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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1

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THE INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE STATUS OF THE

VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION TO KELURAHAN AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

INTO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN WEST JAVA PROVINCE

Nuryanto

Doctoral Candidate on Graduate Program of Government Science

Institute of Public Administration

The transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan remains a strategic issue

and attractive to continue to be studied academically in line with the development of decentralized governance.

Similarly, the change of the organizational structure of government should certainly still carry the public welfare

purposes. Therefore, organizational transformation should be in line with the appropriate process of community

empowerment in improving the capacity of communities to develop more dynamically to meet the needs of a

prosperous life. This research was conducted to determine the effect from the transformation of the status of the

village administration into kelurahan empowerment toward community development in west java province. The

formulation of the problem are: (1) how much the influence the transformation of the status of the village

administration into kelurahan empowerment towards development; (2) how much the influence on the

development of community empowerment; (3) how much the influence the transformation of the status of the

village administration into kelurahan and community empowerment simultaneously towards community

development; and (4) how the theoretical explanation or new concepts influence the transformation of the status

of the village administration into kelurahan and empowerment of communities simultaneously towards

community development. The concept developed in peeling organizational transformation based on the

organizational transformation theory that rests on the 4R interrelated dimensions, namely: (1) Reframing; (2)

Restructuring; (3) Revitalization; and (4) Renewing. While the concept of empowerment is focused on five

dimensions: (1) enabling; (2) empowering; (3) protecting; (4) supporting; and (5) fostering. The concept of

community development is set at six major dimensions of human life, namely development: (1) social; (2)

economy; (3) politic; (4) culture; (5) environment; and (6) personnel as well as spiritual. The design of the

research used explanatory survey method with quantitative analysis approach through path analysis techniques.

The research proves that the findings of the transformation of the status of the village administration into

kelurahan and empowerment have a significant effect with the amount of positive influence on the development

of communities in the province of West Java. This implies that the transformation model village status into

kelurahan followed by the appropriate community empowerment in West Java can be a positive influence on the

variation change in community development.

Keywords: Organizational Transformation, Empowerment, and Community Development

A. Introduction

Village point of view in the context of the

government enforcement is always shifting in

every regime, ranging from the Dutch colonial rule

until the current reform. As with the administrative

position as the region in kelurahan tend to be more

stable, because kelurahan is a local governance

institution as the regional work units (SKPD),

which is authorized to provide public services

provided by the government. Normatively, when

there is a change of values, norms, cultural and

social ties among the people, there may be a shift in

the status of the community, such as changes in the

rural into urban population. It can encourage the

village community initiative to change the status of

the village into kelurahan. The law of this condition

is protected by the determination of law No. 6 of

2014 concerning Villages in Article 11 paragraph

(1), namely: "The village can be changed to

become kelurahan by village administration

initiatives and village consultative body is

concerned with regard the advice and opinion of

the villagers".

The establishment of village laws

currently is not only for village transformation into

kelurahan but kelurahan is possible to return to be

village (the deternination of law Republic of

Indonesia No. 6/2014, article 11 and 12). The

transformation of the status of the village

administration into kelurahan is not always

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followed by value changes of rural into urban

population. The village status transformation to

become an kelurahan in social terms is often

identified with the transformation of the

organization, the whole change of government

organizational village system into kelurahan

administration organizations.

The transformation of the status of the

village administration into kelurahan is obviously

has an impact and it has consequences on changes

in institutional governance, including the dynamics

of public empowerment will affect the variations in

the community life development in the new

government organizational system (kelurahan),

both from the aspect of social, economic, political,

culture, environment, and personal/spiritual. In the

context of status transformation of village into

kelurahan, the organizational transformation is

often happened since their regional expansion or

creation of new autonomous regions to meet the

administrative requirements. The village status

changed into kelurahan, although the villagers still

have social values of rural. Besides the village has

a role and a very strategic position in terms of

development and national defense because the

majority of Indonesian people are in rural areas.

Embodiment of a strong village will

directly affect the implementation of regional

autonomy for village administration is the leading

unit in service to the community and become a

major milestone for the success implementation

from regional government. Strengthening village is

a necessity that cannot be postponed in order to

accelerate the realization of public welfare.

According to data from the General Directorate of

Administration of Villages and Kelurahan

Empowerment (2013), it shows that over the years

the status transformation from village into

kelurahan is growing up. In 2008 there were 67,241

villages and 7,955 kelurahan, in 2011 there were

69,249 villages and 8,216 kelurahas, and in 2013

there were 72,944 villages and 8,309 kelurahan, as

shown in Table 1 as follows.

Table 1

Number of village and countryside in 2008, 2011, and 2013

No. Year Number Information

Village Kelurahan

1 2008 67,241 7,955 A changing trend in the number of village

or increased during the period 2008 – 2013 2 2011 69,249 8,216

3 2013 72,944 8,309

Source: Director General of Village Community Empowerment (2013).

The transformation of the status of the

village administration into kelurahan is a policy or

government efforts to form a new village with the

aim of achieving effectiveness and efficiency of

service to the community (Kurniasih, 2011: 23).

Achieving this goal is in line with the

determination of Law No. 23 Year 2014 on

Regional Government that the regional

administration is directed to accelerate the

realization of public welfare through the

improvement of service, empowerment, and

community participation, as well as improving the

competitiveness of local and regional work units.

The increased accretion of the


administration into kelurahan at the national level

is also occurred in West Java Province, particularly

in the division of the district into the city. Based on

the attachment of Minister Regulation No. 18 of

2013 on Codes and Data Administration Area,

West Java province as a whole is composed of 17

districts, 9 cities, 626 districts, 639 kelurahan, and

5,295 villages. From the number of kelurahan

distribution of villages as the implications of

transformation village status into kelurahan is more

prevalent in district division into the city by 76% or

some 486 out of 639 kelurahan, namely in Bogor

(68 kelurahan), Sukabumi (33 kelurahan), Bandung

(151 kelurahan), Cirebon (22 kelurahan), Bekasi

(56 kelurahan), Depok (63 kelurahan), Cimahi (15

kelurahan), Tasikmalaya (69 kelurahan), and

Banjar (9 kelurahan).

The fact that the transformation of the

status of the village administration into kelurahan is

expected to improve public services effectively and

efficiently. The effective and efficient public

service is something that can be seen from the

dynamic development of its people. The develop





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people in social life system cannot be separated

from the bureaucratic system services. Therefore,

the position of community is absolutely important

in the process of structural organization

transformation of village into kelurahan. In many

cases, it was found that the transformation of the

status of the village administration into kelurahan

frequently determined by the local government

expansion, also ignore the people interests and

aspirations. The other interesting thing in the


administration into kelurahan is the difference in

government's treatment to people in rural and urban

areas. Kelurahan being served directly by the

government, while the rural communities served by

the local government of kelurahan to the principle

of mutual assistance and self-sufficiency. The

differences in public services ultimately provide

community development tendency of variation both

in government village or different from each other.

From the issuance of determination of law

of Republic of Indonesia No. 6 of 2014 on the

village, opening space for the brand news position

and institutional, the transformation of the status of

the village administration into kelurahan or the

contrariwise which has an implication for the

dynamics of government institutions in the village.

The transformation in terms of village governance

exist on its program to become kelurahan that

process a different publicservices. Meanwhile, the

phenomenon of village status transformation is still

had a say with the dynamics of rural governance

institutions at this time, whether the village

administration is a community organization that

runs the government functions or village

administration is an autonomous region as part of

system and structural governance in Indonesia.

There are some researches that related to

village governance and empowerment of rural

communities, such as Bambang Giyanto (2013),

Changes of Village into Kelurahan: A Study of

Institutional Change in Sub Kelapa Dua Tangerang

Regency and Serang District of Taktakan; Yudi

Rusfiana (2011), The Influence of Organizational

Transformation to the performance of Village

Government Performance in Bandung regency;

Kurniasih Goddess (2011), Status Change Village

Become village in Bandung regency; Entang Adhy

Muhtar (2008), Influence of the Rural

Development Institute for Community

Empowerment in Rural Development in Cianjur,

West Java; Purbathin Agus Hadi (2003),

Community Empowerment through Community

Revitalization Institutional and Village

Government in the Village Bentek, District

Ganges, West Lombok regency of West Nusa

Tenggara; and Sadu Wasistiono (1996),

Organizational Development of the village

government. (Case Study on the Rural District of

Situradja The District of Sumedang). Some results

of these studies still show problems related to the

development of village governance and the

dynamics of their forest, while the results of a

study evaluating the effect of transforming the

village into a village status and empowerment of

communities together had an impact on community

development has not been found. Thus, this study

provides novelti (novelty) associated with the

transformation of the status of village government

who once expected to be able to predict the

formation of the transformation of the village into

the village ahead.

By having this, deepening is needed in

people’s dynamics response in regards with the

status transformation of village administration into

kelurahan. It is also become an essential dynamics

of community empowerment in the process of

status transformation of village into kelurahan

because of the structural alteration and governance

functions without the necessary community

empowerment process will be less significant in

realizing the expected dynamics of community

development. At least the deepening in here is the

way to contribute in treatment of village and

kelurahan, community development process,

strengthening the village regulation, and

community development in Indonesia’s governance

system. This is the phenomenon of village and

kelurahan administration that occur in most of

Indonesia, including West Java Province. The

dynamics of these changes are highly

contextualized within a governance framework that

researchers interested in studying further how the

influence effect of the transformation of the status

of the village administration into kelurahan and

community empowerment to community

development that is expected as part of the

governance process in West Java province which is

oriented towards improving the welfare of society

through improving services, empowerment and

community participation, as well as the

competitiveness of the region as a destination of

local autonomy and decentralization.

West Java province as a research location

is based on the people characteristic which is very

dynamic and geographically it is contiguous to the





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central government of the Republic of Indonesia, as

well as a supporting zone that allows the

achievement of access to economic, political,

social, culture and the establishment of village

status into kelurahan increased as well. In addition,

West Java province with geographic characteristics

and accessibility towards economic growth center

in the center of the state capital by the economic

growth acceleration in Jabodetabekjur region have

pushed the acceleration status alteration from

village into kelurahan, so that gradually spread to

the development area in West Java in order to

accelerate the development of society in political,

economic and socio-cultural according to the

characteristics of the population and territory.

Based on the problem’s background, identification

of problems compiled in this study are:

1. During the process of transformation of the

village administration into kelurahan organizations

is often determined based on the process of

regional expansion or creation of new autonomous

regions to meet administrative requirements, and

not entirely based on the interests also aspirations

of rural communities.

2. The transformation of the status of the village

administration into kelurahan in West Java

province is tend to shows a relative high number as

result of a strategic supports for the state capital.

However, the effectiveness and efficiency of the

empowerment and development of people's lives in

the province of West Java are not achieved.

3. The empowerment of rural community is

essential to promote the dynamics of rural

communities which are experiencing the

transformation process in the administration to

become kelurahan. The Transformation of the

village administration into kelurahan is not just a

structural alteration of government, but also has

implications for the readiness, mentality, and

capacity to adapt and develop in the new system of

governance structure. Until this time, the process of

empowerment is not a major concern in the

transformation of the village administration into

kelurahan. Besides, the community development is

the best way to the people development both from

the aspect of social, economic, political, cultural,

and environmental.

4. The community development in West Java

Province is relatively still indicates inequality of

income distribution in urban (medium inequality,

GR = 0,425) and rural (mild lameness, GR = 0,3 in

2012).

B. Literature Review

The grand theory of this research is placed

on the theory of bureaucracy and administration, by

Max Weber (1864-1920) in his book entitled: "The

Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalist".

Weber's bureaucracy theory explains that the

bureaucracy is originally derived from the legal-

rational. Organization can be called as rational in

terms of goal setting and planning organizations to

achieve the goal. There are 6 characteristics of

bureaucratic organization in the most efficient

form, namely: the division of labor, hierarchical

authority, rational program, system procedures, the

rules system of rights and obligations, and

interpersonal relationships as an impersonal as

well. Then, Finer (1949: 79) developed a theory of

bureaucracy via modern theory of government

approach that the government show the actions and

activities of executive government administrators

are permanently subject to the rule of law being

applied and are guarded by a court of law

independently and impartially. Furthermore,

MacIver (1965: 241) describes the administration

turbulence indicated by their tendency but the

government’s problem of bureaucracy still remains.

In Generally bureaucracy assign more value in

maintaining the institution as a representation

scheme, whereas individual bureaucracy enlarge

function in it and keep it from any disturbances by

other functionaries. The government science

basically work on study of the type of social life

that have special properties, which is a social life

by Aristotle is categorized as political, in the sense

now means the state and its parts (Labolo, 2008:6).

The role of sociology in the context of

government science is a part that cannot be

separated and has a very close relationship in the

development process. According to Ndraha (2003:

97) is the idea of bringing the government science

administration to the concept of the government

and the governed, and relation between the two

side is the government relations. The sociology

science aims to study the society that includes

people's behavior and human social behavior by

observing the behavior of the group that built

(Haryanto and Nugrohadi, 2011: 1-2). Reflection of

the explanation has implications for the

management of government that involves a series

of parties who govern and the governed who

established a relationship in governance to achieve

a particular purpose of organizing. According to

Braam (1988: 19) the government sociology has





57

been sharpened to the problems solving behavior,

particularly solving the group problems.

Wasistiono and Simangungsong (2010:

111) explained that in the new paradigm is named

as good governance, a change in the position and

role of the government as one of the stakeholders in

a State. In the old paradigm, the government (the

ruling) based on the position of the hierarchy and

the people (the governed). In the good governance

paradigm, status and position of the government is

a hierarchy with other stakeholders such as the

private sector and the public sector. The paradigm

transformation by Effendy (2010: 39) begins with

an intention to initiate a change. On the other hand,

Cheema and Rondinelli (1988: 14) explained that

the meaning of decentralization as:

"decentralization can be a means of Overcoming

the serve limitations of centrally controlled

national planning by delegating greater authority

for development planning and management to

officials who are working in the field, closer to the

problems. Decentralization to regional or local

level allows officials to disaggregate and tailor

development plans and programs to the needs of

heterogeneous regions and groups".

Decentralization is a process of establishing the

autonomous regions and or delivering certain

powers to someone by the central government. The

concept of decentralization contains two meanings,

namely: (1) the establishment of an autonomous

region that once given certain powers to him to set

up and taken care of themselves; and (2) giving an

additional right to autonomous regions that have

been formed (Hoessein, 1993: 12). According to

Rashid (2002: 21), decentralization to regional

autonomy is basically a correction of the failure

and the centralized system of governance during

uni-information that valid thru this time.

The meaning of the decentralization from

various experts as the transfer of power (authority,

rights, obligations and responsibilities) a few

numbers of government affairs of the central

government to autonomous regions so that the

autonomous regions that can perform decision-

making, planning, implementation, and oversight in

the management issues of development to

encourage and improve development performance

(Salam, 2004: 82). Today, decentralization has

many approaches and being accommodated in

various forms of understanding of the state.

According to Smith (2012: 25), when viewed from

the context of political theory, decentralization has

always been assumed as a form of politics.

In the institutional context, Osborne and

Gaebler (1992: 252-253) explained that the

decentralized institution has a number of

advantages, such as: (1) the decentralized

institution is more flexible than centralized. The

institution that capable to respond quickly to the

environment and changing customer needs; (2) the

decentralized agencies is more effective than

centralized; (3) decentralized agencies is more

innovative than centralized; and (4) the

decentralized institutions generate higher morale,

more commitment and greater productivity. The

alteration of government institutions in the context

of the bureaucracy ethics described by Suradinata

(2013: 35) that the ethics reform of government

bureaucracy in the context of the life process of the

fourth wave of world civilization in the era of

globalization today is the creative potential of

featured owned by government-based culture,

whether in the form of goods or services

performance-oriented and community needs.

This bureaucratic theory is also applied in

the village administration. Any changes of the

village into kelurahan administration, bureaucracy

persists in ensuring objectives and planning

organizations to achieve the purpose of public

welfare. According to Effendy (2010: 90), the

essence of a government bureaucracy system runs

by the government officials who stand in the

hierarchy and position path. Bureaucracy is also

known as a slow way to work and a lot of his

detours. Bureaucracy also interpreted by separation

expenses strategic bodies that in principle can drive

organizational hierarchy.

The village administration has now

become a hot and strategic topic. Theoretically, the

sense of the village has been interpreted by Widjaja

(2003: 3) as the legal community unit which has

the original order based on rights origins that are

special. A comprehension of the village contains

the values of autonomy is a community which has

the authority to regulate themselves, manage their

own household, as well as manage the interests of

its people independently in accordance with the

potential and the social, economic, cultural and

local environment. Village with genuine autonomy

status is very strategic position in the structure of

regional autonomy and decentralization in the

context of Act No. 23 of 2014 on Regional

Government and the determination of law,

Republic of Indonesia No. 6 of 2014 concerning

the village. According to Effendy (2010: 35), the

important context that encourages autonomy





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among other villages provide room for the area and

develop local initiatives including the synergy of

different rules with different potentials and culture

locally owned and village administration.

Regional autonomy, including the village

autonomy is one of the administration system

concepts that put the independence of local

governments and communities in achieving the

goals of development activities. Given the ultimate

goal of development activities is the people

welfare, then it needs to be aligned with

development paradigm that prioritizes community

(people centered development paradigm).

According to Iskandar (1998: 100-101) models and

people-centered development is actually an

antithetic of the development model centered on

production (production centered development).

According Corten as quoted Iskandar (1998: 107)

explained that there are three grounds for changes

in structural and normative in the development of

people-centered, namely: (1) focusing the thoughts

and actions of government policy on creating

conditions that encourage and support people's

efforts to meet their own needs and to solve their

own problems at the level of individual, family,

and community; (2) developing the structures and

processes of organizations that function according

to the principles of the principle system self-

organization; and (3) developing production

systems that are organized territorially based on the

principles of ownership and local control.

The principal theory which contained in

the paradigm of people-centered development is

very proper to be placed in terms of the


administration into kelurahan. The transformation

process is certainly not based on the needs of

government on it but it is much more precise and

effective when based on a consideration of the

needs and capacity to change towards the better in

the new structural changes. The new structure with

a form of kelurahan must surely evolve and

function in accordance with the rules of positive

change by not ignoring the culture of mutual help

and self-reliance. Use and control of the

development of local potential in the production

process and the system of public consumption

should be one of the characteristics that should be

considered in the process of transforming the

village into a village status. Transformation is not

just a change in the structure, but also must contain

a process of empowerment and purpose to the

achievement of community development in a

comprehensive manner. This is also confirmed by

Suradinata (2013: 69) that change in the structure

of government, should be able to accommodate the

development of society's demands on social

welfare and regional development as part of

national development.

The transformation process should also be

in line with the principle of local autonomy and

decentralizations. The paradigm of development in

line with local autonomy can generate advantages

for each region through improving the performance

of government and local community

empowerment. This should be in line with the

functions of regional autonomy, the independence

of local governments and community

empowerment. Indications that characterized the

goal of regional autonomy, namely improved

welfare through achieving: (1) improvement of

services; (2) empowerment and community

participation; and (3) to increase regional

competitiveness. Then the transformation of the

village into a village status should be understood as

the end of the process in creating a building that is

the welfare of society.

The major theories (grand theory) were

further developed with middle range theory which

is based on the theory of social change and the

structural functional theory. The theory of social

change is put on the concept of the community as a

community (rural) and as a society (urban). The

greatest works of rural and urban community

changes introduced by Ferdinand Tonies (1855 -

1936) in Veeger (1993: 128) by mapping the

community in two types, namely gemeinschaft

(community associations) and gesellschaft (society

patembayan). According to Ferdinand Tonnies

perspective society is not an organism produced by

biological processes, also not a mechanism

consisting of individual parts, each of which stands

alone. Society is a human effort to establish and

maintain relations of reciprocity steady. This

relation has a style and characteristics of the

interaction of people in a group or community in

two types, gemeinschaft and geselscaft.

Furthermore, Tonnies gemeinschaft differentiate

into three types, first, gemeinschaft of blood (blood

ties) that gemeinschaft which bases itself on the

bond of blood or descent. For example: kinship,

local communities; second, gemeinschaft of place

(where), namely gemeinschaft basing itself on a

place to stay close to each other so it is possible to

be able to help each other. Example: Neighborhood

(RT), Rukun Warga (RW), and a social gathering;





59

and third, gemeinschaft of mind (soul-mind), that

gemeinschaft basing itself on the ideology or the

same mind, for instance, relationship,

neighborhood, and friendship (Soekanto, Soerjono,

2009:116-120). In Indonesia, some people have

tried to build a middle range and micro theory to

ground studies Tonnies and other sociologists.

Studies on this village previously explained Selo

Sumardjan (1981). Aside from Soemardjan, also

known Sajogyo (1982) as the pioneer of the rural

sociology study in Indonesia, Sajogyo idea can be

seen in two books have been established, like the

"Anthology of Economy Village" (1982) and

"Ecological Village" (1983). The idea of the village

can be seen in the book "Eco-sociology: De-

Ideology Theory”, Restructuring Actions Farmers

and Rural Areas as a Test Case (2006). He un earth

sociology and produce 'knowledge' and 'action on

the' village or a rural area.

Other works are described by Emile

Durkheim (1964) as a well-known theory of social

solidarity, to build a society typology in two forms

of solidarity, solidarity mechanical (mechanical

solidarity) and organic solidarity (organic

solidarity). Mechanical solidarity is a form of

solidarity based individuals who have the same

properties, conscience and religion, as well as the

patterns of the same norms as well. In line with

Durkheim, Doyle Paul Johnson (1986) said that the

mechanical solidarity can only survive when

society has a high degree of homogeneity in the

trust, sentiment and so on. Homogeneity is possible

only if the division of labor is minimal. This is

where the significance, the dissipation of

mechanical solidarity is slowly replaced

(transformed) with organic solidarity. Related to

the village, means a mechanical solidarity shown in

the village explanation in the unity of the legal and

political and sociological. According to Tim Lapera

(2000) that the village is reviewed on legal and

political stress to rules and regulations on which

the setting of a society that has a legal entity, power

and hold their own government. In line with Tim

Lapera, Tamarasari (2002) revealed that the

conditional can be found in villages that still has

local knowledge. Local wisdom, then translated in

the form of customary law.

Conception of community separation also

mentioned by Robert Redfield (1982) with the

popular work by the theory of the little tradition

and the great tradition that mapped the

transformation of society from the small to the

urban society. Linearly, Redfield separated the

society transformation into a four stages, like: (1)

traditional society, a small community, homogeny,

very integrated, high solidarity, simple delegation

for work, has the behaviour to think massively for

analyze, assess, and connecting symptoms with the

other, (2) village society, a simple community that

has a touch or connection to the urban society, so

they are affected by the modern society, (3) small

urban community, a society that develop in the

urban area. The lifestyle of this society is very

developed because they have been affected by the

various cultures from around the globe, and (4)

metropolitan/modern society, a society that has a

complexity and a huge number of population that

caused to the less sensitivity. From those stages in

terms of community transformation, Redfield

concluded that the sign that can be shown by the

simple community and village society are the type

of little tradition. Where the people is often

affected and supplies the things that needed by the

small urban or modern society. On other side, small

urban society, and modern society are categorized

as the great tradition. This society is the society

that promote something that does not exist on the

traditional and village society.

Basic theories that explain changes in the

structure and function are taken from Talcot Parson

(1938) which was famous for his work "The

Structure of Social Action". Identification of

functional requirements faced by the social system

is the subject matter of the work Talcot Parson

(Johnson, 1981: 124-133). According to Scott

(2012: 171), Talcott Parson is the theoreticians that

based on his formative and devise a systematic

discussion about the normative organization of

social activities. Since beginning his career as a

sociologist, Parson suggested by a disordered state

called "society". Some community-related

proposition explained that integration of society

caused by cultural values that are shared,

institutionalized widened social norms and

internalized by individuals into the motivations

(Veeger, 1993: 199). Interest Parson with

functional analysis is to examine the process or

mechanism that produces the suitability ie

internalization refers to the personality system, and

institutionalization refers to the social system

(Iskandar, 1999: 397-398). Form the all Parson’s

statement has been formulated in four functional

subsystems called model A-G-I-L (Adaptation-

Goal Attainment-Integration-Latent Pattern

Maintenance). The fundamental thinking of Parson

is a functional structure. Adaptations, means the

necessity for social systems to deal with a good





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environment. Goal attainments, means the

functional requirements that arise from the view

that the action was directed at the purpose-purpose.

Integration means the requirements relating to the

interrelation antarpara members of the social

system. Latent Pattern Maintenance, mean latency

pattern maintenance as a concept that shows the

cessation of interaction (Wirawan, 2013: 53). This

explained the theory of structural modification on

mechanism discussion of economic transformation

experienced by developing countries, firstly are

subsystems and focused on the agricultural sector

towards a more modern economic structure and is

dominated by the industrial and services sectors

(Todaro, 1991: 68). This is where the theory of

structural change has a very important role in using

a variety of methods and how to run the process of

change towards a better structure and advanced.

Next, applied theory used in this research

is based on the theory of organizational

transformation (4R) by Francis J. Gouillart and

James N. Kelly (1995), the theory of community

development work Mardianto (2010), and the

theory of community development work of Ife and

Tesoriero (2008). Explanation of applied theory

that is used as the operationalization of variables in

this study is described as follows:

Variable of the Transformation from

the Village into kelurahan administration: In

this research theory applied (applied theory) which

used to operate the variable Transformation of the

village administration into kelurahan

administration is the theory of Organizational

Transformation (4R) by Francis J. Gouillart and

James N. Kelly (1995). Organizational

transformation by Gouillart and Kelly (1995: 7) is

known as: "the orchestrated redesign of the genetic

architecture of the corporation, achieved by

working simultaneously-Although at different

speeds." The definition of organizational

transformation in the concept of Gouillart and

Kelly that contains the understanding that a

fundamental change in the construction of an

organization in order to achieve a thorough job in

various local government organizations that work

at different speeds. According to Gouillart and

Kelly (1995: 7) an organization's success in

transforming is when it using four fundamental

framework, that reframing, restructuring,

revitalization and renewal. Organizational

transformation theory proposed by Gouillert and

Kelly in the context of the science of government

can be understood in various indicators, namely:

(1) reframing corporate direction, namely the re-

establishment of the policy directions include the

achievement indicators for resource mobilization;

preparation of the mission, vision, and purpose; and

build a proper measurement system; (2)

restructuring the company, namely the

restructuring of administration include indicators of

economic model building systems; integrating the

physical infrastructure systems; redesigning the

architecture of the work; (3) revitalizing the

enterprise, which includes indicators of

achievement revitalization program focused public

services; innovation program of activities;

development of information technology systems;

and (4) renewing people, namely the renewal of

society include indicators create reward structures;

build individual learning; and the development of

institutional capacity.

The theory of the four organizations

transformation is realized in general at each

dimension is that reframing includes the

conversion back framework of thinking (what will

be the initial conception of a business organization,

and the which concept can be achieved). Meaning

of restructuring is realized as changing the

structure include strengthening the organizational

structure of the company to bring to wilayahh

competitive work. Revitalization is rebuilding

everything that includes linking the condition of the

company with the development of the existing

environment and create new business performance.

While renewal can dipahai as a process of renewal

of individuals and organizations, and individuals in

the organization so that it is possible inividu

organization and become an integral part of a world

community that is constantly connected and

responsible (Simangungsong, 2014: 35).

The transformation demand of the

organization in accordance with Soejitro (2014: 1)

an attempt to make changes in the organization has

become the real needs of each organization.

Organizations must develop its capacity to learn

patterns, values, and new employment strategies so

that the elements can be transformed into the life of

the organization more capable of answering any

organizational challenge. Similarly, the status

transformation governance is a part of the

development process and the achievement of

organizational goals better. In Indonesia, the issue

of the transformation of the village into a village

status or contrariwise is regulated in determination

of law No. 6 of 2014 on the village as part of the

setup process of the village. Structuring the village

based on evaluation of the development level on





61

the village administration in accordance with the

provisions of the legislation in force. The aims of

structuring village are: (1) to enhance the

effectiveness of the administration of the village;

(2) accelerating the improvement of rural welfare;

(3) accelerating the improvement of the quality of

public services; and (4) improve the quality of

village governance. Change the status of the village

into kelurahan in accordance with Sudjatmiko

(2014: 8-9) is realized as a form of change or

development organization that adapts to changes in

the communities it serves. Characteristics of social

change in a region characterized by rural lifestyle

mutual cooperation, community (gemeinschaft),

with shared values high undergoing a process of

change to the patembayan shape (gesellschaft),

which tends individualistic course, certainly could

affect the change of government system. According

to Wasistiono (2001: 39) that the government

organization set up at least for two reasons, which

are: (1) to serve the interests of society as a citizen

who plays as a consumer and stakeholders; and (2)

the specific mission that must be executed in order

to achieve the objectives and not just run its laws.

The strategic issue of the transformation

of village into kelurahan administration in

organizational context is a part of organizational

transformation process. This statement was

strengthened by the thoughts of Gouillart and Kelly

(1996: 7) the organizational transformation process

can be derived as a biological process, which a

dynamic life process, grow and gain, turn to be

saturated and culminating with through the

transition. The organizational transformation

process showed indications of a development

structure in accordance with the changing

dynamics that are formed and the demands of

social change that occurred in a particular

community. The development is shown by

Simangungsong (2014: 36) that the organization of

the village and kelurahan organizations likened to a

man originally born and then grow and get into the

trouble, improve, grow up with nature and the

environment and then be old. Organization in a

certain context is always changing changing times

and social conditions of people's lives that exist in

the system of the organization. When there is an

organization doing a transformation, then all

systems that exist in the organization are

encouraged to achieve the goal, including

organizational transformation of the village

administration into kelurahan.

Variable of Community Empowerment: Theoretically, empowerment is an interpretation of

the term "empowerment". The concept of

empowerment pioneered by Friedman (1992: 124)

gives a rise to the two major premises, which is

"failure and hope". The failure in question is the

failure of economic models of development earlier

in tackling poverty and ensure sustainable

environmental sustainability. The concept of

empowerment in community development is

always associated with the concept of

independence, participation, networking, and

justice. Basically, empowerment placed on the

power of individual and social level (Wisdom,

2004: 3). It is also described in Sumaryadi (2005:

95) that the concept of empowerment is always

meaningful public participation in the planning and

implementation conducted. The empowerment

understanding inspired by the thought Rubins

(1993: 432) that: "empowerment encourages

community members to share in the self-esteem

that Occurs as a neighborhood that companies have

abandoned takes on a new life". The concept of

empowerment emerged and developed due to the

deprivation of power owned by the people as a

result of inequality and injustice in the process of

social change (development), especially in

developing countries due to the approach to

development-oriented economic growth and

development oriented basic needs that are

assistencialism, so occurred inequality in

possession of power resources and the dependence

of the people were great to state intervention. In

order to set the distribution of power resources

may occur properly, it is required an effort of

"empowerment of the condition of powerlessness

into power, strength, and ability (Djaelangkara,

2000: 168). Centralization initiative development

planning and implementation on the government to

do structurally, so that people are always in a

position as an object of development, while the

government and all activities relating to the

implementation of its policies played a role as the

subject of development, resulting in community

faces a shortage of building initiatives, the active

role and more than it took the decision to determine

the steps in solving its problems (Mariadjang,

2000: 200).

The concept of community empowerment

by Sumodiningrat (1997: 165), is an effort to

enhance the dignity of society which in the present

condition do not have an ability to escape the

poverty trap and underdevelopment. Meanwhile, in

the perspective of meeting the basic needs





62

described by Berger and Neuhaus (1996: 61) that:

"... along another dimension, communities can be

empowered to act in ways that promote the

common goods as defined by theirs collectively

members". Collectively, the communities can be

empowered to perform a particular action through

the fulfillment of basic needs of the entity as part of

a community group. In other words, empowering

people is to improve the ability, independence and

fulfillment of basic needs.

The objective of empowerment as the aim

is often used as an indicator of successful

empowerment as a process by Suharto (2005: 59-

60). Therefore, the process of empowerment

requires strategy which is a comprehensive

approach includes three main elements

(Djaelangkara, 2000: 169), namely: (1) the

existence of good will from all levels of society and

the country manager in the form of self-awareness,

public will and political will of the government in

changing or improving social order inequitable and

exploitative; (2) the policy, strategy, program

development, and an institutional system that

actually lead and show partiality to the poor; and

(3) the creation of a conducive environment that

allows people to improve the ability or capacity

itself. In the context of the government science,

community empowerment can be explained

through the concept from Sumaryadi (2006: 38-39)

that the community empowerment can be identified

through four areas of empowerment, such as

structural empowerment, whole political, by

economists, and socio-cultural. According to

Anthony Bebbington (in Mardikanto, 2010: 43-45),

"empowerment is a process through roomates

Reviews those excluded are Able to Participate

more fully in decisions about forms of growth,

strategies of development, and distribution of

Reviews their product". That view implies that the

community empowerment is an effort to improve

the dignity of society which in the present

conditions cannot able to escape the trap of poverty

and underdevelopment. In other words, is to enable

and empower the community's independence.

Regarding that, Mardikanto (2010: 43-45)

explained that in empowerment can be seen in

three dimensions, namely: (1) create an atmosphere

or climate that allows the potential of developing

societies (enabling); (2) strengthen the potential of

community-owned or power (empowering); and (3)

empowers also contains the meaning of protecting

(protecting). This theory was later developed by

Edi Suharto (in Witaradya, 2010: 3) which said that

empowerment as a process not only has three

dimensions (enabling, empowering, and protecting)

but added to the dimensions of the provision of

support (supporting), and maintaining a favorable

climate (fostering). In accordance with Suharto

(2005: 59-60) the process of empowerment in the

context of the fifth dimension is a series of

activities to strengthen the powers or the

empowerment of vulnerable groups in society,

including individuals who experience poverty. This

perception was built because in fact the goal of

empowerment is to strengthen the powers of

society, especially vulnerable groups have a

disability, either because of internal conditions (eg,

their own perception) as well as external conditions

(such as oppressed by unjust social structures).

Variable of Community Development: Theoretically, community development put forward

by August Comte (in Veeger, 1993: 20) through the

theory of evolution society stating the similarities

in the structure of the senses and the intellect

produces perceptions and logical conclusions are

the same. Through these similarities, human

development in the world shows an order that not

considered as a law is everywhere. The people

mindset and interpret are always fit with the stage

being achieved. Interestingly, discussion on

community development in the science of

sociology, the theory of community development in

the context of the society evolution is also

expressed by Herbert Spencer (in Veeger, 1993:

39). Spencer theory of the evolution of society is

part of a more general theory of the evolution of

the entire universe. In his book, Social Statics

(1851) likened society to an organism. The

characteristics imposed on live bodies shall also be

subject to the public body. According to Spencer,

society is an organism that evolved its own stand-

alone and separated from the will and responsibility

of its members, and under the authority of a law.

Literally as the fundamental of the word,

community development is consisted of two

concepts of development and society. In a simple

develop can be realized as a joint venture and

planned to improve the quality of human life. This

is confirmed by Kartasasmita (1996: 286) that all

ideologies, all systems, both the political system

and the economic system speaks about effort to

repair and build human life. Distinguish by one

with the other is a matter of how and at what

position the man placed. Definition of the public in

view of Iskandar (1999: 256) is known as a

community, the residents of an area that could be a





63

realization of all human life activities group.

Meanwhile, according to Mayo (under Suharto,

2005: 39) can be realized as a share, and common

interests. Society as a place together conceived as a

same geographical area, while meaning as the

common interest is the interest similarity based

culture and identity. The term of people in the

development community is often positioned in a

social service function. Therefore, the development

community is often defined by the free social

services and self-help that can occur as a response

to the widening gap between the declining numbers

of service providers by increasing the number of

people who need the service. These services are

often positioned through social work approach, as

described by Suharto (2005: 37) that community

development can be understood as one of the

methods of social work whose main purpose is to

improve the quality of life through the utilization of

the resources that exist on them and stresses on the

principle of social participation.

Perceptions of community development as

a process to help the ordinary or poor in improving

their communities through the efforts of the

collective action described by Twelvetrees (1991:

1) that the development community is defined as:

"the process of assisting ordinary people to

improve Reviews their own communities by

undertaking collective action". The explanation

implies that the focus of the development

community is to help members of the community

and the community who have a common interest to

work together, identifying needs together and then

perform activities together to meet those needs.

Urgency in the community development process is

confirmed by Ife and Tesoriero (2008: 356-357)

that one important aspect of the process of

community development is that the process cannot

be forced. So, that the process goes well, the

necessary steps are natural to begin with, and to

encourage the process of aligning with the move.

Based on the theory of Community Development is

conceived by Ife and Tesoriero (2008: 409), can be

explained that the understanding of the

development community to deliver a similar

concept that the purpose of community

development is essentially rebuild the community

as a vital experience of man, meet human needs,

and build back structures of the welfare state, the

global economy, bureaucracy, professional elite,

and so the less humane and less accessibility.

The community development has a

complex dynamic by its purpose. Therefore, the

dimensions of the community development not

only put on a single aspect, but also must be

juxtaposed with other key dimensions that play a

dominant role in meeting the needs of society.

According to Ife and Tesoriero (2008: 410), there

are nine dimensions of community development

that can be identified, and six overall dimensions of

which is very important in human life and

intertwined with each other. Keernam dimensions

of community development conceived by Ife and

Tesoriero with the social development, economic

development, political development, cultural

development, environment, as well as personnel

and spiritual. All dimensions are interrelated and

interact with one another in complex forms. In

certain situations, not all of these dimensions will

have equal priority. Any society will develop the

six dimensions of different levels. That view can be

illustrated, for example, a community may have a

strong economic base, a healthy political

participation and a strong cultural identity, but at

the same time have a humanitarian service poor,

poor physical environment, low self-esteem and a

high level of seclusion. In such a society, the

environment and the development of

personal/spiritual will be the highest priority in the

community development program. It can occur in

contrast to other communities that will reflect the

picture is different and requires different priorities

in the development process.

C. Methods

This research was designed using

descriptive verification research approach, the

research to test the hypothesis. The method used in

this research is explanatory survey method, the

research done to obtain the facts - facts of the

presenting symptoms and seek factual information

through meaningful explanation. This study

focuses on the independent variable (independent

variable) or abbreviated variable X, which consists

of variables X1 and X2, and the dependent variable

(dependent variable) or abbreviated variable Y. In

this research, Variable X1 (transformation of the

status of village into kelurahan) in accordance with

the demands of the purpose and speed of service

the village government organizations that include

the dimensions of reframing, restructuring,

revitalization, and renewing. While X2

(empowerment) operationally defined as the

process of a series of activities to strengthen the

empowerment of citizens or community groups are

weak, including limited accessibility, which

includes dimensions enabling, empowering,





64

protecting, supporting, and fostering. The

dependent variable, the variable Y (community

development) operationally defined in this study as

a process to improve the quality of life of citizens

or community groups in meeting their needs

through initiatives and or its own initiative, which

includes the dimensions of social development,

economic development, political development,

development culture, development environment,

and personal or spiritual development.

In order to obtain empirical data for the

sake of testing the hypothesis, then the variable

needs to be used based on dimensions, indicators,

sub-indicators, measurements and the measuring

scale. Variable for the transformation of the status

of village administration into kelurahan is used in

the four assessment dimensions, 12 indicators and

46 sub-indicators of research. The operational of

community development variables covering five

dimensions of the study, 20 indicators and 54 sub-

indicators of research. While community

development variables used in the six dimensions

of the study, 16 indicators and 35 sub-indicators of

research. Over all composed of 135 sub-indicators

that serve as the research influence research

questionnaires item status transformation of village

status into urban community and community

empowerment to the development of communities

in the province of West Java. The scale used for the

preparation of these questionnaires is the Likert

Scale to be used as the primary data collection tool

to study a sample of respondents.

The target population in this study is 494

people which are the unit of analysis (the

respondents) made up of kelurahan apparatus (266

people), community leaders (76 people), youth

leaders (76 people); and religious leaders (76

people). The population is spread across 38

kelurahan were established through sampling

fraction of 20% of the total as many as 188 villages

in six districts selected research locations (the city

of Bogor, Tasikmalaya, Bogor, Subang, Cirebon

and Kuningan District). The samples of research

conducted with three stage cluster random

sampling through simple random sampling

technique pattern iteration produces minimal

sample totaling 140 people then spread to

proportionally includes the kelurahan apparatus (74

people), community leaders (22 people), youth

leaders (22 people), and religious leaders (22

people).

Data analysis and hypothetical testing is

done by using path analysis. The use of path

analysis is intended to test a model of the theory

that has been built and determine causal

relationships between variables and how much

influence among variables either directly or

indirectly by using partial test (individual) or

simultaneously (overall). The process of using path

analysis should first described paradigm models

are built in this study in accordance with the

framework that describes the relationship between

these variables illustrated on the following

structure (Figure 1):

Structure Diagram Research on Variables Transformation Path of the Status of the Village

Administration into Kelurahan (X1) and the Community Empowerment (X2) towards Community

Development (Y)

Figure 1





65

Description:

X1 (Transformation of the village administration

into kelurahan); X2 (Community Empowerment);

Y (Community Development); E (variables which

are not measured); PYX1 (Coefficient X1 influence

on Y); PYX2 (Coefficient of influence of X2 to Y);

and PYE (Coefficient of influence of E on Y).

D. Result and Discussion

Generally, these research findings produce

novelty that the transformation of the status of

village into kelurahan which was followed by

community empowerment gave an exact a positive

influence on the variation change community

development, especially in the province of West

Java. It also found the novelty of the model

generated in this study through the most powerful

relation between the dimensions of the

transformation of village status into kelurahan with

community development in West Java province is

between dimensions revitalization (revitalization)

with dimensions of social development and the

dimensions of the development of each culture

reached 0353, while the weakest correlation was

found between the dimensions of governmental

restructuring (restructuring) with dimensions of

cultural development (0.167). Novelty models that

produced in this study are also found in the relation

between the variables empowerment dimension to

community development in West Java province.

Relations between the dimensions of the most

powerful among the two variables are the

dimensions of the strengthening of the potential

(empowering) with dimensions of political

development reached by 0520, while the weakest

correlation was found between the dimensions of

protection (protecting) with dimensions of

economic development, which amounted to 0,201.

The findings in the variable of Transformation

of the Status of Village into Kelurahan:

Based on data recapitulation total score

sub variable on variable transformation into a rural

village status, it is found that on average

respondents agree respond to variable

transformation of the village into the village status

with a score of 24 613 (76.44%), in its sub variable

comprising four sub variables. At first sub variable

namely, the re-establishment policy (Reframing)

received responses from respondents with a score

of 6.978 (83.07%) with a category Strongly Agree;

sub variable both governmental restructuring

(Restructuring) received responses from

respondents with a score of 7.103 (78.10%) with a

category Agree; The third sub-variables that

revitalization program (Revitalization) responded

by respondents with a score of 4,718 (67.74%) with

categories Agree and fourth sub variable namely

organizational renewal (Renewing) got a score of

5,814 (75.51%) with a category Agree.

The findings in the variable of Community

Empowerment: Based on data recapitulation total score

sub variable on community development variables,

it appears that on average respondents agree

respond to community empowerment variables in

this study with a score of 25 320 (66.98%), which

in its sub variable consists of five sub variables. At

first sub variable namely, development potential

(enabling) received responses from respondents

with a score of 7815 (74.43%) with a category

Agree; The second sub variable Strengthening

potential (empowering) received responses from

respondents with a score of 6647 (73.04%) with a

category Agree; The third variable is sub Protection

(protecting) responded by respondents with a score

of 3,822 (54.60%) with the category Fairly Agree;

sub variable fourth namely Development Support

(supporting) got a score of 3,759 (67.13%) with a

category Agree; and fifth sub variable namely

Climate Conducive (fostering) with a score of

3,277 (58.52%) with the category Fairly Agree.

The findings in the variable of Community

Development:

Based on the recapitulation total score sub

variable on community development variables, it

appears that on average respondents agree respond

to variable community development with a score of

17 580 (71.76%), which in sub variable consists of

five sub variables. Sub variable who score the

highest score is on the first item sub variable

namely social development with a value of 4,513

(80.59%) with the agreed categories and sub

variable which has the lowest value is sub variable

sixth item is personnel and spiritual with a value of

2,236 (63.89%) with a category quite agree. Other

sub variable indication shown agreed, namely

economic development with a score of 3,312

(78.86%); political development with a score of

1,934 (69.07%); cultural development with a score

of 3,843 (68.63%), and the environment with a

score of 1,698 (60.64%).

Hypothesis Testing and Discussion of Research

Results Based on the concepts and framework that

has been described previously, the research

hypothesis is as follows: (1) the transformation of

village status into kelurahan have significant





66

influence with the amount of positive influence on

the development of society; (2) significantly affects

community empowerment with the amount of

positive influence on the development of society;

and (3) the transformation of the status of village

into kelurahan and community empowerment

significant influence with the amount of positive

influence on the development of society.

To test the hypothesis of the research

mentioned above, it will be a description of

statistical analysis in sequence according to the

description in research methodologies. The first

hypothesis says that the transformation of village

status into kelurahan (X1) significantly with the

amount of positive influence on the development of

society (Y).

Hypothesis testing results indicate that the

coefficient reached 0.691 PYX1 path, and PYE

reached 0.556. Other test results indicate that the t-

count value generated reached 11,220 or greater

than t-table (0025) of 1,977. Similarly, the F-count

value generated reached 125.89 or greater than the

value of the F-table (0:05) of 3.91. Calculation of

testing this hypothesis produces the coefficient of

determination (R2) reached 0.4775. Indications

testing this hypothesis meant that variable

transformation of the status of village into

kelurahan significantly influence the development

of society, with the amount of influence, both

directly and in total reached a value of 0.4775, or

by 47.75 percent. This implies that the variation

amount of changes in community development is

influenced by the transformation of the status of

village into kelurahan by 47.75 percent, while the

remaining 52.25 percent is influenced by other

factors.

The second hypothesis stated that

empowerment (X2) significantly with the amount

of positive influence on the development of society

(Y). Hypothesis testing results indicate that the

value of the coefficient paths PYX2 reached 0604,

and PYE reached 0.629. Other test results indicate

that the t-count value generated reached 8.908 or

greater than t-table (0025) of 1,977. Similarly, the

F-count value generated reached 79.349 or greater

than the value of the F-table (0:05) of 3.91.

Calculation of testing this hypothesis produces the

coefficient of determination (R2) reached 0.3648.

Indications testing this hypothesis explaining that

the community empowerment variables

significantly influence the development of society,

with the amount of influence, both directly and in

total reached a value of 0.3648, or by 36.48

percent. It implies that the variation of the amount

of change in community development by

empowering people affected by 36.48 percent,

while the remaining 63.52 percent is influenced by

other factors.

The third hypothesis states that the

Transformation of the status of village into

kelurahan (X1) and community empowerment (X2)

significantly with the amount of positive influence

on the development of society (Y). Hypothesis

testing is done in two stages, namely simultaneous

testing and continued with partial testing. Based on

the research results can be explained that

simultaneously both variable transformation into a

village status and empowerment of village

communities together significantly influence the

development of society. This can be demonstrated

by the test results F-count reached 79.511 or

greater than the value of the F-table (0.05) of 3.91.

The coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.537 was

obtained. This means that the variation change of

community development is largely determined by

two variables of the study, namely the

transformation of village status into kelurahan and

community empowerment by 53.70 percent, while

the remaining 46.30 percent is influenced by other

variables, such as the factor of leadership, the

environment, the value system of society and the

quality of human resources.

By looking at the test results that the

partial test through t-student test needs to be done.

Partial hypothesis testing showed that both

variables transform villages into village status

significantly influence the development of society.

Variables influence the transformation of village

status into kelurahan to the development of

community acquired t-count of 7.138 or greater

than t-table (0.025) of 1.977.

This means that the transformation of the

status of village into kelurahan administration

variables significantly influence the development

of society. The next test is the variable of

community empowerment to the community

development variable obtained by value t count of

4,219 or larger than t-table (0.025) of 1.977. It

means that the effect on the community

empowerment community development variables.

Given these two variables (X1 and X2) were

analyzed statistically affect the community

development variables (Y), then the two variables

are maintained and not changed, so that the

research paradigm intact and unchanged.





67

Variables that has the bigger contribution

(influence) to the community development

variables is the transformation of the status of

village into kelurahan with a total value amounted

to 35.42 percent influence, while the variable

empowerment reaching influence value of 18.28

per cent, so that if the sum total effect of these two

variables amounted to 53.70 percent. This value is

equal to the value of the coefficient of

determination (R2), which amounted to 53.70.

Based on the results of hypothesis testing

are then systematically carried out discussion of

results for the research described in sequence

according to the explanation of testing the

hypothesis, the hypothesis significance testing

results, relation to the theoretical implications and

concept model field findings. Based on the results

of hypothesis testing, particularly in the first

hypothesis seems that either simultaneously or

partially variable transformation of status of village

into kelurahan statistically affect the development

of society.

Overall, the two independent variables of

the study (X1 and X2) are statistically analyzed

variables affect the community development (Y).

Qualitatively, the hypothesis testing results meant

that the transformation of the status of the village

into a generous nature which is followed by the

process of community empowerment is right to be

very significant in determining the dynamics of the

variation of community development, especially in

the province of West Java.

Based on the test results of analysis

correlation between the variable dimensions in the


kelurahan with variable dimensions in the

development of society showed that the correlation

is formed entirely on a significant level. This is

evident from the test results that show the value of

α = 0:05 two-sided (2-tailed) is greater than the

probability of significant value or sig. (2-tailed).

The correlation value is generated showing the

smallest indication is found in the relationship

dimension of governmental restructuring

(restructuring) in a variable transformation of the

village into the village status with variable

dimensions of cultural development in the

development of society, that is equal to 0.167.

While the greatest correlation value indication is

found in the relationship between the dimensions of

revitalization (revitalization) with dimensions of

social development and cultural development

dimension respectively reached 0.353.

The test results of other correlation

analysis between the dimensions in the variable

dimensions of empowerment by the community

development variables indicate that the correlation

is formed entirely on a significant level. This is

evident from the test results that show the value of

α = 0:05 two-sided (2-tailed) is greater than the

probability of significant value or sig. (2-tailed).

The correlation value is generated showing the

smallest indication is found in the relationship

dimension of protection (protecting) the

empowerment by variable dimensions of economic

development in the community development

variables, which is equal to 0.201. While the

greatest correlation value indication is found in the

relationship between the dimensions of

strengthening the potential (empowering) with

dimensions of political development in community

development variables, that is equal to 0.520.

New Concept

The findings of this research resulted in a new

concept from the development of theoretical basis

on operational plan of the study variables as

following:

1. Transformation of the status of village into

kelurahan significant effect with the

amount of positive influence on the

development of society. Theoretically

meaning of organizational transformation

by Gouillart and Kelly (1995: 7) is known

as: "the orchestrated redesign of the

genetic architecture of the corporation,

Achieved by working simultaneously-

Although at different speeds."

Understanding transformation

organization in concept Gouillart and

Kelly contains understanding that a

fundamental change in the construction of

an organization in order to achieve

simultaneous work in various local

government organizations that work at

different speeds. Explanation of the

definition of the organizational

transformation is basically a structural

change developing in accordance with the

demands of the purpose and speed of

service in different areas of government

organizations. The organizational changes

take place gradually and systematically

planned and directed to achieve the





68

purpose of service in accordance with

changes in the dynamics of socio-cultural,

economic, political and environmental

specific communities. The organization's

success in transforming when using four

fundamental framework, that reframing,

restructuring, revitalization and renewal.

The concept of the transformation of the

organization in this study was found in the

process of changing the governance

structure of the status of the village into a

village in West Java province which give

effect to the development of society.

Indeed any change in the structure of the

organization is to achieve the degree of

well-being are represented among others

by the people who developed better social,

economic, political, cultural,

environmental, personnel and spiritual in

meeting their needs as shelled by Ife and

Tesoriero (2008 : 409) that the purpose of

community development among others, is

to meet human needs.

2. Empowering community has a significant

influence with the amount of positive

influence on the development of

communities in West Java province.

Theoretically, empowerment in the

perspective of meeting the basic needs

understood by Berger and Neuhaus (1996:

61) that: "... along another dimension,

communities can be empowered to act in

ways that promote the common goods as

defined by theirs Collectively members".

Collectively, communities can be

empowered to perform a particular action

through the fulfillment of basic needs of

the entity as part of a community group. In

other words, empowering people is to

improve the ability, independence and

fulfillment of basic needs. In this regard,

Mardikanto (2010: 43-45) argues that the

empowerment efforts can be seen in three

dimensions, namely: (1) create an

atmosphere or climate that allows the

potential of developing societies

(enabling); (2) strengthen the potential of

community-owned or power

(empowering); and (3) empowers also

contains the meaning of protecting

(protecting). Furthermore Edi Suharto (in

Witaradya, 2010: 3) explains that

empowerment as a process not only has

three dimensions (enabling, empowering,

and protecting) but with the added

dimension of the provision of support

(supporting), and maintaining a favorable

climate (fostering). In the process,

empowerment is needed to realize the

development of a better society, that

society is weak, including people who

experience poverty to be strengthened

empowerment, good social, economic,

political, cultural, environmental,

personnel and spiritual, in accordance

views Ife and Tesoriero (2008 : 409) that

the purpose of community development is

not just to meet human needs but also

build their welfare.

3. The transformation of village status into

kelurahan and community empowerment

give the significant influence with the

amount of positive influence on the

development of communities in West Java

province. Positive findings of any study

variables either transformation or the

status of the village into the village

community empowerment effect partially

contributed to the development of society,

was also found progressively better effect

if it done simultaneously. This means that

if the transformation of the status of

village into kelurahan followed by an

effort to empower the community, the

impetus to realize a variety of community

development can be better in West Java

province. Theoretically, Parson (1938) in

the structural-functional theory suggests

that the transformation of the organization

per se is not just a structural

transformation but also a functional

transformation occurring therein. This

functional transformation requires the

accessibility community to take action on

your own through empowerment. It is

thought supported by Berger and Neuhaus

(1996: 61) that collectively, communities

can be empowered to perform a particular

action through the fulfillment of basic

needs of the entity as part of a community

group. In other words, empowering people

is to improve the ability, independence

and fulfillment of basic needs.

4. Theoretically research findings prove that

the transformation model of village status

into community and community

empowerment which is run together that





69

provide a stronger influence on the

variation of community development in

West Java province. The research model is

also supported by a strong relation

between the dimension of transformation

of the status of the village into kelurahan

and community empowerment to

community development. Strength of

these effects are shown predominantly by

the correlation between dimensions is

formed, namely the strengthening of the

relationship between the dimensions of the

potential in the variable dimension of

community empowerment with political

development on community development

variables that generate the correlation

value of 0.520. While other findings seen

from the relationship between the

dimensions of the revitalization program

in the variable transformation of village

status into urban community with the

dimensions of social development and

cultural development in the community

development variables that produces a

correlation value of 0.353 as can be seen

in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1

The Number of Relation Among

Variable of Transformation Status of the Village into Kelurahan (X1), Variable of Community

Empowerment (X2), and Variable of Community Development (Y)

VARIABLE AND

DIMENSION

VARIABEL Y (Community Development)

Y-1 Y-2 Y-3 Y-4 Y-5 Y-6

VA

RIA

BL

E X

1

(Tra

nsf

orm

ati

on

of

the

Sta

tus

of

Vil

lag

e

into

Kel

ura

ha

n)

X1-1 .201

* .284

** .194

* .227

** .201

* .343

**

X1-2 .343

** .284

** .277

** .167

* .210

* .202

*

X1-3 .353

** .288

** .229

** .353

** .343

** .227

**

X1-4 .200

* .283

** .333

** .202

* .209

* .219

**

VA

RIA

BE

L X

2

(Co

mm

un

ity

Em

po

wer

men

t)

X2-1 .315

** .365

** .482

** .310

** .264

** .337

**

X2-2 .257

** .399

** .520

** .307

** .214

* .376

**

X2-3 .256

** .201

* .235

** .232

** .482

** .365

**

X2-4 .262

** .380

** .417

** .364

** .234

** .370

**

X2-5 .287

** .210

* .287

** .219

** .225

** .235

**

E. Conclusions and Sugestions

Conclusions

Based on hypothesis testing and discussion of

the results presented in the previous chapter, the

conclusions of this research can be structured as

follows:

1. The transformation of the status of village

into kelurahan has a positive significant

effect on the development of communities

in the West Java province. This suggests

that if a local government, particularly in

the province of West Java conduct and

establish transformation policies of village

status into kelurahan appropriately, it will





70

have a positive impact on the development

of society. This means that every one unit

of the changes brought by the

Transformation of the village

administration into kelurahan

administration can provide a positive

potential to change certain unit in the

development of communities in the

province of West Java. The magnitude of

the effect of the transformation of the

status of village into kelurahan to the


province of West Java in total were found

in this study was 47.75 percent. While the

remaining 52.25 percent is influenced by

the other factors. It is also found that the

relation between dimensions that provide

the strongest correlation in both variables

are the dimensions of the revitalization

program (revitalization) in a variable


administration into kelurahan with the

social development dimension and the

dimension of cultural development in the

community development variables. While

the relation between the lowest match

dimensions is the dimensions of

organizational renewal (renewing) in the

transformation of village into village

status with dimensions of social

development in community development

variables.

2. Community empowerment has a

significant positive effect on community

development in West Java province. This

provides an explanation that the

community empowerment process

provides a positive effect to the

community development in the process of


kelurahan in West Java province. This

means that every one unit of the changes

brought by the process of community

empowerment in policy implementation of

the Transformation of the village

administration into kelurahan in West Java

province can support the positive changes

in community development in specific

units. The magnitude of the effect of

empowering the community to the


province of West Java in total were found

in this study amounted to 36.48 percent.

While the remaining 63.52 percent is

influenced by other factors. It is also

found that the relationship between

dimensions that provide the strongest

correlation in both variables are the

dimensions of the strengthening of the

potential (empowering) in variable

dimensions of empowerment by the

political development in community

development variables in the province of

West Java. While the relation between the

lowest match dimensions is the

dimensions of protection (protection) in

the variable dimension of community

empowerment with economic

development in a community development

variables.

3. Transformation of the status of village into


has a significant effect simultaneously

positive to community development in

West Java province. The magnitude of the

effect of the transformation of village into


simultaneously towards community

development in West Java found in this

research was 53.70 percent. While the

remaining 46.30 percent is influenced by

other factors. Value effect simultaneously

relatively strong, and this indicates that

variable transformation of village into

kelurahan and community development

variables have a positive impact on the

development of society as a whole. The

magnitude of the effect of the


into kelurahan shows the results is bigger

than the magnitude of the effect of

community empowerment for the

communitydevelopment in the province of

West Java.

4. The findings of this research generally

produce novelty that the transformation of

village into kelurahan model followed by

appropriate community empowerment in

West Java can be a positive influence on

the variation change community

development. This gives the theoretical

implication that people can develop

positive dynamics when the


kelurahan simultaneously supported

community empowerment process. Thus,

the following two variables are the various





71

dimensions as an important factor for

realizing the demands of a growing

community to the appropriate service

needs and strategic environment both

internally and externally in the

administrative area of West Java Province.

Novelty models found in this study also

showed the strength of the relationship

between the dimensions of revitalization

(revitalization) in the Transformation of

the village administration into kelurahan

with the dimensions of social development

and the dimensions of cultural

development in community development

variable, as well as strengthening

dimension potential (empowering) in the

transformation of village into kelurahan

variables with the development dimension

of politics in community development

variables. This provides an explanation

that the strength of the relation between

dimension of revitalization programs with

social and cultural development, as well as

the dimensions of strengthening the

potential for the development of politics

becoming a factor that should be noted

and considered further because it could

give effect more positively to any changes

that occur under the influence of the


administration into kelurahan and

community empowerment to the

community development in the province

of West Java.

Suggestions

Conclusions based on the results of this study, the

authors suggested academically some of the

recommendation as follows:

1. The research on the transformation of

village administration into kelurahan that

are associated with social transformation,

including the community development is

still rare. Therefore, similar research

needs to be developed with a variety of

assumptions, methodologies, and different

locations to obtain a model that can be

generalized scientifically valid for

development interest of the science of

government, particularly with the theory

of the village administration in the system

of decentralized governance in Indonesia

in accordance the determination of law

No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government

and Law No. 6 in 2014 on the village to

become a strategic reference in the process

of transformation of the status of village

into kelurahan in the future.

2. Considering the results, which show the

influence of factors that were not studied

and relatively also potentially impact the

community development in line with the


into kelurahan, then to consider other

factors such as leadership factor, the factor

of community participation, and policy

factors village budget and villages in the

research model that will come.

3. The community development in the

province of West Java can be further

enhanced by improving relations of

reshaping the policy direction dimensions

(reframing) with dimensions of political

development; dimensions of governmental

restructuring (restructuring) with

dimensions of cultural development;

strengthening dimension of potential with

the environmental dimension, the

dimension of protection with economic

development dimension, and a dimension

of climate conducive to economic

development dimension.

4. The power of the relation in dimension of

revitalization programs with social and

cultural development, as well as

strengthening the potential with the

development dimension of politics in our

model village status transformation into

keluragan should be noted and considered

further in the future because it can provide

a more positive effect in realizing the well

transformation towards people welfare.

Practical advice related to the implementation of

the statement of science, particularly in the field of

village administration/kelurahan from results in this

dissertation, the authors give some

recommendation as follows:

1. Commitment of the central government is

needed, provincial government and

district/city governments in order to meet

the public expectations to develop and

have an access in the process of





72


into kelurahan in the future.

2. The policy of transformation of the status

of village into kelurahan is no longer

determined to meet the administrative

requirements but to be ensured because

the public needs to be empowered and

grow in line with the dynamics of the

regional administration.

3. Community empowerment in the structure

of the new administration (kelurahan)

should consider the pattern of community

empowerment policies that are tailored to

village autonomy (Determination of law,

Republic of Indonesia No. 6 of 2014 on

Villages).

4. Community development must be

supported by the process of transformation

of the status village into kelurahan, so that

structural changes of village organizations

also encourage changes in society through

changes in public services that can faster,

accurate, and inexpensive.

5. There should be a policies adjustment,

particularly those related to government

regulation on kelurahan that is aligned

with the determination of law No. 23 of

2014 on Regional Government with

concerning the rules of village

administration as stipulated in Law No. 6

of 2014 about the village and Government

Regulation, and Law No.43 of 2014

concerning the Implementation

Regulations UU6 / 2014 about the village.

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