International Neurology
Transcript of International Neurology
International Neurology A Clinical Approach
EDITED BY
ROBERT P. LISAK MD FAAN FRCP Parker Webber Chair in Neurology Professor and Chair of Neurology Professor of Immunology and Microbiology Wayne State University School of Medicine; Neurologist-in-Chief, Detroit Medical Center Chief of Neurology, Harper University Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
DANIEL D. TRUONG MD FAAN Head of The Parkinson and Movement Disorder Institute Memorial Neuroscience Institute Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center Fountain Valley, CA, USA
WILLIAM M. CARROLL MBBS MD FRACP FRCP(E) Head of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Nedlands, Perth, Australia
ROONGROJ BHIDAYASIRI MD FRCP Director Chulalongkorn Comprehensive Movement Disorders Center Chulalongkom University Hospital Bangkok, Thailand; University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
FOREWORD BY JOHN WALTON (LORD WALTON OF DETCHANT)
©WILEYBLACKWELL A John Wiley &. Sons, Ltd., Publication
Contents
List of contributors, xi
Foreword, xxv
Endorsement from the World Federation of Neurology, xxvi
Preface, xxvii
Part 1 Vascular disease
1 Stroke: an overview, 1 Christopher Li-Hsian Chen and Chung Y. Hsu
2 Transient ischemic attacks, 2 Samir H. Shah and Bruce Ovbiagele
3 Atherothrombotic disease, 6 Nijasri C. Suwanwela
4 Occlusive disease of small penetrating arteries, 9 Takeshi Iwanaga, Hock L. Teoh, Jorge A. Zavala, and Geoffrey A. Donnan
5 Binswanger's disease, 12 Dean A. Le and Ferdinando S. Buonanno
6 Brain embolism, 14 Bernard PL. Chan and Chung Y. Hsu
7 Borderzone cerebral infarction, 18 Thomas W. Leung
8 Dissection of the cervicocerebral arteries, 20 Nijasri C. Suwanwela and Chung Y. Hsu
9 Coagulation disorders in stroke, 23 Kay Sin Tan
10 Hemorrhagic strokes, 25 Josef Schill and Thorsten Steiner
11 Strokes in children and young adults, 33 Alfred Lindner
12 Other cerebrovascular syndromes, 36 David Blacker
13 Diseases of the cerebral venous system, 39 Patrick Carney and Stephen M. Davis
14 Spinal cord stroke, 42 Manu Mehdiratta and Louis R. Caplan
Inflammatory vasculopathies
15 Extracranial granulomatous arteritis (giant cell arteritis), 45 Sandeep Randhawa and Gregory P. Van Stavern
16 Intracranial granulomatous arteritis (primary angiitis of the CNS)/idiopathic CNS vasculitis, 49 Donald Silberberg
17 Takayasu's arteritis, 51 Yasuhisa Kitagaiva
18 Polyarteritis nodosa, Churg-Strauss syndrome, overlap and related syndromes, 54 Stanley van den Noort and Gaby T. Thai
19 Wegener's granulomatosis, 57 Gerard Said
20 Cerebrovascular disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies, 59 Megan Alcauskas and Steven R. Levine
21 Thromboangiitis obliterans - Buerger's disease, 61 Kumar Rajamani
Part 2 Autoimmune and inflammatory disease
22 Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome, 63 Marc Gotkine and Oded Abramsky
23 Systemic sclerosis, 70 Ho Jin Kim and Min Su Park
24 Mixed connective tissue disease, 72 Ho Jin Kim and Min Su Park
25 Behcet's syndrome and the nervous system, 74 Aksel Siva and Sabahattin Saip
26 Sarcoidosis, 79 Barney J. Stern
27 Inflammatory spondyloarthropathies, 83 Asmahan Alshubaili
v
vi Contents
Part 3 Seizure disorders and epilepsy
28 Epilepsy: overview, 85 Andres M. Kanner
29 Cryptogenic and symptomatic generalized epilepsies and syndromes, 90 Marco T. Medina, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, and Luis C. Rodriguez-Salinas
30 Genetic (primary) idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), 95 Afawi Zaid
31 Localization-related epilepsies, 99 Hirokazu Oguni and Chrysostomos P. Panayiotopoulos
32 Neurodiagnostic tools for the paroxysmal disorders, 104 Barbara E. Swartz
33 Antiepileptic drugs, 107 Paul B. Pritchard III
34 Surgical treatment of epilepsy, 112 Ivan Rektor and Barbara E. Swartz
Part 4 The dementias
35 The dementias: an overview, 116 Howard H. Feldman and Najeeb Qadi
36 Isolated memory disorders, 120 Elka Stefanova and Vladimir Kostic
37 Mild cognitive impairment, 123 Elka Stefanova and Vladimir Kostic
38 The degenerative dementias, 126 Irena Rektorovä, Robert Rusina, Jakub Hort, and Radoslav Mate]
39 Other dementias, 137 John M. Ringman and Arousiak Varpetian
Part 5 Movement disorders
40 Movement disorders: an overview, 144 Roongroj Bhidayasiri and Daniel D. Truong
41 Tremor, 146 Jan Raethjen and Günther Deuschl
42 Parkinsonism, 152 Bradley J. Robottom, William J. Weiner, and Lisa M. Shulman
43 Parkinson's disease, 159 Daniel D. Truong and Roongroj Bhidayasiri
44 Dystonia, 166 Stanley Fahn
45 Chorea and related disorders, 173 Roongroj Bhidayasiri and Daniel D. Truong
46 Myoclonus, 179 John N. Caviness and Daniel D. Truong
47 Tics and Tourette, 184 Valerie Suski and Mark Stacy
48 Ataxia, 187 Sergei N. Illarioshkin
49 Drug induced movement disorders, 191 Rick Stell
50 Gait disorders, 194 Mr Giladi
51 Psychogenic movement disorders, 197 Brandon Barton, Esther Cubo, and Christopher G. Goetz
Part 6 Other neurodegenerative diseases
Upper and lower motor neuron degenerative disorders
52 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 199 Björn Oskarsson, Yvonne D. Rollins, and Steven P. Ringel
53 Primary lateral sclerosis, 203 Yvonne D. Rollins, Björn Oskarsson, and Steven P. Ringel
54 Hereditary spastic paraplegia, 205 Ildefonso Rodriguez-Leyva
55 Spinal muscular atrophies, 208 Sabine Rudnik-Schöneborn and Klaus Zerres
56 Post-polio syndrome, 212 M/s Erik Gilhus
Degenerative muscle disorders
57 Limb girdle muscular dystrophies, 215 Ignacio M. Carrillo-Nunez, Anneke J. van der Kooi, and Marianne de Visser
58 Dystrophinopathies, 219 S.M. Schade van Westrum and Marianne de Visser
59 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 223 George W. Padberg
60 Scapuloperoneal syndrome, 225 Georges Serratrice
61 Myotonic dystrophy, 227 Slobodan Apostolski and Vidosava Rakocevic-Stojanovic
Contents vii
62 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, 231 80 Cerebral malaria, 285 Luis A. Chui and Tahseen Mozaffar Polrat Wilairatana and Srivicha Krudsood
63 Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 233 81 Trypanosomiasis, 290 Ronnie Karayan and Tahseen Mozaffar Francisco Javier Carod-Artal
64 Distal myopathies, 235 Rickettsiae and parasitic infections Nigel G. Lain? and Phillipa J. Lamont _„ „ . , , . , , . . . , . „ „
5 & r ' 82 Rickettsial and parasitic infections, 293 Oscar H. Del Brutto
Part 7 Infect ious d i s e a s e s 83 Cestodes, 294 Oscar H. Del Brutto
Bacterial infections
65 Acute bacterial meningitis, 238 Sudesh Prabhakar
66 Brain abscess, 242 Gagandeep Singh
67 Subdural empyema, 245 Sandi Lam and Tien T. Nguyen
68 Epidural abscess, 248 Sandi Lam and Tien T. Nguyen
69 Intracranial septic thrombophlebitis, 250 D. Nagaraja and D.K. Prashantha
70 Encephalitis due to bacterial infections, 253 Karen L. Roos and Jennifer Durphy
Mycobacterial infections
71 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 258 Einar P. Wilder-Smith
11 Mycobacterium avium, 261 Einar P. Wilder-Smith
73 Leprosy, 262 Minh Le
Spirochetal infections
74 Neurosyphilis, 266 Jonathan Can
75 Lyme disease, 269 Patricia K. Coyle
76 Fungal infections of the central nervous system, 274 Thomas С Cesario
Protozoan diseases
77 Introduction to protozoans of the central nervous system, 278 Marylou V. Solbrig
78 Amoebic disease of the central nervous system, 279 Melanie Walker
79 Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system, 282 Marylou V. Solbrig
84 Trematodes: schistosomiasis, 297 Sureshbabu Sachin and Manjari Tripathi
85 Nematodes, 300 Manjari Tripathi and Sureshbabu Sachin
86 Rickettsial disease, 303 Clarisse Rovery and Didier Raoult
Viral infections
87 Acute, recurrent, and chronic viral meningitis, 308 Larry E. Davis
88 The syndrome of acute encephalitis, 314 Heng Thay Chong and Chong Tin Tan
89 Post-viral cerebellitis, 329 Heng Thay Chong and Chong Tin Tan
90 Subacute and chronic viral infections, 331 Ellen Gelpi and Herbert Budka
Prion diseases
91 Prion diseases, 336 Ellen Gelpi and Herbert Budka
HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
92 HIV and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: an overview of neurological complications, 340 Bruce J. Brew
93 Human immunodeficiency virus: biology and general overview of seroconversion and early infection, 342 Alexandros С Tselis
94 HIV-related CNS disorders, 345 Girish Modi, Kapila Hari, and Andre Mochan
HIV-related peripheral nervous system and myopathic disorders
95 HIV neuropathy, 351 Giorgia Melli and Ahmet Höke
96 Myopathies in HIV infection, 354 Mirela E. Toma, Alejandra Gonzalez-Duarte, and David M. Simpson
viii Contents
97 HIV-associated cerebral opportunistic infections, 356 Bruce J. Brew
98 HIV-associated lymphoma: neurologic complications, 360 Bruce }. Brew
The neurologic complications ofHTLV-1 myelopathy syndromes
99 Peripheral nervous system complications of HTLV-1 myelopathy: HAM/TSP and related syndromes, 362 Abelardo Araüjo, Marco A. Lima, and Marcus Julius T. Silva
Part 8 Demyelinating disorders
100 Multiple sclerosis, 366 Robert P. Lisak and Jun-Ichi Kira
101 Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or Devic's disease, 375 William M. Carroll
102 Isolated inflammatory demyelinating syndromes (IIDS), 378 Ernest W. Willoughby
103 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 381 Brenda L. Banwell
104 Osmotic demyelination syndromes, 386 Ovidiu Bajenaru
105 Concentric sclerosis (Balö's disease), 389 Takeshi Tabira
Part 9 Toxicology
106 Neurotoxicology, 391 Nai-Shin Chu and Chin-Chang Huang
Part 10 Nutritional deficiency
107 Vitamin deficiency, 401 Jacques Serratrice
108 Starvation, Strachan's syndrome, and postgastroplasty polyneuropathy, 408 he Quang Cuong
109 Alcohol-related neurological disorders, 410 Yuri Alekseenko
Part 11 Peripheral neuropathies
110 Peripheral neuropathies: overview, 416 Friedhelm Sandbrink
Til Hereditary neuropathy, 419 Liying Cui and Mingsheng Liu
112 Acquired neuropathies, 425 Friedhelm Sandbrink
113 Plexopathies and mononeuropathies, 432 Friedhelm Sandbrink
Part 12 Muscle and neuromuscular junction disorders
Disorders of neuromuscular junction
114 Myasthenia gravis, 438 Richard A. Lewis
115 Lambert-Eaton syndrome, 442 Johan A. Aarli
116 Neuromuscular transmission disorders caused by toxins and drugs, 445 Zohar Argov
117 Critical illness myopathy, 447 Muhammad Al-Lozi and Alan Pestronk
Myopathy and myositis
118 Progressive muscle dystrophies, 449 Stephan Zierz
119 Familial periodic paralyses, 454 Chokri Mhiri
120 Congenital disorders of the muscle, 457 Young-Chul Choi
121 Muscle cramps, 461 Raymond L. Rosales
122 Dermatomyositis, 465 Marinas С. Dalakas
123 Polymyositis, 469 Marinos C. Dalakas
124 Inclusion body myositis, 474 Frank L. Mastaglia and Merrilee Needham
125 Myoglobinuria, 477 John Vissing
Contents ix
Part 13 Neurogenetics
126 Genetics in neurology, 480 Karen P. Frei
Part 14 Neuro-otology
127 Neuro-otology, 485 Kevin A. Kerber
Part 15 Neuro-ophthalmology
128 Clinical approaches in neuro-ophthalmology, 495 Anuch.it Poonyathalang
Part 16 Neuro-oncology
Glial tumors
129 High grade astrocytomas, 506 Olivier L. Chinot
130 Low grade astrocytoma, 510 Martin J. van den Bent
131 Low grade and anaplastic oligodendroglioma, 514 Ayman I. Omar and Warren P. Mason
132 Brain stem glioma, 519 Ira J. Dunkel and Mark M. Souweidane
133 Intracranial ependymoma, 522 Sajeel Chowdhary and Marc Chamberlain
Non-glial tumors
134 Nerve sheath tumors, 525 Nathan J. Ranalli and Eric L. Zager
135 Meningiomas, 528 Laurie Rice and Jeffrey Raizer
136 Medulloblastoma, 531 Regina I. Jakacki
137 Primary central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL), 535 Deborah T. Blumenthal
Metastatic tumors
138 Brain metastases, 539 Silvia Hofer and Michael Brada
139 Leptomeningeal metastases, 543 Elizabeth R. Gerstner and Tracy T. Batchelor
140 Spinal epidural metastases, 546 Lee I. Kubersky and David Schiff
Neurologic complications of systemic cancer
141 General approach to the diagnosis and treatment of paraneoplastic neurologic disorders, 550 Myrna R. Rosenfeld and Josep O. Dalmau
Part 17 Sleep disorders
142 Insomnia, 554
Colin A. Espie and Delwyn J. Bartlett
Primary disorders of daytime hypersomnolence
143 Narcolepsy, 557 Marcel Hungs and Emmanuel Mignot
144 Idiopathic hypersomnia, 561 Marcel Hungs and Jed Black
145 Obstructive sleep apnea, 563 Christine Won, Jee Hyun Kim, and Christian Guilleminault
146 Restless legs syndrome, 566 Birgit Högl, Birgit Frauscher, and Claudio Sergio Podestä
147 Orcadian sleep disorders, 569 Sergio Tufik, Monica L. Andersen, Lia R.A. Bittencourt, and T. De Mello
Parasomnias
148 Disorders of arousal, 571 Li Ling Lim
149 REM behavior disorder (RBD), 573 Li Ling Lim
150 Paroxysmal nocturnal dystonia, 575 Cynthia L. Cornelia
151 Sleep abnormalities in neurological disorders, 577 Margaret Park and Cynthia L. Cornelia
Part 18 Spinal cord disorders
152 Disc disease, 579 David B. Vodusek and Simon Podnar
153 Syringomyelia, 587 Alia Guekht
Part 19 Pediatric neurology
154 Pediatric neurotransmitter diseases, 590 Stephen Deputy
155 Neonatal neurology, 594 Mary Payne and Ann Tilton
x Contents
156 Floppy infant syndrome, 596 Jong-Hee Chae
157 Storage disorders, 600 Jeffrey Ekstrand and Raman Sankar
158 Disorders of amino acid, organic acid, and ammonia metabolism, 609 Stephen Cederbaum
159 Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, 617 Stacey K.H. Tay and Salvatore DiMauro
160 Fatty acid oxidation disorders, 631 Thomas Wieser and Thomas Deufel
161 Disorders resulting from transporters, 635 David Gloss
162 Lesch-Nyhan disease, 638 Allison Conravey and Ann Tilton
163 The porphyrias, 640 Frank}.E. Vajda and Carlo Solinas
164 Wilson's disease, 644 Peter A. LeWitt and Anna Cztonkowska
Part 20 CNS trauma
165 Traumatic brain injury, 648 Christopher С Giza
166 Spinal injury, 652 Enver I. Bogdanov
167 Whiplash injury, 655 Anthony Ciabarra
168 Decompression sickness, 657 Leon D. Prockop
169 Post-traumatic movement disorders, 659 Louis C.S. Tan and Daniel D. Truong
Part 21 Pain syndromes
170 Pain, 661 Guillermo Garcia-Ramos, Bernardo Cacho Diaz, and Bruno Estanol Vidal
Part 22 Headache and neck/facial pain
171 Headache, 669 Stephen D. Silberstein
172 Facial and neck pain, 675 Kammant Phanthumchinda
173 Fibromyalgia, 679 Saeed Bohlega
Appendix: Treatment algorithm for Parkinson's disease, 681
Index, 683
Color plate section is found facing p. 484