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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697

Volume 4 Issue 9 May 2017 www.ijifr.com

Abstract

With increasing demand of healthy life, many garments, furniture coverings and accessories with antibacterial property are produced. If the clothes are left with perspiration for a long time, bacteria will be incubated by treating perspiration as its nutrient. The silane product is developed from ASTM E 2149 on a silane chemistry based method to enhance the antibacterial property on the fabric. The above developed product is applied on cotton knitted fabrics with combo finish. The fabrics are designed to absorb or reflect the sun’s UV radiation as a means of protecting the skin from damage. The rating system for fabrics specifies an Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) value. Such UPF testing of standard model namely AATCC 183 is also done on the fabric for strengthening the UV protection. Finally, the durability of the product is done by AATCC 135. The main objective is to get better antibacterial efficacy and highly efficient UV protection on a combo finish cotton fabric using the appropriate testing with higher performance and greater accuracy.

I. INTRODUCTION

Cotton is the most used textile fiber in the world. Cotton plays an important role in the

Indian economy, as the country's textile industry is predominantly cotton based. India is

Development of Silane for Better

Antibacterial Efficacy on Cotton Fabric on

Combo Finish With UV Protection

Paper ID IJIFR/V4/ E9/ 054 Page No. 7632-7644 Subject Area Textile

Chemistry

Key Words Antimicrobial, UPF, UV Protection

1st Velmurugan

M.Tech (Final Year),

Department of Textile Chemistry,

SSM College of Engineering Komarapalayam,

Namakkal –Tamilnadu.

2nd Jothimanikandan

Assistant Professor ,

Department of Textile Chemistry,

SSM College of Engineering Komarapalayam,

Namakkal –Tamilnadu.

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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 4, Issue -9, May 2017

Continuous 45th Edition, Page No.: 7632-7644

Velmurugan, Jothimanikandan :: Development of Silane for Better Antibacterial Efficacy on Cotton Fabric on Combo Finish With UV Protection

one of the largest producers as well as exporters of cotton yarn. The Indian textile

industry contributes around four per cent to country’s gross domestic product (GDP), 14

per cent to industrial production and 13 per cent to total export earnings. The industry is

also the second-largest employer in the country after agriculture, providing employment

to over 45 million people directly and 60 million people indirectly, including unskilled

women. The states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,

Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab are the major cotton producers in

India.

Cotton is a basic raw material for Textile Industry. The Indian Textile Industry

has an overwhelming presence in the economic life of the Country. Apart from

providing one of the basic necessities of life, the Textile Industry also plays a pivotal

role through its contribution to industrial output, employment generation, and the export

earnings of the country. The Indian Textile Industry is extremely varied, with the hand-

spun and hand woven sector at one end of the spectrum, and the capital intensive,

sophisticated mill sector at the other. The decentralized powerloom / hosiery and

knitting sectors form the largest section of the Textile Sector. The close linkage of the

Industry to agriculture and the ancient culture and traditions of the Country make the

Indian Textile Sector unique of other Countries. This also provides the industry with the

capacity to produce a variety of products suitable to the different market segments, both

within and outside the Country.The major sectors forming part of the Textile Industry

include the organised Cotton / Man-made Fibre Textile Mill Industry, Wool and Woolen

Textile Industry, Sericulture and Silk Textile Industry, Handloom Industry, Handicraft Industry, Jute and Jute Textile Industry and Textile Exports.

1.1 Antibacterial Efficacy

Recently there has been upsurge interest in apparel technology all over the world

for much demanding functionality of the products like wrinkle resistance, water

repellence, fade resistance and resistance to the microbial invasion. Among these,

development of antimicrobial textile finish is highly indispensable and relevant since

garments are in direct contact with the human body. The textile finishes with added

values particularly for medical cloths are greatly appreciated and the rapid growth in the

field of medical textiles and their end uses has generated many opportunities for the

application of antimicrobial finishes. The consumers are aware of hygienic life style and

there is a necessity of textile products with antimicrobial properties.

As garments are subjected to washing, the wash durability of finishes is a major

issue. Even though many of the herbal extracts have shown good antimicrobial property

after applying on textile fabrics, their wash durability is poor. Hence in this study

microencapsulation technique was used to fix the herbal extracts on the fabrics.

Microencapsulation is one of the novel methods of getting functional finishes on

textiles. It is a process by which very tiny droplets of liquid or particles of solid are

covered with a continuous film of polymeric material. Microencapsulation is more

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advantageous to conventional processes in terms of economy, energy saving, eco

friendliness and controlled release of substance.

1.2 UV Protection

The sun damage done to every exposed part of our body is cumulative over our

lifetime, continually adding to our risks of premature skin aging and skin cancer. Of

course, we can have clothing over every square inch of our body, but if the sun goes

right through it, it’s not much use. Fabrics are made of tiny fibers woven or knitted

together. Under a microscope, we can see lots of spaces between the fibers; UV can pass

directly through these holes to reach the skin. The tighter the knit or weave, the smaller

the holes and the less UV can get through. Twill, used to make tweeds or denim, is an

example of a tightly woven fabric. Open weave fabrics provide much less protection.

Fabrics can be made from many types of fibers, including cotton, wool, and nylon.

Most fibers naturally absorb some UV radiation, and some have elastic threads that pull

the fibers tightly together, reducing the spaces between the holes. Synthetic fibers such

as polyester, nylon, and acrylic are more protective than bleached cottons, and shiny or

lustrous semi-synthetic fabrics like rayon reflect more UV than do matte ones, such as

linen, which tend to absorb rather than reflect UV.

Though loosely evaluating fabric content, color, weight and weave by eye are

helpful at sizing up UV protection, it is difficult to pinpoint just how protective a piece

of clothing is simply by looking at it. Holding it up to the light helps show how much

light passes through, but this isn’t ideal, because the human eye sees visible light but not

UV radiation. One solution is to choose garments with UPF labels. UPR quantifies

effectively a piece of clothing shields against the sun. The label means the fabric has

been tested in a laboratory and consumers can be confident about the listed level of

protection. It is based on the content, weight, color, and construction of the fabric, and

indicates how much UV can penetrate the fabric. For instance, a shirt with a UPF of 50

allows just 1/50th of the sun’s UV radiation to reach our skin. This would provide

excellent sun protection, which has a UPF of about, which allows 1/5th of the sun’s UV

through even more when wet.

II. SURVEY OF RELATED WORKS

The existing systems presented a work on cotton fabric for antibacterial and UV

blocking applications. This project mainly focuses on antibacterial activity and UV

protection. In this work, the activities are tested on coated cotton. Gold nanoparticles

(AuNPs) have been synthesized by greener method using chloroauric acid as precursor

and extract of Acorus calamus rhizome as reducing agent. Formation of AuNP was

confirmed by the presence of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak in UV–Visible

spectral. The results reveal the deposition of AuNPs on the surface of cotton fabric.

Uncoated cotton, neat extract coated cotton and extract containing AuNPs coated cotton

fabrics were then tested for antibacterial activity against Gram positive

(Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains by

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AATCC 100 test method. It showed that the extract containing AuNPs coated cotton

fabric had higher antibacterial activity than other test samples against E. coli. UV- DRS

analysis performed on extract containing AuNPs coated cotton fabric showed improved

UV-blocking property than uncoated cotton fabric and neat extract coated cotton fabric.

2.1 Coating On Cotton Fabric By Pad-Dry-Cure Method The pristine extract was coated on cotton fabric by pad-dry- cure method. The

fabric was fed into the padding mangle containing 100 ml of A. calamus extract.

Padding process was carried out for 15 min at ambient conditions. The coated fabric

was taken out, washed with pure water and air dried. The coating procedure was

extended for the extract containing AuNPs also.

2.2.1 Antibacterial Activity Test The antibacterial activity of uncoated cotton, neat extract coated cotton and the

extract containing AuNPs coated cotton fabrics was evaluated against S. aureus and E.

coli by AATCC 100 test method. The percentage reduction was calculated using the

equation R(%) = ((AB)/B)100, where R = % reduction, A is the number of bacteria

recovered from the inoculated test swabs in the jar after incubation with raw sample, B

is the number of bacteria according to ‘‘A’’ conditions with antibacterial modified

cotton sample.

In this study, AuNPs have been synthesized from chloroauric acid at ambient

condition using natural plant A. calamus extract as greener method. The formation and

sizes of AuNPs were depending on precursor concentration. Spherical morphology of

AuNPs was observed. A. calamus extract containing AuNPs coated cotton fabric

showed improved antibacterial activity and UV-DRS efficiency than uncoated cotton

and neat extract coated cotton.

The rapidly evolving microorganisms cause bad smells, images and color

disorders, staining and fabric strength loss. Microorganisms cause fabric strength loss,

odor and staining traces, pathogenic infection in hospital textiles that result from the

textiles, garments and shoes fiber degradation. Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana oil has good

antibacterial and antifungal effects against the different microorganisms that was

investigated in many studies.

2.2.1.1 Mordanting Process The samples were mordanted with mordant agent obtained from Cypress Leaf

(Cupressus sempervirens), Lemon Peel and the Larch Cones. Cypress tree leaves,

extracts of lemon peel and pine cones were used. 1000 g for each plant mordant was

boiled 1 hour and 1000 ml of distilled water was used to filter the mordants after

cooling.

About 3 grams wool fabric was mordanted with three types mordant agents by

four different concentrations as %1, %2, %4 and %8. Mordanting was carried out in a

liquor ratio of 1:50 at the boiling temperature for 1 hour. Mordanted samples were

waited in the liquor for night then washed under top running water, squeezed and finally

dried at room temperature.

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2.2.1.2 Dyeing Process The natural dye is obtained by extraction of Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana cones

which is from the family of Cupressaceous and species of Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana

(A. Murr.) Parlor. The natural dye was obtained that 1000 g cones was boiled and cooled

in 1000 ml distilled water, and then filtered.

Firstly, wool fabrics were dyed in liquor ratio of 1:50 at the boiling temperature

for 1 hour. Secondly, the samples were washed with 500 ml of cold water. Thirdly,

washed samples were washed with 500 ml of boiling water. Finally, the samples were

washed with 500 ml of cold water then squeezed and dried at room temperature. The

reflectance values of the dyed fabrics were analyzed by using Gretaq Macbeth–Colour

Eye 2180UV spectrophotometer and the CIELab values were calculated using illuminant

D65 and 10o standard observer values.

The color strength (K/S) values of samples were calculated with the Kubelka-

Munk equation was carried out with regard to the maximum absorption at 520 nm.

K/S= (1-R) 2/2R (2.1)

2.2.1.3 Antimicrobial Measurements In this study, ASTM E2149:2013 standard was used to test the antimicrobial

effects on dyed wool fabric. By this method, the samples were placed in a laboratory

flask containing a dilute suspension of Escherichia coli. The flask is placed onto a wrist-

action shaker and shaken for an adequate exposure time, typically 1 hour. Following

exposure procedure, sample of the test organism suspension was removed quantitatively

analyzed then dyed with for survivors.

This study aimed to explore the public toward sun exposure and sun-protection

measures many skin diseases are caused by excessive and unprotected sun exposure.

High cumulative levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation can damage skin cells, affect the

skin’s normal growth and appearance and cause acute skin damage, including tanning

and burning. Furthermore, more complicated chronic skin problems can occur with long

term exposure, such as pigmentary changes (e.g., melasma, lentigines), skin aging and

skin cancer. Skin cancer has increased progressively during the past four decades.

Individual hazard of skin cancer has a robust relation with skin type, with the superior

risk among skin type which burn easily and do not tan well . Although skin cancers are

less common in dark-skinned people, the prognosis is worse because the cancers tend to

be diagnosed late.

UV radiation is also responsible for significant eye damage, especially cataract

formation. All of these consequences of chronic UV radiation exposure are likely

avoidable if suitable types of sun-protection behaviors are in use. Avoiding sun exposure

between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., seeking shade, using sunscreen, minimizing sun-

burns, avoiding tanning beds and wearing wide-brimmed hats, protective clothing, and

sunglasses are the main recommendations for efficient sun protection. Sunscreens

reduce the transmission of UV radiation into the skin by reflecting, absorbing, or

dispersing such emission. Thus, sunscreen is a form of safeguard against sunlight.

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Female gender, higher income, greater schooling, and light skin color are positively

associated with the use of sunscreen. Patient education efforts proved to increase public

understanding of the detrimental effects of excessive sun exposure and the advantages

of sunscreen use. International surveys have revealed that skin cancer prevention and

control programs are lucrative in increasing knowledge about skin cancer and the risks

of exposure to UV radiation but do not look as if it has a key effect on behavior

adaptation.

2.2.2 Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity Directly on Fabric A number of methods have been described for evaluating antimicrobial activity

of treated fabric. Most of the methods are indirect, requiring the removal of the agent

from the fabric before it is measured chemically or biologically. Of these, the agar

diffusion method is the most frequently used and has been standardized by the American

Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) as an official test method for

detecting bacteriostatic activity on fabric. The antimicrobial agent diffuses from the

fabric into seeded agar, producing a zone of inhibition around the fabric. This test is

limited to detection of antimicrobial agents which are easily diffusible in agar or to those

not very substantive to fabric. However, the most important objection to all of the

indirect methods is that they do not provide realistic appraisals of antimicrobial activity

on the fabric surface.

The fabric was treated in a launderometer, by the method of Petrocci and Clarke,

with a treatment solution to fabric ratio of 1 :10 and an exposure period of 10 min (25

C). The treatment solution was an aqueous dilution of 50 ,ug of active Hyamine 3500

per ml (Rohm and Haas Co.; an alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride antimicrobial

agent substantive to fabric) in 0.26% of a laundry detergent-sanitizer formulation. To

simulate a home laundry operation and to demonstrate substantivity to fabric, the treated

fabric was rinsed twice for 2 min each. After rinsing, the fabric was hung to dry

overnight at room temperature before evaluating for bacteriostasis by the suspended

swatch and zone of inhibition tests.

2.2.3 Evaluation of Surface Characteristics of Fabrics Suitable For Skin Layer of

Firefigurehters’ Protective Clothing Sensorial comfort, usually described as “fabric hand or feel”, is the sensation of

how the fabric feels when it is worn next to the skin. This feeling deals with properties

of the fabric such as prickling, itching, stiffness or smoothness. It can also be related to

its attributes related to physiological comfort, as for instance when a fabric is wet its

sensorial properties change and fabric may cling to the skin. Wet feeling and wet

clinging can be a major source of sensorial discomfort in situations of profuse sweating

like in fireFigurehters’ working environment. For the objective evaluation of this aspect

of comfort Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) was used for the present study. Seven

commercially available knitted fabrics of different fibre blends in different knitted

structures suitable for skin layer of fireFigurehters’ protective clothing were evaluated in

virgin (original non-treated) state and then in wet state.

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III. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Flowchart of The Proposed Work The flowchart for the proposed work is shown in Fig 3.1

Figure 3.1 Flowchart of the Proposed Method

3.2 Work Description

The proposed work is described under four stages namely,

Development of Silane

Stability Analysis

Monitoring Phase

Testing Phase

A Silane product is developed from E21149 on a silane chemistry based method. It

is then analysed for stability. Then it is applied on a cotton fabric blended knitted fabrics

with combo finish & monitored. The fabrics are designed to absorb or reflect the sun’s

UV radiation as a means of protecting the skin from damage. It is then subjected to

testing phase followed by monitoring It undergoes two types of testing namely,

Antibacterial testing and UPF testing. The rating system for fabrics specifies an

Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) value. Such UPF testing of standard model namely

AATCC 183 is also done on the fabric for strengthening the UV protection. By using

appropriate testing, an efficient bacterial free UV protected fabric can be obtained.

3.2.1 Development Of Silane

Non polar solvents contain bonds between atoms with similar electronegativities,

such as carbon and hydrogen (think hydrocarbons, such as gasoline). Bonds between

atoms with similar electronegativities will lack partial charges; it’s this absence of

charge which makes these molecules “non-polar.

A substance is referred to as a wetting agent if it lowers the surface tension of a

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liquid and thus allows it to spread more easily. Wetting agents are substances that reduce

the surface tension of water to allow it to spread drops onto a surface, increasing the

spreading abilities of a liquid. Lowering the surface tension lowers the energy required

to spread drops onto a film, thus weakening the cohesive properties of the liquid and

strengthening its adhesive properties. One example of how wetting agents work is in the

formation of micelles. Micelles consist of hydrophilic heads forming an outer layer

around lipophilic tails. When in water, the micelles' tails can surround an oil droplet

while the heads are attracted to the water.

Dish soap is a great example of a wetting agent. With all the food oils and such

on the plate cohesive forces make it difficult for the water to spread and clean the plate.

The soap dissolves all these unwanted particles, exposing a clean surface. The soap also

lowers the surface tension of water, allowing it to spread evenly across the entire

surface.

There are four main types of wetting agents: anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and

nonionic.

Anionic, cationic, and amphoteric wetting agents ionize when mixed with water.

Anions have a negative charge, while cations have a positive charge.

Amphoteric wetting agents can act as either anions or cations, depending on the

acidity of the solution.

Nonionic wetting agents do not ionize in water. A possible advantage for using a

nonionic wetting agent is that it does not react with other ions in the water, which

could lead to formation of a precipitate.

The following are the list of non ionic wetting agents.

1. Ethoxylated Aliphatic Alcohol

2. Polyoxyethylene Surfactants

3. Carboxylic Esters

4. Polyethylene Glycol Esters

5. Anhydrosorbitol Ester & It's Ethoxylated Derivatives

6. Glycol Esters Of Fatty Acids

7. Carboxylic Amides

8. Monoalkanolamine Condensates

9. Polyoxyethylene Fatty Acid Amides.

Silane is a major component for the antibacterial property of a fabric. To achieve the

property, initially the major product is developed with the following procedure.

i.) Silane powder of 42% is taken.

ii.) Then the non polar solvent 24% and non ionic wetting agents 24% are taken and

dissolved in the silane powder to make the silane solution.

iii.) Finally the silane solution is developed.

3.3.2 Stability Analysis

The purpose of stability testing is to provide evidence on how the quality of an

active substance or pharmaceutical product varies with time under the influence of a

https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Surface_Tension

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variety of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light. In addition,

product-related factors influence the stability, e.g. the chemical and physical properties

of the active substance and the pharmaceutical excipients, the dosage form and its

composition, the manufacturing process, the nature of the container-closure system, and

the properties of the packaging materials. Also, the stability of excipients that may

contain or form reactive degradation products, have to be considered. The developed

product is then checked for stability under normal condition and under the temperature

of 40 C for 24 hrs. And as a result, the stability was achieved under normal condition.

3.3.3 Monitoring Phase

The product is then applied on the fabric and it is monitored.1% of the developed silane

is applied on the fabric for antibacterial property and in the same bath UV protection

agent is also added. Then it is allowed for padding and it is shown in Fig 3.2 Padding Calculation

.

..%

tingFabricWBeforePadd

tingFabricWBeforePaddngFabricWtAfterPaddiPickUp

For Pick Up 100 %, the following are the recipes

Silane – 10GPL

UV Protection agent – 30GPL

With this recipe, the padding is done and the fabric is dried. Since the 20 Home Laundry

is effective, it shows the better durability.

Figure 3.2: Monitoring Phase

3.3.4 TESTING PHASE

Finally, it is subjected to testing. A testing is done to check for antibacterial property and

UV Protection. Antibacterial Property is tested against ASTM E 2149 for 0 wash and 20

wash. UV Protection property is tested using AATCC 183 for 0 wash and 20 wash.

Take Silane and UV protection agent

in a bath

Dip the fabric in the bath

Pull out the fabric from the bath

remove excess liquid

Padding and drying at C

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The following table 3.1 shows the relative Erythemal effectiveness of a function. The

intervals of the wavelength are 2 nm and the response for the same is given. Table 3.1 Relative erythemal effectiveness of the function

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As discussed in the methodology, from the silane based method, Silane was developed

as the major source for antibacterial property and it was treated for 0 wash and 20 wash.

Table 4.1 : Experimental Test Results on Antibacterial Property

S.No.

Antibacterial efficacy

(ASTM E 2149)

S.Aureus K. Pneumoniae

1

Antibacterial+UV protection treated fabric >99.99% >99.99%

2

Antibacterial+UV protection treated fabric – 20 HL 89.20% 89.02%

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Table 4.2: Experimental Test Results on UV Protection Property

From the above table, the results are obtained based on organic based method and the

effective results are achieved. Comparing the Table 4.2 with Table 4.3, the UPF rating

obtained is 50+ and the % of UV radiation blocked is above 98% and the protection

category holds excellent. Table 4.3: UPF Rating & % of UV radiation blocked

UPF Rating Protection Category

% UV radiation Blocked

UPF 15 – 24

Good 93.3 – 95.9

UPF 25 – 39

Very Good 96.0 – 97.4

UPF 40 – 50+

Excellent 97.5 – 98+

After obtaining results, the tabulated test results are plotted for bacterial free fabric in Fig. 4.1

Figure.4.1: Antibacterial Efficacy

99.99% 99.99%

89.20% 89.02%

82.00%

84.00%

86.00%

88.00%

90.00%

92.00%

94.00%

96.00%

98.00%

100.00%

102.00%

S.AUREUS K.PNEUMOINAE

% o

f ef

fica

cy

Bacteria under test

Antibacterial efficacy T - 0 WASH

T - 20 WASHES

S.No

UPF

UV - A

Transmission

%

UV -B

Transmission

%

UV A

Blocking

%

UV B

Blocking

%

1 Antibacterial+UV protection treated fabric

77.3 1.44 1.34 98.56 98.66

2 Antibacterial+UV protection treated fabric – 20 HL

150.1 0.74 0.7 99.26 99.3

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After obtaining results, the tabulated test results are plotted for UV blocked fabric in Fig. 4.2

Figure .4.2: UV Blocking Property

V. CONCLUSION

To conclude, after analyzing various methodologies of existing methods, a new method

is proposed. An efficient result of bacterial free with UV protected combo finish on

cotton fabric from the development of Silane using appropriate testing methods is given.

Antibacterial property is achieved through ASTM E2149. UPF testing of standard model

namely AATCC 183 is also done on the fabric for strengthening the UV protection.

Antibacterial property is achieved through ASTM E2149.Better antibacterial efficacy

and highly efficient UV protection on a combo finish cotton fabric using the appropriate

testing with higher performance and greater accuracy is obtained.

VI. REFERENCES

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[2] Cui Gong, Liu Jianzhong, Chen Cuicui, Li Changfeng, Shi Liang Nazia Nawaz, Olga Troynikov, Chris Watson (2011), “Study on silane impregnation for protection of high performance concrete”, Chinese Materials Conference.

[3] Zainal Abidin Ali, Rosiyah Yahya, R. Puteh (2015), “Antibacterial Polymer Based Transparent Coating for Elimination of Staphylococcus Aureus”, World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurships.

[4] Gonca Özçelik Kayseri (2015),“Improving of Sewability Properties of Various Knitted Fabrics with the Softeners”, World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

[5] Alaa Arafa Badr (2016), “Influence of Tencel/cotton blends on knitted fabric Performance”, Alexandria Engineering Journal 55, 2439–2447.

98.56

99.26

98.66

99.3

98

98.2

98.4

98.6

98.8

99

99.2

99.4

T - 0 WASH T - 20 WASHES

UV

Blo

ckin

g %

UV Blocking

UV A Blocking % UV B Blocking %

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[6] Dorin Vlad, Lucian-Ionel Cioca (2015), “Research Regarding the Influence of Raw Material and Knitted Fabric Geometry on the Tensile Strength and Breaking Elongation”, , 9th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG.

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TO CITE THIS PAPER

Velmurugan, Jothimanikandan (2017) :: “Development of Silane for Better

Antibacterial Efficacy on Cotton Fabric on Combo Finish With UV Protection”

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN: 2347-1697), Vol. (4)

No. (9), May 2017, pp. 7632-7644, Paper ID: IJIFR/V4/E9/054.

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