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Managing Director

1. Structural Damages on Tungsten and Graphite Samples Upon Ion Irradiation M. Bhuyan 1

2. Study of Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique S. Bidyaswor Singh, Kh. Kamala Devi, L. Raghumani Singh, A. Nabachandra Singh 7

3. Role of Magnetic Field on the Optical, Thermal and Structural Characterization of Strontium Tartrate Trihydrate Crystal R.G. Vidhya, R. Ramasamy, L. Vijayalakshmi 14

4. A Brief Review About Nonlinear Optics Priyanka Garg 25

5. A Review on Basics of Physical and Geometric Optics Shrawani Verma 28

Contents

IJOS (2016) 1–6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Optical Sciences Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Structural Damages on Tungsten and Graphite Samples Upon

Ion Irradiation

M. Bhuyan* Department of Physics, Rangia College, Rangia, India

Abstract

Tungsten and graphite samples are very important for the plasma facing component material

of next generation fusion reactor because of its superior thermo-physical and mechanical

properties. It is essential to study the ion material interaction for its response to severe

conditions of fusion reactor. In this work, an ingenious ion source namely plasma focus is

used to study the effect of neon (and proton) irradiation on tungsten and graphite under

various experimental conditions. To observe the structural changes of exposed and reference

tungsten and graphite samples were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer. X-ray diffraction

pattern confirms the development of compressive stress on the samples due to thermal load

and formation of other phases or some expanded phases.

Keywords: fusion reactor, neon, X-ray diffractometer

INTRODUCTION Material research is an important part of

fusion research. The proper understanding

of material properties in fusion

environment is quite essential for the

better operation, safety and performance of

tokamak fusion reactor. The successful

operation of International Thermonuclear

Experimental Reactor (ITER) solely

depends upon the various types of plasma

facing components (PFC). Tungsten (W) is

one of the most important candidates as

PFCs for ITER because of its excellent

material properties such as high melting

point, high threshold energy for physical

sputtering, and low retention of hydrogen

isotopes.[1,2]

Carbon-based materials such

as isotropic graphite and carbon fiber

composites (CFCs) have been widely

employed for protection of inner walls of

existing tokamaks.[3,4]

In ITER, however,

high-Z components will be used together

with carbon materials[5,6]

and most

probably carbonized at high temperatures.

Due to high melting point, high threshold

energy for physical sputtering and low

retention of hydrogen isotopes properties

previous investigations of tungsten were

focused using various energetic ions with

different energy ranges in various facility

which are discussed in our earlier paper.[7]

Therefore, in present work we implant the

neon and proton ions on tungsten and

graphite samples to observe the structural

changes, as they plays an important role in

ITER in terms of PFCs. Hereafter, we

present experimental procedure as well as

experimental results.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The neon and proton ions are irradiated on

our tungsten and graphite targets

separately. The schematic of the

experimental setup is shown in Figure 1.

The square tungsten samples of sizes of

5 × 5 mm2 and 10 × 10 mm

2 and circular

specimens of graphite with 0.5-cm

diameter were introduced inside the PF



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Study of Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films

Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique

S. Bidyaswor Singh1, Kh. Kamala Devi

2, L. Raghumani Singh

3, A. Nabachandra Singh

1*

1Department of Physics, Thoubal College, Thoubal, Manipur, India

2Department of Physics, Waikhom Mani Girls College, Thoubal, Manipur, India

3Department of Physics, Pettigrew College, Ukhrul, Manipur, India

Abstract

Chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique was used to deposit nano-structured cadmium

sulfide (CdS) thin films on pre-treated glass substrates. The films are studied using the X-ray

diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical absorption and

transmission techniques. The XRD shows that the films are polycrystalline and are a mixture

of cubic and hexagonal phases, which agrees with the earlier report of CdS thin film. The

average grain size of the film is about 39.14 nm. SEM studies indicate that the grains are

seen to be spherical and symmetrical, not uniformly distributed and not well connected to

each other. The EDAX spectrum shows that the film contains the elements Cd and S as

expected. Optical study shows that the film has a band gap of 3.15 eV.

Keywords: chemical bath deposition, EDX, nanocrystalline, SEM, thin films, XRD

INTRODUCTION

In the present development of technology,

nano-structured CdS thin films have

gained considerable research attention and

have been becoming a promising candidate

for various applications. CdS films belong

to the II–VI semiconductor compounds,

and they are highly reproducible, stable,

and cost effective material for

optoelectronic devices, photovoltaic

industry and optical detectors, etc.[1–5]

They are also widely used in photonic

devices like light emitting diodes,[6]

solar

cells,[7]

and lasers.[8]

But poor conductivity

of CdS films as low as 108

(Ωm)1

has

been reported.[9]

Such limitations in

properties can be varied over several

orders of magnitude by considering doping

of different dopants to different extends

and annealing the sample at different

temperatures.[10]

In order to enhance

applications in different fields, we must

study doping and annealing effects on CdS

thin films. There are various techniques to

prepare CdS thin films such as spray

pyrolysis,[11]

chemical bath deposition,[12–

15] successive ionic layer adsorption and

reaction,[16]

etc. The chemical bath

deposition (CBD) technique has drawn a

special attention because this technique

has many advantages such as no

requirement for sophisticated instruments,

minimum material wastage, and

economical way of large area deposition.

The film deposited by this method has

better photoconductivity and improved

morphological properties such as

roughness and pinhole density as

compared with film processed by other

techniques.[17]

CBD can be used to deposit

any compound that satisfies four basic

requirements: simple precipitation, highly

insoluble in the solution, chemically stable



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Role of Magnetic Field on the Optical, Thermal and Structural

Characterization of Strontium Tartrate Trihydrate Crystal

R.G. Vidhya1*, R. Ramasamy

2, L. Vijayalakshmi

3

1Department of Physics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Tiruchirapalli, India

2Department of Physics, National College, Thiruchirapalli, India

3Principal, Auxiium College of Arts and Science for Women, Pudukottai, India

Abstract

Several technical advances rest on on the accessibility of appropriate crystals having diverse

uses. The growth of crystals from gel is well suited for the crystal growth of compounds,

which are sparingly soluble and decompose fairly at low temperature. Gel grown crystals

may diffract X-rays more strongly and have a less mosaic structure. A few advancements and

modifications in these techniques are suggested. A Magnetic field has been recognized as

affecting nucleation and crystal growth rate, polymorphism and colloidal stability, and is

now being applied to crystal growth of proteins and other compounds. Strontium tartrate

crystals are grown in the presence and in the absence of magnetic field by single diffusion

method .A comparative optical, thermal and structural analysis between the outcome of the

strontium tartrate crystals grown in the absence of magnetic field and the crystals grown

under the influence of magnetic field is done.

Keywords: gel method, magnetic field, single diffusion, strontium tartrate, XRD

INTRODUCTION

The preparation of metal organic

frameworks (MOF) is an especially active

research area, due to the tunable properties

and functions of MOF. These compounds

find applications in many fields, such as

molecular recognition, adsorption and

separation processes, catalysis, ion

exchange and molecular magnetism, The

design and synthesis of novel coordination

architectures controlled by varying the

reaction conditions including temperature,

metal – to – ligand ratio and pH value are

of great interest in coordination chemistry.

Polycarboxylate ligands have created

interest as the potential bridging ligands

with a variety of connection modes with

transition metal centers and abundant

structural motifs Dicarboxylate are very

important bridging ligands, which have

attracted much interest in coordination

polymer synthesis, providing the necessary

charge balance and building the neutral

frame works.

The structure of organometallic compound

can be varied by changing the metal,

coordination number, ligands etc. A non-

aromatic acid and an inorganic salt form

the metal organic compound. The

characterization of strontium tartrate

crystals are reported in many literatures.[1-

13] In the present study the variation in

structural characterization of strontium

tartrate crystals grown in the presence

(SrTmf) and in the absence of magnetic

(SrT) field are compared. To our

knowledge there are no literatures

reporting the structural properties of



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A Brief Review About Nonlinear Optics

Priyanka Garg JournalsPub, Noida, UP, India

INTRODUCTION Nonlinear optics (NLO) designates the

behaviour of light in nonlinear media and

also is subdivision of optics. The media

which has the dielectric polarization say P

retorts nonlinearly to the electric field E of

the light.

This nonlinearity is characteristically

merely experiential at appropriate high

light intensities for example those

delivered by lasers. Directly above the

Schwinger limit, the vacuum

aforementioned is predictable to come to

be nonlinear. In nonlinear optics, the

superposition norm no more grasps.[1-3]

Nonlinear optics was unknown till 1961 of

Second harmonic generation by Peter

Franken et al. at University of Michigan,

subsequently as the construction of the

first laser by Theodore Harold Maiman.

Conversely selected nonlinear properties

were learned beforehand the growth of the

laser. The hypothetical base for numerous

nonlinear procedures were first termed in

Bloembergen's monograph, Nonlinear

Optics.

Nonlinear optics is specified growing

consideration due to its extensive use in

the extent of laser skill, optical

communication and data storage skill.

NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROCESSES

The non-linear reaction of properties such

as frequency, polarization, phase or path of

incident light is explained by non-linear

optics. These responses gave rise to many

optical phenomena. Some of processes are

explained below:[4]

Frequency Mixing Processes

Second harmonic generation or

frequency doubling, is the process of

creation of light with a double

frequency that is half of the

wavelength. In this process two

photons are demolished which creates

a single photon at two times the

frequency.

Third harmonic generation includes

the process of creation of light with a

tripled frequency which is one-third

the wavelength. Here three photons are

demolished with the creation of a

single photon at three times the

frequency.

High harmonic generation is the

process of generation of light with

much larger frequencies as compared

to the original.

Sum frequency generation is the

process of cohort of light having a

frequency which is the sum of two

added frequencies.

Other frequency mingling methods are

as optical parametric amplification,

difference frequency generation, and

optical parametric oscillation,

nonlinear light-matter interaction with

free electrons and plasma, optical

rectification.

Few other nonlinear processes are:

Optical Kerr outcome which is amount

reliant refractive index.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_harmonic_generation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_frequency_generation

IJOS (2016) 28–33© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 28


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A Review on Basics of Physical and Geometric Optics

Shrawani Verma JournalsPub, Noida, UP, India

A BRIEF ON PHYSICAL AND

GEOMETRIC OPTICS

Light proliferates as motions in an

electromagnetic field, which extend from a

point light source as equally divided and

concentric wavefronts. The energy

conveyed in the motions is measured in

quantum parcels known as photons.

The radiation of light through space can be

spoken to in two routes: (1) as real

wavefronts that grow concentrically and

radially from the light source (examination

by physical optics), or (2) as nonexistent

light beams opposite to the wavefronts that

augment radially from the light source and

show the course in which every part of the

wavefront is moving (investigation by

geometric optics). The essential

parameters of optical components

portrayed in this page are created as far as

geometric optics.[1-3]

In astronomical applications, light sources

are distance to the point that the concentric

wavefronts turn into a progression of

similarly dispersed parallel planes over the

width of any viable telescope gap. To

represent: over the opening of a 1 meter

(39.4") telescope, light beams from a

solitary point on the Moon, the nearest

cosmic item at 384,403 kilometers, veer

from parallel by close to 1/384403000 of a

radian or 0.0000026 millimeter, which is

0.0047 or 1/200 a wavelength of "green"

light. Since the creation furthest reaches of

the most astounding quality galactic optics

are around λ/20 wave, or 10 times bigger

than the wavefront dissimilarity, optical

counts can expect superbly level and

parallel wavefronts from a removed light

source. The optical way of these

wavefronts can be compressed as fanciful

yet systematically helpful light beams,

characterized as parallel to each other and

opposite to the wavefronts they portray.

WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY

The distance amid identical points on two

adjacent wavefronts of light is the

wavelength (λ) of the light. The frequency

(ν) of light is the number of wavefronts

that pass a fixed point in one second, or the

cycles per second. The relationship

between frequency and wavelength is

governed by the speed of light in a

vacuum, c:

c = ν·λ = 299,792,458 m·s–1 = 3 x 108

meters per second.

λ = c / ν.

Therefore the frequency of "green" light at

550 nm is ν = c/λ550 =

299792458/0.00000055 (wavelength in

meters) or 545 trillion cycles per second.

Light wavelengths are generally measured

in angstroms (10-10 meter), nanometers

(10-9 meter) or micrometers (10-6 meter).

Light that seems green to the human eye

has a wavelength of around 550

nanometers — 0.00055 millimeters or 0.55

micrometers (thus submicron).

Unmistakable wavelengths of respectably

brilliant light range from around 750 nm

("orange red") to 380 nm ("blue violet"),

or 0.00075 to 0.00038 millimeters. In spite

of the fact that they are interrelated, note

that recurrence is utilized to describe the

vitality conveyed by a photon of light,

while wavelength is utilized to portray the

optical conduct of wavefronts. Longer

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Jan – Jun 2016

IJOS

International Journal of Optical Sciences vol 2 issue 1

Education

Transcript of International Journal of Optical Sciences vol 2 issue 1