International Marine Conservation Summit 2020 International Marine Conservation Summit 2020.
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Transcript of International Marine Conservation Summit 2020 International Marine Conservation Summit 2020.
International International Marine Marine
Conservation Conservation Summit 2020Summit 2020
Reviewing progress since the International Year of Biodiversity -2010
Statistics
Fishing rates currently over 2.5 times greater than the sustainable level
Statistics
Statistics
Recovering
Sea Bass
StatisticsBy 2048 – ALL species currently fished for as food will collapse
Tuna
Atlantic Cod
Sward F
ish
Salmon
CausesTechnological advancements
Advanced Tracking
Bigger Nets
Faster Ships
CausesTechnological advancementsToo many fleets
o Over 4 million commercial fishing vessels in 2005 Unfair Fisheries Partnership Agreements
o Allow foreign fleets to over fish in the waters of developing countries
Pirate FishingBycatchDestructive techniquesLack of conservation
Consequences
Consequences
Fisho Decline in Population
o Possible extinction of specie
Food Chaino Decline in species higher up the food
chain
Consequences
Food Chaino Decline in species higher up the food
chain Including:
Consequences
Dolphins
Sea Otters
Sea BirdsWhales
Seals
Food Chain
o Humpback whales in Canada's Bay of Fundy appear to be suffering from lack of food due to competition with fishing fleets for herring (wwf)
ConsequencesHumpback
WhalesCase-Study
Food Chaino Decline in species higher up the food chaino Greater number of smaller organism – those
previously eaten by commercial fisho Decline in some species further down the
food chain as fishing fleets and larger predators change their target catch
Consequences
Humanso 1 in 5 people rely on fish as their main source of
protein o World’s poorest suffer mosto 200 million people world wide rely on the ocean for
their lively hoodo Over fishing by large international corporations leave
local fishermen without fish
Consequences
Food ChainConsequences
Newfoundland Case-Study
For centuries was a thriving fishing town In the early 1990s, the fishing industry
provided employment for 110,000 people
Food ChainConsequences
Newfoundland Case-Study
“Waters so rich that one had only to let a basket into the water and it would be filled with cod”
Mid 1950s – 1980s experienced mass over fishing
Food ChainConsequences
Newfoundland Case-Study
o 1992 – Cod fishery officially declared collapsedo 40,000 people lost their jobs overnighto A further 70,000 became unemployed as a resulto Canadian government spent billions in relief
packages o A Great Bank cod fishing moratorium was
implemented immediately – this ban has continued on and off ever since
o 28 years later – Cod still not recovered
Food ChainConsequences
Newfoundland Case-Study
Humanso Annual global economic loss as a direct result of over
fishing -- $36 Billion o Annual global economic loss when potential economic
gain from wider industry (distributors, supermarkets, boat builders etc) is taken into consideration -- $72 Billion
o Loss from non-industrial use of ocean -- $45 Billion Including:
• Whale-watching• Diving• Sports fishing
o Mass unemployment
$$
SolutionsSolutions
Ecosystem-Based Management
o Improve Fishing Managemento Reduce the impact of fishingo Develop and support sustainability
Three Goals:
Improved Fishing Management
Marine Protect AreasLike National Reserves… except for the sea
A protected area in which no fishing is permitted
Fish Responses to Marine Reserves
Marine Reserves Increase Fish Biomass
Since the IYB2010 2020
~ 5, 000 MPAs around the world
~ 9,000 MPAs
8% of world’s oceans protected
10% of worlds oceans protected
Target 11: By 2020, at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas
Kenya: Case-Study
Reduce Impact
Bycatch – Definition Organisms not of the target species that are caught and killed unintentionally during fishing
BycatchIn total, 1 in 3 fish caught is wastedEvery year 29 million tons of fish,
seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals are killed and discarded into the sea as incidental or unwanted by-catch
Wasted
BycatchIs the single largest cause of cetaceans
mortalityHas pushed dozens of species to the point
of extinction
Over 300,000 small whales, dolphins, and porpoises
100 million sharks20 percent of the seafloor fauna and flora over
which a trawler has passedAround 100,000 albatrosses
Annually kills
Ratio of intended catch to bycatch
1:20
Bycatch by Gear Type
SolutionsSetting bait hooks in longline fishing nets
below 100mPingers
Electro-acoustic devices attached to nets – alert cetaceans to the presence of the net – less likely to become tangled
SolutionsCircular Hook – reduces turtle deathsChange in hooks on long nets – has
drastically reduced death of sea birds
Bycatch
Since 2010Change in fishing gear70% of costal states have banned dynamite
fishing in their waters
Since 2010Change in fishing gear70% of costal states have banned dynamite
fishing in their watersStrong movement away from trawlers
Since 2010Change in fishing gear70% of costal states have banned dynamite
fishing in their watersStrong movement away from trawlers (20%
less)Encouragement of scuba-fishing especially
for shallow water shrimp and lobster. Regulations on net size – allows infant fish to
escape
Develop and Support
Sustainability
Fish Farming2010 -- Provided one-third of the fish people
consumed2010 -- worth US$58 billion globally2020 – worth US$70 billion globally
Farmed
Mass of Farmed Seafood
Year
Sea
food
fro
m F
ish
Far
ms
(mt)
Types of Fish Farming
In the Ocean
Types of Fish Farming
On Land
Types of Fish Farming
NEW A
GE
Acidification of Acidification of the OCEANthe OCEAN
1. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed into the ocean
2. This CO2 combines with seawater (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), lowering the pH and thus making it more acidic
3. This raises the concentration of hydrogen ions in the water hence decreasing the concentration of carbonate ions making it harder for organisms to obtain carbonate ions which are needed for them to build shells.
Process of acidification
What is it? What is it? As the name implies acidification
of the ocean refers to the phenomena of lowering pH in the ocean.
How it HappensHow it Happens Acidification of the ocean occurs
when CO2 in the atmosphere is absorbed into the ocean
Carbonic AcidCarbon Dioxide Water
CO2 is being absorbed into the worlds oceans at a rate of over 22 million tons per day.
StatisticsStatistics
22,000,000
Tons/Day
CO2 is being absorbed into the worlds oceans at a rate of over 22 million tons per day
¼ of human induced CO2 emissions are absorbed into the ocean
Statistics Statistics
Absorbed
CO2 is being absorbed into the worlds oceans at a rate of over 22 million tons per day
¼ of human induced CO2 emissions have been absorbed into the ocean
Ocean surface pH dropped approximately 0.13 between 1750 and 2000:
Statistics Statistics
8.25 8.12 1750 2000
CO2 is being absorbed into the worlds oceans at a rate of over 22 million tons per day.
¼ of human induced CO2 emissions have been absorbed into the ocean
Ocean surface pH dropped approximately 0.13 between 1750 and 2000:
This constitutes a 30% raise in ocean acidity since pre-industrial times
Statistics Statistics
StatisticsStatistics
“ “This rate is 100 times faster than any change in ocean acidity in the last 20 million years”(Thomas Lovejoy, former chief biodiversity advisor to the world bank)(Thomas Lovejoy, former chief biodiversity advisor to the world bank)
Downward SpiralDownward Spiral
CO2 released into atmosphere
¼ absorbed into oceans
Oceans become acidic & therefore corrosive
Lowers carbonate saturation
Organisms shells corrode and dissolve
Without protection these species quickly decline
Entire food chain affected
It is harder for calcareous organisms to make their shells
Acidification continues and water become corrosive
Mass extinction
Dead Seas
ConsequencesConsequences
Millions of marine species build shells for themselves using calcium (Ca) and carbonate (CO3) molecules from seawater.
However, increased acidity results in a decrease in the availability of carbonate molecules and hence it becomes increasingly difficult for these organisms to build their shells.
Low AcidityHigh Acidity
Acid
Carbonate
Water
ConsequencesConsequences
They have less able to do other activities such as feed and reproduce
decline in population of species
ConsequenceConsequence: : they must spend more energy on making their shells
ConsequencesConsequences
Greater ThreatGreater Threat
Even after 250 years of acidification Even after 250 years of acidification pH is still greater than 7 – the water pH is still greater than 7 – the water is alkali is alkali
However… if pH < 7 water becomes However… if pH < 7 water becomes corrosive corrosive
Shells will actually dissolve
Affected OrganismsAffected OrganismsInclude:Include:
Sea Urchins
Calcareous phytoplankton
Mussels
Coral
Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
Take Millions of Years to form Home to ¼ of marine species Extremely sensitive to change in pH Require very high amounts of carbonate to build
skeletons
Acidity = corrosion of coral
Already being seen in most reefs around the world. Left unaddressed will result in extinction of coral.
Acidity = corrosion of coral
The loss of coral reefs will be devastating for both the biodiversity of this planet and the millions of people who rely on them for a living and protection
Where we standWhere we stand
Cold water coral reefs are almost entirely goneCold water coral reefs are almost entirely gone Coastal communities in such places as Kenya, Coastal communities in such places as Kenya,
the Caribbean and Fiji are suffering as tourism the Caribbean and Fiji are suffering as tourism has decreasedhas decreased
Where we standWhere we stand
For the last 2 decades coral reefs have been For the last 2 decades coral reefs have been declining at an alarmingly fast rate and if the declining at an alarmingly fast rate and if the current trend continues will completely gone current trend continues will completely gone in less than 25 yearsin less than 25 years
Polar Polar RegionsRegionsFirst Affected
● Acidification is particularly high in the polar oceans because gas dissolves more easily into cold water
Polar SeasPolar Seas
● Effects already beginning to be seen
Polar SeasPolar Seas: 2010: 2010
Polar SeasPolar Seas: 2010: 2010● Calcareous phytoplankton – an
important species at the bottom of the food chain – declining because of acidification
Polar SeasPolar Seas: 2010: 2010
● Terrapod shells in arctic dissolving● First signs of dead oceans
Polar SeasPolar Seas: 2010: 2010
Where We StandWhere We Stand
Despite the Aichi targets CO2 Despite the Aichi targets CO2 emissions have continued to rise since emissions have continued to rise since 2010 and reached an all time high in 2010 and reached an all time high in December of 2017. December of 2017.
In last 2 years – COIn last 2 years – CO22 emissions/capita emissions/capita begun to decline due to:begun to decline due to:• LegislationLegislation• Improved farming techniques Improved farming techniques • Implementation of renewable energyImplementation of renewable energy
Where we StandWhere we Stand
However: CO2 still greater than in 2010
Global CO2 Emissions
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Where we StandWhere we Stand
However: CO2 still greater than in 2010 Levels still too high to stop ocean
acidification
SolutionsSolutions
Preserve
Coral Banks Coral Banks - Take samples of coral - Take samples of coral species to be preservedspecies to be preserved
Preserve
AquariumsAquariums Creates desire within population for ocean Creates desire within population for ocean
preservationpreservation Allow people to see what no longer exists Allow people to see what no longer exists
in the wide in the wide
Preserve
Unfortunately these actions do not solve the Unfortunately these actions do not solve the problem.problem.
However, they do ensure that species will survive However, they do ensure that species will survive for future generations to see as well as medicinal for future generations to see as well as medicinal purposespurposes
Reduce CO2
Acidification can only be Acidification can only be prevented by reducing prevented by reducing atmospheric COatmospheric CO22
Reduce CO2
2010 CO2 Emissions 2010 CO2 Emissions
Air 2%
2010
Solutions
Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources
Changing the way we get energy has been a key Changing the way we get energy has been a key factor in reducing global CO2 emissionsfactor in reducing global CO2 emissions
International International Marine Marine
Conservation Conservation Summit 2020Summit 2020
Thank-Thank-youyou