International Economic Relations: indicators, factors and

forms of development.  

•Fully isolated (autarchy) economy. •Fully released economy.• Import quota.• Foreign trade quota. •The characteristics of IER development factors

•An embargo (from the Spanish embargo) is the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country, in order to isolate it.

• Embargoes are considered strong diplomatic measures imposed in an effort, by the imposing country, to elicit a given national-interest result from the country on which it is imposed. Embargoes are similar to economic sanctions and are generally considered legal barriers to trade, not to be confused with blockades, which are often considered to be acts of war.[1]

• Embargo may also refer to the practice of blocking fare classes at certain levels, and award availability on airlines. In response to embargoes, an independent economy or autarky often develops in an area subjected to heavy embargo.

• Effectiveness of embargoes is thus in proportion to the extent and degree of international participation.

Examples of Embargoes

•The Embargo of 1807 was a series of laws passed by the U.S. Congress 1806–1808, during the second term of President Thomas Jefferson.

• Britain and France were engaged in a major war; the U.S. wanted to remain neutral and trade with both sides, but neither side wanted the other to have the American supplies. • The American national-interest goal was to use the new laws to

avoid war and force that country to respect American rights.

One of the most comprehensive attempts at an embargo happened during the Napoleonic Wars.

• In an attempt to cripple the United Kingdom economically, the Continental System – which forbade European nations from trading with the UK – was created. • In practice it was not completely enforceable and was as harmful if

not more so to the nations involved than to the British

List of countries under embargo

• Mali (by ECOWAS) total embargo in order to force Juntas to give power back and re-install National constitution. Decided on April 2nd, 2012• China (by EU and US), arms embargo, enacted in response to the

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

• Iran (by US and US international allies), notably bar nuclear, missile and many military exports to Iran and target investments in oil, gas and petrochemicals, exports of refined petroleum products, as well as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, banks, insurance, financial transactions and shipping. enacted 1979, increased through the following years and reached its tightest point in 2010.

• North Korea (by UN, USA, EU), luxury goods (and arms), enacted 2006• Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, (by UN), consumer goods,

enacted 1975• Cuba (by US), arms, consumer goods, money, enacted 1960

• Georgia (by Russia), agricultural products, wine, mineral water, enacted 2006• Japan, animal shipments due to lack of infrastructure and radiation

issue after the 2011 9.0 earthquake (землетрес.) aftermath.

Indonesia (by Australia), live cattle(рогатый скот) because of cruel slaughter methods (жестокие методы резни) in Indonesia.Gaza Strip by Israel since 2001Syria (by EU, US), arms and imports of oil

Former trade embargoes

• Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (by UN)• North Vietnam (1964–1975) and later Vietnam (1975–1994), trade

embargo by the US [8]

• Republic of Macedonia (by Greece), complete trade embargo (1994-1995).

• Libya (by United Nations), weapons, enacted 2011 after mass killings of Libyan protesters/rebels and ended later that year after the overthrow and summary execution of Gaddafi.• India (by UK),[9] nuclear exports restriction.

• Pakistan (by UK),[9] nuclear exports restriction, enacted 2002• Serbia by Kosovo's unilaterally declared government, since 2011[10]

• European Union arms embargo on the People's Republic of China• Embargo Act of 1807

•Former Yugoslavia Embargo November 21, 1995 Dayton Peace Accord•United States embargoes and permanent normal trade relations

•United States embargo against Cuba•United States embargo against Nigeria•CoCom

Import quota

• An import quota is a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically.

•It is a type of protectionist trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time. If a quota is put on a good, less of it is imported.

•Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are used to benefit the producers of a good in a domestic economy at the expense of all consumers of the good in that economy.