zedong

• Ousted US Sported Nationalist– Adopted Moscow Style Dictatorship

• North Korea– Communism Spreading to peninsula

• War of Containment = Korean War– US Supported South Korea and capitalism – USSR Supported North Korea and communism

• Israel– Created by Force

• International Community wanted to counter the Holocaust– US Supported Israel– USSR Supported Arab Nationalism

Continue • 1953-69: Conflict, Confrontation, and

Compromise – Intense time of east/west confect where to

possibility of nuclear war was heightened – US viewed all communism controlled by Moscow,

Europe did not • Europe depended on US for security • By 1960 7,000 US nuclear weapons in Western Europe

– Nikita Khrushchev• Communist Reformist Force in Eastern Europe

– Bloodshed in resisting eastern countries – Constant Confrontation with Western Ideas

» Brought fear to the west

Continue • CIA vs. KGB

• Birth of large intelligence gathering agencies • Both use to promote Ideology in developing or

unstable countries

• Berlin Airlift 1961• Same situation in 1948• Kennedy’s “I’m am a Berliner” Speech

• Cuban Missile Crisis • USSR developing Nuclear Missiles in Cuba• Kennedy Responded with Navel blockade of Cuba to

prevent USSR ships from delivering payload• Moment in history when world was closest to Nuclear

war

Continue • Cuban Missile Crisis

• US possessed superior nuclear arsenal• Khrushchev backed down six days into blockade• US agreed not to invade communist Cuba• Kennedy agreed to remove NATO Nuclear weapons from

Europe

• Partial Test Ban treaty• Banned the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere

• Non-Proliferation Treaty • Committed to halting the arms race

– USSR developed nuclear weapons in the 40’s» Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

– Britain, France, China developed nuclear Weapons in 50’s-60’s– Israel, India, Pakistan and South Africa by the 90’s

Continue • 1969-79: rise and fall of détente

• Détente – relaxation of tension between east and west and characterized by arms control– Both side saw the need for disarming and the consequences

of a war– Both influenced wars in “Third World”

» USSR – Afghanistan » US – Vietnam

– Ended with the Election of Ronald Reagan

• Rapprochement – reestablishment of more friendly relations between China and US– Nixon and Ping Pong – Relations between USSR and China deteriorated

Continue • 1979-86: The Second Cold War– Election of Ronald Reagan in 1980• Fall of Iran and the Iranian Hostage crisis brought down

Jimmy Carter’s presidency • Critics and Reagan that détente had allowed the USSR

to gain on the arms race • Weapons in 1980 – 55,246

– USSR – 30,062– US – 24, 327

– The Second Cold War• The Reagan administrations building of arms and re-

intensify the Cold War• Europe – real fear of nuclear war• Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – AKA Star Wars

Continue • Conflicts

• Grenada – 1983• Libya – 1986• Central America

– Iran Contra Scandal

• Mikhail Gorbachev – 1985– His “New Thinking” changed USSR and allowed the

transformation to western capitalism and democracy • Glasnost – Openness• Perestroika – Restructuring• Sinatra Doctrine – allowing eastern Europe to “do it their

way”.– Countered Brezhnev Doctrine – control of the region

• Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF)• Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

• Fall the the Berlin Wall