International Journal of App lied And Pure Science and ... of locally available substrates for cul...

Scientific Journal Impact Factor: 3.762

International Journal of App

Suitability of locally available substrates for cultivation of pink oyster mushroom

(Pleurotus eou

Arathy R.H

1Department of Botany ,Christian College

2Department of Plant Pathology, Kerala Agricultural University

Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms.

The selected species for the present study,

mushroom can be easily identified by the pinkish tints of the pileus and the small narrow spores.

The main objective of the present study was to find out the suitability of locally available substances

as substrates for the cultivation of

they were paddy straw, spent mushroom substrate, banana pseudostem, saw dust, coir pith compost,

sugarcane bagasse and coconut leaf stalk. The biological efficiency of all the seven

also analysed. Pinheads were first produced by the coir pith

for saw dust. Maximum number of sporocarps were produced when paddy straw was used as the

substrate. Total yield was highest for the substrate b

coconut leaf stalk and sugarcane bagasse dense mycelia

formation was absent. Highest biological efficiency was obtained for banana pseudostem (105.8),

followed by paddy straw (92.6). In terms of yield banana pseudostem is the best substrate.

Keywords- Pleurotus eous, sporocarps, biological efficiency, substrates, pinheads

Cultivation and production of edible mushrooms are on the increase, particularly in

America and Asia. Their increased nutritional importance is due to the nutritive value of high grade

mushrooms, which almost equals that of milk. Mushrooms have been evaluated for their nutritional

status on the basis of their chemical composition.

amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, fibres and vitamins. Furthermore mushrooms are low in

calories, sodium, fats and cholesterol. Edible mushrooms have long been considered to have medicinal

value and to be devoid of undesirable effects. The United States National Cancer Institute has chosen

mushrooms as a source of new drugs for the treatment of cancer. Also the ethno

many edible mushrooms have been reported by many researchers. Mu

significant importance due to their nutritional and medicinal value and today their cultivation is being

done in more than 100 countries. At present world mushroom production is around 7 million tonnes

and is ever increasing. Globally China is the leading producer as well as consumer of mushrooms.

India has got 16th

rank as per 2013 reports.

Oyster mushroom is the fourth important cultivated mushroom in the world and contribute about

2.7% of the total production of fresh

oyster mushrooms [1]. As among the different cultivated edible fungi, species of

easiest and cheapest to grow and are better in consumer aspects than the generall

mushroom [2]. Pleurotus species has

P.florida possess antioxidant, immunostimulant

Oyster mushroom is bigger and brighter with large shelf life,

countries. Recently on account of development of better cultivation technologies and realization of

their nutrient content mushrooms have co

Scientific Journal Impact Factor: 3.762

International Journal of Applied And Pure Science and

Agriculture www.ijapsa.com

e- ISSN: 2394

p- ISSN: 2394


Pleurotus eous (Berk.) Sacc.)

Arathy R.H1, and Lulu Das

2

Department of Botany ,Christian College Kattakada

Department of Plant Pathology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani.

Abstract

is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms.

The selected species for the present study, Pleurotus eous ,commonly known as pink oyster

can be easily identified by the pinkish tints of the pileus and the small narrow spores.


ltivation of Pleurotus eous. Seven different substances were selected and


sugarcane bagasse and coconut leaf stalk. The biological efficiency of all the seven

also analysed. Pinheads were first produced by the coir pith compost (12 days), and m

. Maximum number of sporocarps were produced when paddy straw was used as the

substrate. Total yield was highest for the substrate banana pseudostem followed by paddy straw

coconut leaf stalk and sugarcane bagasse dense mycelial growth was observed, but fruiting body


In terms of yield banana pseudostem is the best substrate.

Pleurotus eous, sporocarps, biological efficiency, substrates, pinheads

I. Introduction

Cultivation and production of edible mushrooms are on the increase, particularly in



status on the basis of their chemical composition. Cultivated and wild mushrooms contain ample



to be devoid of undesirable effects. The United States National Cancer Institute has chosen

mushrooms as a source of new drugs for the treatment of cancer. Also the ethno – medicinal value of

many edible mushrooms have been reported by many researchers. Mushrooms are now getting



ly China is the leading producer as well as consumer of mushrooms.

rank as per 2013 reports.


2.7% of the total production of fresh mushroom. Most partsof South India are ideal for cultivation of

. As among the different cultivated edible fungi, species of

easiest and cheapest to grow and are better in consumer aspects than the generall

s been regarded as an edible mushroom for the past

ss antioxidant, immunostimulant, anti-tumour and anti- inflammatory activities

Oyster mushroom is bigger and brighter with large shelf life, suited for tropical paddy

Recently on account of development of better cultivation technologies and realization of

trient content mushrooms have come to occupy an important place in food habits of people in

lied And Pure Science and

ISSN: 2394-5532

ISSN: 2394-823X


, Vellayani.

is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms.

wn as pink oyster

can be easily identified by the pinkish tints of the pileus and the small narrow spores.


Seven different substances were selected and


sugarcane bagasse and coconut leaf stalk. The biological efficiency of all the seven substrates were

, and maximum was

. Maximum number of sporocarps were produced when paddy straw was used as the

udostem followed by paddy straw. In

growth was observed, but fruiting body


In terms of yield banana pseudostem is the best substrate.

Cultivation and production of edible mushrooms are on the increase, particularly in Europe,



Cultivated and wild mushrooms contain ample



to be devoid of undesirable effects. The United States National Cancer Institute has chosen

medicinal value of

shrooms are now getting



ly China is the leading producer as well as consumer of mushrooms.


ideal for cultivation of

. As among the different cultivated edible fungi, species of Pleurotus are the

easiest and cheapest to grow and are better in consumer aspects than the generally grown button

the past many years.

inflammatory activities[3],[4].

suited for tropical paddy growing

Recently on account of development of better cultivation technologies and realization of

me to occupy an important place in food habits of people in

International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)

Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X

@IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved 206

several parts of the world. The natural advantage of mushroom cultivation in India is due to the

presence of seasonal variation, abundance and availability of variety of agro wastes at low prices.

Species of Pleurotus may be called as oyster, abalone or tree mushroom. It belongs to the Class

Basidiomycetes. The genus has more than 50 species. Some of the members are Pleurotus eryngii,

pleurotus sajor-caju. Pleurotus florida, pleurotus flabellatus, pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eous etc.

Pleurotus eous is selected for the present study, which is commonly known as pink oyster mushroom

and the species can be easily identified by the pinkish tints of the pileus and the small narrow spores.

II. Materials And Methods

2.1 Collection of mushrooms

Fresh specimens of the selected edible oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous were collected from

beds already laid out trials in the department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani.

The facilities available in the AICRP Centre attached to the department of Plant Pathology were

utilized for spawn production and further studies. Isolation and maintenance of the cultures were

carried out by adopting tissue culture method of Klingman (1943)[5].

1.2 Spawn production

Half cooked paddy grains were mixed with calcium carbonate at the rate of 5 per cent (50 g/kg

of seed) and filled in poly propylene bag (300g) and were autoclaved. The sterilized bags were

aseptically inoculated with pure mycelium of P. eous, maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA)

slants and incubated at room temperature (29±2 ℃). The spawn growth was completed in 12 to 14

days

1.3 Cultivation of pink oyster mushroom

2.3.1 Preparation of bed

The study was conducted to evaluate the biological efficiency of the pink oyster mushroom

Pleurotus eous by using different locally available substrates. Beds were raised following the poly bag

method as described by Bhaskaran et al (1978)[6]. Instead of paddy straw bits, straw made into small

twists (modified method) was used for laying beds. The different substrates used for the cultivation of

Pleurotus eous were,paddy straw, spent mushroom substrate, sugarcane bagasse, coconut leaf

stalk(petiole), banana pseudostem, saw dust and coir pith compost(Figure 1).

Figure 1: Different substrates used for the study




2.3.2 Sterilization of the substrates

Sugarcane bagasse, coconut leaf stalk and banana pseudostem were cut into small pieces and

dried under sunlight. Coconut leaf stalk, saw dust, paddy straw and coir pith compost were soaked in

water overnight. In the next day, the substrates were separately immersed in boiling water for 40

minutes. Then the water was decanted and substrates were spread over a clean surface and dried in hot

sun.

For the poly bag method of cultivation polythene bags of size 25X50 were used. For each set of

substrate 5 replications were maintained. In each bag the substrate was placed as a layer and layer

spawning was done along the periphery which was repeated three times. Polythene bags were made

compact and tied at the top. A few holes were made on the bags for proper air circulation. The

spawned bags were then transferred to an incubation chamber for mycelial run. After the completion

of mycelial run, the bags were placed in a cropping room with high relative humidity of 80-85% for

fruiting. The best substrate was noted based on criteria viz time taken for mycelial run, mushroom

production, number of sporophores produced and total yield.

1.4 Calculation of bsiological efficiency

Biological efficiency of each substrate was calculated using the formula

Biological efficicency (%) = Fresh weight of mushroom X 100

Dry weight of substrate

III. Results and discussion

3.1 Cultivation and yield of Pleurotus eous

In the present study seven different locally available substances namely paddy straw, spent

mushroom substrate, banana pseudostem, saw dust, coir pith compost, sugarcane bagasse and coconut

leaf stalk were used as the substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus eous. All of the above

substances were checked to evaluate which one served as the best substrate

.

3.1.1 Mycelial growth pattern of Pleurotus eous on different substrates

Morphological characters of mycelium such as colour and growth pattern in present study for

Pleurotus eous on different substrates are listed in the table1.

Table : 1 Mycelial characters of Pleurotus eous on different substrates

Sl no: Substrates Colour of

mycelium

Growth

pattern

1 ps White ++++

2 sms White +++

3 bp White +++

4 Sd White ++++




5 cpc White ++

6 scb White +++

7 cls White ++++

ps- paddy straw, sms- spent mushroom substrate, bp- banana pseudostem, sd- saw dust, cpc- coir pith

compost, scb- sugar cane bagasse, cls- coconut leaf stalk

++++ - thicker and fluffy growth

+++ - thick growth

++ - poor growth

The mycelial growth on paddy straw, saw dust and coconut leaf stalk were thicker and fluffy,

while thick growth was obtained for spent mushroom substrate, banana pseudostem and sugarcane

bagasse. The least growth was observed for coir pith compost. In coconut leaf stalk dense growth of

mycelia was observed, and it covered the substrate very fast but fruiting body was not formed.

3.1.2 Time taken for pin head emergence on different substrates

Number of days taken for spawn run after inoculation varied from 11 to 30 days. Least time of

11 days was taken for coir pith compost. Saw dust took maximum time of 30 days for pin head

emergence. In the study of Ramanujam (2000)[7] time taken for the completion of mycelial run in

paddy straw for oyster mushroom was 11.2 days and that taken for first harvest was 14.6 days.

Pinhead emergence on different substrates is shown in figure 3 to 7. The graphical representation of

number of days taken for spawn run is shown in figure2.

Figure 2: Number of days taken for complete mycelial run and pinhead emergence

Ps –paddy straw, sms- spent mushroom substrate, bp- banana pseudostem, sd- saw dust, cpc- coir pith

compost

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

ps sms bp sd cpc

Number of days

Different substratesnumber of days taken for complete …

number of days taken for pinhead …




One of the studies reports that[8], time taken for mycelial run of paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse

and coir pith compost were 8,8, and 9 respectively. The time taken for the emergence of pin head for

paddy straw, sugar cane bagasse and coir pith were 13- 15 days.

3.1.3 Morphological characters of fruiting bodies of Pleurotus eous on different substrates

Morphological characters such as pileus diameter and stipe length of the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus

eous grown on different substrates were observed and are listed in table 2.

Table 2; Morphological characters of fruiting bodies of Pleurotus eous in laid out beds

Sl. no: Substrates Pileus diameter (cm) Stipe length (cm)

1 ps 7.2 1.57

2 sms 6.7 1.3

3 bp 6.9 1.43

4 Sd 8.46 1.43

5 cpc 2.9 0.87

6 scb No pin head formation -

7 cls No pin head formation -

CD( 0.05 level) 1.46

-

ps- paddy straw, sms- spent mushroom substrate, bp- banana pseudostem, sd- saw dust, cpc- coir pith

compost, scb- sugar cane bagasse, cls- coconut leaf stalk

Maximum pileus diameter and stipe length of 8.46cm and 1.43cm respectively were obtained for

those fruiting bodies cultivated on saw dust followed by paddy straw, banana pseudostem and spent

mushroom substrate. The minimum was obtained for those cultivated on coir pith compost with a

pileus diameter of 2.9 cm and stipe length of 0.87cm. In one of the reports, highest stalk diameter,

pileus diameter and pileus thickness of Calocybe was found in paddy straw substrate[9].

3.2 Yield studies

The yield obtained was measured in terms of parameters like number of sporocarps produced

and weight of sporocarps. Good mycelial run was observed when coconut leaf stalk was used as the

substrate, but no pin head formation was noted.

3.2.1 Number of sporocarps harvested

Number of sporocarps produced in three harvests was calculated for different substrates. The

results are shown in table 3.


Volume 02, Issue 2, [F

Table : 3 Number and weight of sporocarps harvested

ps –paddy straw, sms- spent mushroom substrate, bp

compost

The maximum number of sporocarps was obtained for paddy straw followed by banana

pseudostem and saw dust. The least number was obtained in the coir pith compost beds

7). The results are in accordance with the study of

pinhead formation was obtained when paddy straw was used as the substr

The statistical analysis conducted at 5% level revealed that there was significantly higher number of

sporophores in beds produced with paddy straw.

Figure 3: Pinhead formation on

paddy straw

Sl no: Substrates

sporocarps

1

1 Ps 8

2 Sms 7

3 Bp 5

4 Sd 9

5 Cpc 2

CD (0.05 level) 0.76


Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p

Number and weight of sporocarps harvested

spent mushroom substrate, bp- banana pseudostem, sd- saw dust, cpc


and saw dust. The least number was obtained in the coir pith compost beds

. The results are in accordance with the study of Ramanujam, (2000)[7], where maximum number of

pinhead formation was obtained when paddy straw was used as the substrate.


sporophores in beds produced with paddy straw.

: Pinhead formation on Figure 4: Pinhead formation

spent mushroom substrate

No of

sporocarps

Weight of sporocarps

(g/500g substrate)

Harvest

2 3 Total 1 2

22 5 35 152.5

5 4

16 134.5 39 71.5

3 9 17 125 178.5 225.5

3 12 218 35

3 5 10 12 15 36.5

0.81 0.85 2.05 10.61 12.76 10.73


5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X

saw dust, cpc- coir pith


and saw dust. The least number was obtained in the coir pith compost beds (figures 3 to

, where maximum number of


: Pinhead formation on


ht of sporocarps

(g/500g substrate)

3

Total

86 463

71.5 245

225.5 529

51 304

36.5 63.5

10.73 11.47


Volume 02, Issue 2, [F

Figure 5

Figure 6: Pinhead formation

on coirpith compost

Pin head formation on different substrates

3.2.2 Total weight of sporocarps

The main aim of this study was to check the efficacy of locally available organic substances to

be used as the substrates for the cultivation of

Figure 8: Growth of Pleurotus eous

on paddy straw


Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p

Figure 5 : Pinhead formation on saw dust

Pinhead formation Figure 7: Pinhead formation

on coirpith compost on banana pseudostem

Pin head formation on different substrates


be used as the substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus eous, the pink oyster mushroom.

: Growth of Pleurotus eous Figure 9: Growth of Pleurotus eous on

on paddy straw spent mushroom substrate


5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X

: Pinhead formation

on banana pseudostem


oyster mushroom.

Pleurotus eous on





Figure 10: Growth of Pleurotus eous Figure 11 : Growth of Pleurotus eous on

on saw dust Banana Peseudostem

Growth of Pleurotus eous on different substrates

Out of the seven substrates tested for efficacy yield was highest when banana pseudostem was

used as the substrate (529g) followed by paddy straw (463g) and saw dust (304 g). The lowest yield

was obtained in coir pith compost (63.5g). growth of Pleurotus eous on different substrates is shown

in figures 8 to 11.The result is in agreement with the research work of Karuppuraj [8] who

concentrated on yield improvement of P. eous on unexplored locally available lignocellulosic

materials such as paddy straw, reeds, banana stem, sugar cane bagasse, sugar cane leaves, coir pith,

sorghum husk and sunflower stem. Maximum yield was obtained for paddy straw substrate.

Pandey and Tewari (2002)[10] reported that cultivation of Tricholoma giganteum with paddy

straw gave highest yield. In a previous report[11] it was found that fresh paddy straw is a suitable

substrate for the cultivation of Tricholoma lobayense. Chang et al, (1981)[12] reported that paddy

straw served as the best substrate for the production of Pleurotus species.

Saw dust also gave good yield. The study of Kinjo and Miyagi (2006)[13] reported that saw dust

media supplemented with wheat bran and hannoki (Alnus japonica) gave highest yield of Tricholoma

giganteum.

In the present study good mycelial run was observed when coconut leaf stalk was used as the

substrate, but no pinhead formation was noted. In sugarcane bagasse also pinhead formation was

absent even though mycelial run was present. Karnawadi (2006)[14] reported that highest biological

efficiency was recorded in beds prepared with paddy straw and lowest yield was found in beds made

with sugarcane bagasse. The least mycelial growth and yield was observed when coir pith compost

was used as the substrate. In the study of Karuppuraj(2014) [8] out of the eight substrates used for the

cultivation of Pleurotus eous, coir pith compost gave the lowest yield.

The statistical analysis conducted at 5% level revealed that there was significantly higher average

yield in beds produced with banana pseudostem.

3.4 Biological efficiency

The biological efficiency of various substrates was calculated. The results are shown in table 4.

Table 4 : Biological efficiency of various substrates

Sl number Substrate Biological

efficiency(%)

1 ps 92.6




2 sms 49

3 bp 105.8

4 Sd 50.6

5 cpc 12.7

CD (0.05 level) 2.13

ps –paddy straw, sms- spent mushroom substrate, bp- banana pseudostem, sd- saw dust, cpc- coir pith

compost

The biological efficiency obtained for banana pseudostem was 105.8%, followed by paddy

straw, saw dust and spent mushroom substrate. The least biological efficiency was obtained for coir

pith compost, which was 12.7%. In the study by Karuppuraj et al, (2014) obtained highest biological

efficiency was obtained for paddy straw and least for coir pith compost. Jain and Vyas (2002)

[15]reported utilization of different substrates and their combination to enhance the biological

efficiency of Pleurotus florida.

The statistical analysis conducted at 5% level indicated that banana pseudostem gave a

maximum biological efficiency of 105.8% which was significantly superior from all others.

IV. Conclusion

The main objective of the present study was to find out the suitability of locally available

substances as substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus eous. Seven different such substances were

selected and they were paddy straw, spent mushroom substrate, banana pseudostem, saw dust, coir

pith compost, sugarcane bagasse and coconut leaf stalk. For the sterilization of substrates steam

sterilization was adopted, no chemicals were used. The major observations were listed as number of

sporocarps produced, total weight of sporocarps, and biological efficiency. Maximum number of

sporocarps was produced when paddy straw was used as the substrate and the least number of

sporocarps were produced by the coir pith compost. Total yield was highest for the substrate banana

pseudostem followed by paddy straw, saw dust, and spent mushroom substrate. The lowest yield was

for coir pith compost. In coconut leaf stalk and sugarcane bagasse dense mycelia growth was

observed, but fruiting body formation was absent.. Highest biological efficiency was obtained for

banana pseudostem (105.8), followed by paddy straw (92.6). In terms of yield banana pseudostem is

the best substrate. Hence the present shows that P. eous can be cultivated using alternative substrates by

replacing traditional substrates for better yield.

Bibliography

[1] Tewari, R. P. and M. Pandey 1988. An important method of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) cultivation. Indian

Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 18(1) : 104.

[2] Sohi, HS. 1986. Diseases and competitor moulds associated with mushroom culture and their control. Extension Bull.

No. 2- 12p.

[3] Roy SK, Das D, Mondal S, Maiti D, Bhunia B, Maiti TK. 2009. Structural studies of an immunoenhancing water-

soluble glucan isolated from hot water extract of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus florida, cultivar Assam

Florida. Carbohydr Res. ;344:2596–601.

[4] Jose N, Ajith TA, Janardhanan KK. 2004. Methanol extract of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida, inhibits

inflammation and platelet aggregation. Phytother Res. ;18:43–6.

[5] Klingman, A.M. 1943. Some cultural and genetic problems in the cultivation of mushroom Agaricus campestris. Am.

J.Bot. 30:745-763.

[6] Bhaskaran, M. 1978. Mushroom Cultivation- Pleurotus species. Indian Food Packer, 24(2):40




[7] Ramanujam, K. 2000. Technology development and training for production and preservation of oyster mushroom,

ICAR AD HOC Scheme 8(42)/ 95, final report; p – 81.

[8] Karuppuraj V, Chandra Sekarenthiran S, Perumal K.2014. Pilot scale cultivation of Pleurotus florida by utilizing

reeds as the substrate and nutritional analysis of its harvested fruit bodies. World Journal of Pharmaceutical

research 2; 3:487-493. [9] Amin, R, Khair, A, Alam, N and Lee, T.S, 2010. Effect of different substrates and casing materials on the growth and

yield of Calocybe indica. Mycobiolol. 38(2): 97-101.

[10] Pandey, M and Tewari, R.P. 2002. Disease and pest management in mushroom cultivation, Kisan world, 29:62-65.

[11] Ganeshan, G. 1990. Cultivation of Tricholoma lobayense (Fleim.) on paddy straw substrate. Mush J. Tropics 10: 31-

33.

[12] Chang, Shu-ting; Miles, Philip G. “Pleurotus- A Mushroom of Broad Adaptability”. Mushrooms: cultivation,

nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact (2nd ed.), CRC Press. Pp.315-325.

[13] Kinjo,K, and Miyagi. T, 2006. Nutritional requirements for mycelial growth and artificial cultivation of Trocholoma

giganteum. J. Of the Japan wood Research Society, 52(5): 320-326.

[14] Karnawadi, A. A. 2006. “Biodegradation and biosynthetic capacity of milky white mushroom (Calocybe indica)”,

M.Sc. thesis, submitted to University Of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005 India.

[15] Jain, K.A and Vyas, D ;2002. Yield response of Pleurotus florida on wheat straw in combinations with other

substrates. Mush. Res. 11:19-20.

International Journal of App lied And Pure Science and ... of locally available substrates for cul...

Documents

Transcript of International Journal of App lied And Pure Science and ... of locally available substrates for cul...