International Relations Haynes Cooney Malika Gandhi Chad Mariska.

International Relations

Haynes Cooney

Malika Gandhi

Chad Mariska

Our Approach

Provide background information necessary to understand political situations

Analyze international relations during and post World War II

Summarize current relations

Agenda - China

Government Legitimacy Historical Perspective Current Situation

China’s CCP Comes to Power

Japanese occupied China from 1931 to 1945. Rape of Nanking in 1937

Fall of Japanese Empire in 1945 From 1945 to 1949, Chinese Communist

Party (CCP) and Soviet-backed Chinese Nationalist People's Party (KMT) battled for power of China.

By 1949, the CCP occupied most of the country and KMT fled to Taiwan.

Source: U.S Department of State Website

People’s Republic of China Established People's Republic of China, established October 1,

1949 in Beijing Worked vigorously to win international support for its

position that it is the sole legitimate government of all China. Including… Hong Kong (formerly controlled by the UK, now a “special

administrative region“) Macau (formerly controlled by Portugal, now a “special

administrative region“) Taiwan (formerly claimed to govern China, now considers

itself independent)

A Little More About Taiwan

From 1949 to 1991, both People’s Republic of China in Beijing and the Taiwanese authorities in Taipei claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of China, including the mainland.

Most countries and international governing bodies supported Taiwan’s claim until the 1970s.

People’s Republic of ChinaTakes Over In the 1970s, People’s Republic of China, in Beijing,

became increasingly identified as the sole diplomatic voice of all China. The People's Republic of China replaced Taiwan at

the United Nations in 1971. Japan established diplomatic relations with Beijing in

1972. U.S. did so in 1979.

Fun Fact: Taiwan still call themselves the "Republic of China."

Agenda - China


China Focuses on CommunistComrades 1950’s - China's foreign policy initially

focused on solidarity with the Soviet Union and other communist countries.

1960’s - Beijing competed with Moscow for political influence among communist parties and in the developing world in general.

1970’s - Chinese anxiety about Soviet strategic advances was heightened following the Soviet Union's December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan.

China Looks West

1980’s - China looked to the West for assistance with its modernization drive and for help in countering Soviet expansionism. China sought to foster good relations with

countries that could aid its economic development.

1990’s – Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991, China opened diplomatic relations with the republics of the former Soviet Union.

Agenda - China


China Expanding Asian Profile Korea - Contributed to stability on the Korean

Peninsula through hosting and participating in the Six-Party Talks

Southeast Asia - Cultivated a more cooperative relationship with members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Taiwan - Relations with Taiwan have been improving, but are being tested by China’s passing of an “anti-secession” law. China's National People's Congress approved a law in March

2005 giving the country the legal right to use force against Taiwan if the island attempts to secede.

China Expanding Global Profile United Nations – Awarded permanent seat on

the United Nations Security Council Russia - China has likewise improved ties

with Russia. President Putin and President Jiang signed a

Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in July 2001 and the two countries plan a joint-military exercise in 2005.

China’s Relationship with Japan

Little prospect of any improvement Sharp deterioration in recent months

Accusations that a Chinese submarine illegally entered Japanese waters

Japan’s general support for Taiwan Japanese decision to grant a visa to a former

president of Taiwan, Lee Teng-hui Japan just published a ten-year defense

program, which identified both China and North Korea as military threats

China’s Relationship with the U.S. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist

attacks, China offered strong public support for the war on terrorism and has been an important partner in U.S. counterterrorism efforts

China and the U.S. have been working closely on regional issues, especially North Korea

U.S.-China relations have been complicated by events in Taiwan and Hong Kong U.S. continues to sell advanced weapons to Taiwan’s

government

Japan – A Global Economic Power Japan is a major economic power both in Asia and globally

Diplomatic relations with nearly all independent nations and an active member of the United Nations since 1956

Foreign policy has promoted peace and prosperity for the people

Japan has pursued a more active foreign policy in recent years, recognizing the responsibility that accompanies its economic strength Expanding ties with the Middle East, securing oil supplies Providing the 2nd-largest assistance package to Iraq and Afghanistan Actively negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and

supporting development projects in Africa and Latin America Establishing a peace plan that became the foundation for nationwide

elections in Cambodia in 1998

Source: The U.S. Department of State

Japan – Seeking Diplomatic Clout Despite economic strength, Japan has limited diplomatic clout and

observers identify only three feasible points of leverage Get a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council

Sought for years but few signs of obtaining Pursue regional initiatives that exclude non-Asian countries

Likely damaging to the economy, which depends on globalization Start putting its substantial military resources to work multilaterally,

and to make genuine security contributions when they are called for

Japan's post-war constitution forbids it from maintaining an army The Japanese people traditionally distrust militarism Japan’s neighbors, especially China and South Korea, are quickly

irritated by official promotions of patriotism

Source: The Economist

Japan – Developing Military Strength Prime Minister Koizumi and the LDP favor an assertive foreign policy

Considering amending the constitution to allow more leeway in maintaining regional stability

The public has shown a greater awareness of security issues and increasing support for the Self Defense Forces Attributable to SDF disaster relief efforts and peacekeeping operations Few strategists think that the alliance with the U.S. will last forever

A new National Defense Program Outline emphasized the same two threats that America's Pentagon has lately been stressing Potential terrorist attacks The danger of rogue states combining ballistic missiles with WMD

Japan's defense missions are no longer just good deeds, they are a crucial way of promoting global stability

Source: The Economist, Jane’s Defense Weekly

Japan – Increasing Role in Korea

A broad strategy to place itself at the centre of Asia's economic, diplomatic, and military regional institutions

Ties with South Korea have improved since an exchange of visits in the mid-1980s by their political leaders Some territorial disagreements remain

Limited economic and commercial ties with North Korea

Japan is taking its security responsibilities toward North Korea seriously Member of 6-Party talks to end North Korea’s nuclear arms ambitions Coordinates with the U.S. and South Korea and consults trilaterally on

policy toward North Korea Taken a lead in regional anti-proliferation efforts, including the

American-inspired proliferation security initiative (PSI)


Japan – Economics and China Signed a peace and friendship treaty with China in 1978, ties between the

two countries developed rapidly. Significant economic aid to various Chinese development projects Supported Chinese membership in the WTO

China's biggest trading partner in three of the past four years. Highly complementary manufacturing strengths for the time being Cheap labor is likely for some time to tilt Chinese firms away from the

more capital- and research-intensive projects favored in Japan

As both countries have gained wealth, power, and trading status, they have become natural rivals for primacy within their region

Complementary in terms of output, yet clearly competitors for resources China has become the world's 2nd-largest importer of oil Japan's economic assistance to China is now declining


Japan – China Relations


Japan – Growing Diplomatic Tension Tensions are rising between two of Asia’s traditional rivals

A Chinese submarine covertly sailed into Japanese waters Japan deliberately made its position on Taiwan less ambiguous by

declaring that Taiwan is a security concern Japan's National Defense Program Outline has described China itself

as a source of “concern” for Japan

Japan has publicly lobbied for the European Union not to lift its arms embargo on China Meanwhile developing missile defenses that China deplores

There has been no official visit to China by the Japanese prime minister, Junichiro Koizumi, since October 2001, and none by the Chinese president to Japan since 1998, when Jiang Zemin went. It is the longest hiatus since the normalization of diplomatic relations

between China and Japan in 1972.


Japan – Alliance with the U.S. Alliance is the cornerstone of U.S. security interests in Asia

Preservation and promotion of political and economic freedoms Support for human rights and democratic institutions Securing of prosperity for the people of both countries

Significant participant in the global war on terrorism as well as in the political and economic rehabilitation of Iraq. Political and financial support has strengthened the U.S. position on

numerous global geopolitical problems

Japan is an indispensable partner on UN reform and a close ally in multilateral fora such as the WTO, OECD, the World Bank, and the IMF Supports the United States on nonproliferation and nuclear issues Regional partners in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum

(APEC).


Japan – Balancing Relationships


Japan – Looking Ahead Japan's overall foreign policy remains risk-averse

As an economic power, there is still a heavy reliance on reliable imports of energy and unfettered access to world markets

Japan wants to stay on good terms with as many countries as possible Regional goals are to avoid losing out to China on trade deals and to

manage the alliance with America so as to discourage aggressors

Japanese voters still clearly prefer safe missions, but have been so scandalized by criticism that they are now willing to back deployments Mr. Koizumi and his predecessors have helped mould the popular

mood in favor of more SDF deployments Should one of the missions turn bloody, the public response is unclear

Japan is not so much flexing its muscles as it is stretching them after a long break, to see whether they work and what they can usefully do


Hong Kong

Hong Kong – Brief History The Western world has had a longstanding

interest in trade ventures with Hong Kong

The British East India Company made the first successful sea venture to China in 1699, and Hong Kong's trade with British merchants developed rapidly soon after.

After the First Opium War (1839-1842), Hong Kong was ceded to Britain.

Source: US Department of State Website

Hong Kong – Brief History The United Kingdom,

concerned that Hong Kong could not be defended unless surrounding areas also were under British control, executed a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898, significantly expanding the size of the Hong Kong colony.

In 1997, Hong Kong became a “Special Administrative Region” of China.


Hong Kong & China

China is responsible for both foreign relations and defense of Hong Kong.

Hong Kong is able to enter into international agreements regarding commercial and economic matters.

Hong Kong is a full member of international economic organizations WTO Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Financial Action Task Force (FATE)


Hong Kong – US Relations

US – Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 - Establishes domestic legal authority to treat Hong Kong as an entity

distinct from China post-reversion Full acceptance of “One Country, Two Systems”

Bush Administration views Hong Kong as a Chinese city vital to world economic prosperity.


Strong Relationship between Hong Kong and the US The US has always had a vested interest in

helping to promote Hong Kong’s autonomy and prosperity:

US Foreign Direct Investment to HK = $44.3bn US Exports to HK = $13.5bn HK Exports to US = $8.9bn ~55,000 Americans and 1,100 US-based companies in HK

Coming out of 2004, Hong Kong faces low unemployment, solid economic growth.


Short-Term Goals for US-Hong Kong Relations “Open Skies Agreement”

Removal of Civil Aviation Barriers Enables US-Hong Kong Air Carriers to make decisions independent

of the governments

Protection of Intellectual Property Rights End-User Piracy (Illegal Copies of Software) Unauthorized Use of Books, Movies, Music, etc. on the Internet Infringement of Pharmaceutical Patents

Improvement of Agricultural Trade Lift Ban on US Beef Understand US / Canada position on “Mad-Cow Disease”

Source: Remarks by U.S Consul General James Keith

Hong Kong – Looking Ahead Named “World’s Freest Economy” by the Heritage

Foundation – 11 years in a row

Looking to continue building on its strengths Increase Tourism Increase Consumer Spending Increase Exports to US and Europe

Source: Remarks by U.S Consul General James Keith

International Relations Haynes Cooney Malika Gandhi Chad Mariska.

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