International Journal ofDigital Electronics

IJDEJul–Dec 2016

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Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

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Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

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UTM Skudai Johor, Malaysia

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Dr. K A LathiefJimma Institute of Technology,

Jimma University, Ethiopia

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School of Electrical Engineering,Vellore Institute of Technology, India

Dr. Huang MingzhiDepartment of Water Resources and

Environment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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43300 UPM serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Mr. Dinesh KumarVITS,

Hyderabad, India

Vijay R. WadhankarRTMNU University

India

Dr. S Murugan Department of Computer Science and

Engineering, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India

Amitav PaniIPER Business School,

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Sandeep Kumar KautishEngineering North West Institute of

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K.M. Mehata Department of Computer Science and

Engineering Anna University,Chennai, India

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Santanu K. Maiti Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit,

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From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Digital Electronics. This journal is part of the Electronics

and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present Digital

Electronics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the

validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of

Digital Electronics as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

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International Journal of Digital Electronics focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Base

Station Management, Wide-band CDMA (W-CDMA), Direct sequence-CDMA (DS-CDMA),Multi-code

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It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electronics and

Telecommunication Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Energy Efficient Optical Character Recognition (OCR)-Based Smart Vehicle Authentication and Access Control System Himanshu Monga 1

2. Study of Various Factors Affecting Performance of Cache Memory Rajesh Singh 8

3. 1 Bit Full Adder Design Using 14 Transistors Using Novel 3 Transistors XOR GateRajveer Singh, Saurabh Rawat, Neeru Goyal, Prashant Kr. Tayal 12

4. A Report on Recent Trends in MicroprocessorTejus Dhoble 18

5. Communication between Autonomous Mobile Robots Using Bluetooth TechnologyPriti, Neetu Sharma, Kamal Kumar Ranga 22

Contents

IJDE (2016) 1–7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Digital Electronics Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Energy Efficient Optical Character Recognition (OCR)-Based

Smart Vehicle Authentication and Access Control System

Himanshu Monga* Department of Electronics and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jallandhar, India

ABSTRACT

The proposed system can heighten supervision as well as proficiency of an Authentication and Access Control System. In today’s world, all individuals utilize diverse forms of security goods in their factories, workplaces and households. For instance, video recorders, cameras, sensors, GSM, and alarm centered security networks. This project can be used at entrance of any secure area where ever we need high security to control the access of confidential vehicles only. The various modules of the project will be webcam installed with PC, Microcontroller unit, Line driver (MAX232), Display unit (LCD) which can be monitored by some authenticated person, isolation & amplifier circuit and stepper motor to open or close the entry gate and to turn street light.

Keywords: access control system, energy efficiency, image processing, optical characters recognition, security system

INTRODUTION

The idea in this project is to let some specific authenticated vehicles and persons to pass in a particular area of any organization. Employment of this scheme could be in army regions where only certain army officials can enter and noncombatants are not permissible to enter. Once a person or vehicle is allowed to enter, as the gate opens it will turn on street light because street lighting is always required at night. Lighting systems are still constructed in agreement with the longstanding principles or dependability, plus they habitually do not take benefit of latest technological improvements. In many cases it associated with the plant supervisors who haven’t concluded the yield of the expenditures derived from the production of prevailing facilities yet. Nevertheless, the latest accumulative pressure linked to the raw material prices and the larger social compassion to ecological matters and several concerns

linked to security are leading builders to obtain new practices and technologies that allows significant cost savings and a greater respect to the environment and most important factor security. We can find 3 possible solutions to solve these problems in the literature. The initial one and possibly the utmost instinctive is the use of new technologies for the sources of light such as light emitting diodes [1–2] have already considered this possibility. The second possible solution and perhaps most revolutionary, is to use street lighting and gate security system together. It will reduce raw material and as well as cost of the overall system. Finally the third possibility would be use of renewable energy sources locally available, rather than conventional power

IJDE (2016) 8–11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8

International Journal of Digital Electronics Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Study of Various Factors Affecting Performance of Cache

Memory

Rajesh Singh* Department of CSE, BSACET, Mathura, India

ABSTRACT

Now a day there is a trend of advances in Cache Memory processing which allow us for more microprocessor design options. As Chip Cache Memory becomes the predominant topology for leading microprocessors, critical components of the system are now Cache Memory integrated on a CPU chip. This enables sharing of computation resources that were not possible in previously architectures. On chip Cache memory is the resource of main concern as it can be dominant in controlling overall throughput of the System? This Paper represents analysis of various parameters affecting the performance of Cache Memory like varying the number of Chips, changes L2 cache size

Keywords: cache block, cache memory, L1, L2 cache, prefetching

INTRODUCTION

Caching is a procedure or technique to reduce the traffic rates by prefetching recently used content into memories at the end users. Conventionally, these memories are used to deliver requested content in part from a locally cached copy rather than through the network. Transferring data between RAM and the CPU' is one of the most time consuming and an important process because RAM is much slower than the CPU. A biased solution for such problem is to use cache memory in between CPU and RAM. Cache memory is extremely fast memory, which hold the most recently used data and instructions. When the program is running and the CPU needs to read data or program from RAM, the CPU always checks first to see whether the data is in cache memory or not. If the data is not present there, then CPU reads

the data from RAM into its registers, but it also loads a copy of the data into cache memory. The next time the CPU needs that same data, it finds it in the cache memory and it saves the time needed to load the data from RAM. There are 2 types of cache memory in the Computer L1 and L2, the difference being their speed and size. L1, or level 1 cache is much faster, but also holds a less data than L2. The first CPU caches came with 0.5 kB, then 8 kB, then 16 kB, then 32 kB. Today, many CPUs have 256 or 512 kB L1 cache built in. L2, level 2 cache can either be "on die", meaning it is built into the CPU, or it can be built into the motherboard. The closer cache memory is to the CPU, the faster it is. Accordingly, a CPU with both L1 and L2 cache on die will be faster than a CPU with its L2 cache on the motherboard. Many PCs sold today have

IJDE (2016) 12-17 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12

International journal of Digital Electronics Vol. 2: Issue 2

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1 Bit Full Adder Design Using 14 Transistors Using Novel 3

Transistors XOR Gate

Rajveer Singh1*, Saurabh Rawat2, Neeru Goyal1, Prashant Kr. Tayal3 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Govt. Polytecnic College, Alwar (Raj), India

2Department of Electronics Engineering, L.I.E.T, Alwar (Raj), India 3Department of Electrical Engineering, L.I.E.T, Alwar (Raj), India

ABSTRACT

In present work another XOR gate utilizing three transistors has been proposed. Configuration demonstrates sufficient output rationale levels with commotion edge of 2V with 3.3V information signals. XNOR rationale, got with expansion of inverter shows enhanced clamor edge of 3.2V. Another plan for single piece full adder has been executed utilizing proposed XOR/XNOR gates and transmission gate multiplexer. Full adder planned with 14 transistors demonstrates control scattering of 650.6 µW and most extreme output postpone 0.11ns. Proposed adder circuit demonstrates satisfactory commotion edge of 3.2 V for (Sum output) and 2.2V for Cout (Carry output) with supply voltage of 3.3V. Circuit functions admirably with lessened supply voltage and reproductions have been completed up to 1.8V supply voltage. Reenactments are performed by utilizing SPICE in view of TSMC 0.35µm CMOS innovation. Power consumption of proposed full adders has been contrasted and before reported circuits and proposed circuit's shows better execution regarding power utilizations and transistor number.

Keywords: CMOS, XOR, XNOR, full adder circuit, low power

INTRODUCTION

Investigate endeavors in the field of low power VLSI (expansive scale incorporation) systems have expanded many creases because of exponential development of compact electronic gadgets like tablets; sound/video based mixed media and cell specialized gadgets. With ascend in number of transistors on chip, power consumption of VLSI systems is additionally rising which promote, adds to run time disappointments and dependability issues. Packaging and cooling mechanism turn out to be more unpredictable and exorbitant with intemperate power utilization. Low power utilization is one of vital plan criteria for IC designers at all levels of outline alongside deferral and range contemplations. Devoted usefulness of

gadget at most reduced supply voltage is additionally essential thought. Three noteworthy wellspring of force utilization exists in CMOS VLSI circuits: 1) changing force because of charging and releasing of hub capacitances, 2) cut off because of short current spill out of force supply to ground with synchronous working of p-system and n-systems, 3) Static power utilization because of spillage streams. Power consumption of VLSI circuits can be diminished by scaling supply voltage and capacitance. With the decrease in supply voltage, issues of little voltage swing, inadequate clamor edge and spillage current begins to prompt. Expansion of two double numbers is

IJDE (2016) 18-21© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 18

International Journal of Digital Electronics Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Report on Recent Trends in Microprocessor

Tejus Dhoble Department of Computer Science & Engineering, ITM, Gwalior

BACKGROUND

A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC, or microchip) [1]. A processor is at the heart of each PC system that we manufacture today. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 which was introduced in 1971. “It had 2,300 transistors, ran at a clock speed of up to 740 KHz, and delivered 60,000 instructions per second while dissipating 0.5 watts” [2, 3]. Around this processor, you locate a few different parts that make up a PC. Memory for instructions and data storage and input-output devices to speak with whatever is left of the world, similar to disk controllers, graphic cards, console/keyboard interfaces, organize connectors, and so on. The reason for the processor is to execute machine instructions. Hence, the intelligent operation of a processor is characterized by the instruction set architecture (ISA) that it executes. Numerous distinctive processors can actualize the same ISA. What separates such processors is their processor architecture, which is the way that every processor is composed inside with a specific end goal to accomplish the objective of actualizing its ISA. By changing the processor architecture, a processor designer can impact the execution attributes and proficiency with which directions are executed. Processor design additionally needs to react to execution imperatives forced on it by the objective circuit innovation of the chip, with a specific end goal to accomplish a set execution objective.

In early PC designs, processor operation was extremely basic and entirely successive. In the initial step, for every instruction the program counter (PC) would be utilized to send the next instruction address to memory. Conceivably a few clock cycles later, the direction is come back from memory. At that point the instruction would be decoded. Deciphering produces a rundown of source and goal operands that the direction works on, and a particular operation that will be performed. In the following stride, source operands would be gotten to and conveyed to the number juggling rationale unit (ALU). The ALU inevitably plays out the operation that was determined in the direction and conveys an outcome. The outcome is then composed back to the goal that was decoded. At last, the PC would be upgraded to progress to the following direction that will be executed, after which the entire procedure begins from the earliest starting point for the following instruction. It is anything but difficult to see that in this sort of plan, numerous operations of the processor are superfluously serialized and vast parts of the processor sit idle for a majority of time. For instance, the ALU is just caught up with amid the period where the operation is performed on the source operands; however sits sit amid whatever is left of the time it takes to execute a instruction. It is normal for an instruction to devour on the request of 10 clock cycles to execute. Processor planners regularly cite processor execution in directions executed per clock cycle (IPC). In this manner, this basic processor design would accomplish an execution of 0.1 IPC

IJDE (2016) 22-25 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 22

International Journal of Digital Electronics Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Communication between Autonomous Mobile Robots Using

Bluetooth Technology

Priti, Neetu Sharma, Kamal Kumar Ranga* Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, Kablana,

Jhajjar, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT This paper talks about a few issues on the Bluetooth-based remote correspondence and its reasonable application in correspondence between self-ruling agreeable versatile robots. Keywords: ad-hoc, bluetooth, wireless technology

INTRODUCTION Bluetooth Wireless Technology is a more current standard for short-run radio correspondence. It is composed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) as a minimal effort remote interface between cell phones that gives low power utilization on the 2.4GHz ISM recurrence band, which is accessible in many nations without the permit consent [1]. Inside the most recent couple of years, a few endeavors have been made to investigate the utilization of Bluetooth for remote short-extend correspondence under a few modern situations. Bilstrup et al. have reported an underlying investigation of utilization of Bluetooth in a paper-process and an office domain and inferred that Bluetooth can possibly offer a remote transmission interface even in very hash situations [2]. As opposed to a home or an office situation, the car environment speaks to a generally immature application field. Nusser and Pelz [3] depicted potential in-auto arrange engineering for the arrangement of correspondence, data and excitement benefits by coordinating Bluetooth innovation in a car domain. In this paper, we present the fundamental ideas of correspondence system measures,

suggestions, and application. We finish up with exhibiting our general thought on the most proficient method to apply this new innovation to the ICSL helpful independent robots. THE COMMUNICATION NETWORK

STANDARDS AND

RECOMMENDATION WLAN and WPAN

Network technologies and radio communications could be incorporated to join wireless networks (Figure 1). In a remote correspondence arrange field, there are three classifications: WANs (with separation more than 200m), WLANs (inside 200m), and WPANs (additionally called Home Networking, remove inside 100m or more than 50m). IEEE 802.11 standard is a run of the mill case of WLANs. It indicates an over-the-air interface between a remote customer and a base station or between two remote customers. IEEE 802.11 is stretched out as 802.11b to give the specialized support (high transmission 11 Mbps on 2.4 GHz band).

International Journal ofDigital Electronics

IJDEJul–Dec 2016

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Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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