Sarah L. ShreevesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Special Libraries Association – Arabian Gulf Chapter 2014March 25, 2014 - Doha, Qatar

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN OPEN

ACCESS: An overview of trends at the

national, funder, and institutional levels

Open by Matt Katzenburger http://www.flickr.com/photos/matthileo/4826783509/ CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

Whether open access is ‘good’ is no longer

the question.

The question is how open access will be

implemented and who will make that

decision.

Open access literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.

- Peter Suber

DEFINITIONS

Most open access discussions and activities are focused on the peer-reviewed journal literature

Open access can also apply to monographs, conference papers and presentations, textbooks, and other scholarly output

Open access is a model seen across all disciplines, but has the most activity in the sciences.

DEFINITIONS

TWO (AND A HALF) ROADS TO OPEN ACCESS

Open Access Publishing

(journals & books)‘gold’ ‘hybrid’

Archiving(self, institutional,

disciplinary)‘green’

Two Roads Were There by Simon Kirby http://www.flickr.com/photos/1000/187984223/ (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

GRATIS and LIBRE

Gratis: You can read it for free. Anything else, you better ask permission.

Libre: With credit given, OK to text-mine, re-catalog, mirror for preservation, quote, remix, whatever.

Most OA is gratis. You get to “libre” via Creative Commons licensing, usually.Definitions from Dorothea Salo

POLICIES

National Funder

InstitutionalSub-institutional

Governments

WHO ARE THE ACTORS?

Public

Libraries

Researchers

Research funders

Publishers

Research institutions

Business

Economic good

WHAT ARE THE DRIVERS?

Access

Sustainability

Wide dissemination

Return on Investment

Customer demand

Increased visibility

Innovation

INSTITUTIONAL MANDATE/POLICY

• Often permission based (i.e. the faculty grant rights to institution to make available research)

• Successful institutional policies:

• Come from the faculty themselves• Include an opt out waiver• Infrastructure support sits in the Library

often (usually through the use of an institutional repository)

• Do not specify where faculty should publish

Widener Memorial Library by Mak506 http://www.flickr.com/photos/mak506/2771080083/ (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

SUB-INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES

- Some departments / research centers

- Most often focused on electronic theses and dissertations

NATIONAL AND FUNDER POLICIES

National policies are often essentially funder policies (i.e. are put in effect via the funders)

Increasingly private funders – particularly in medical sector – are instituting OA policies

Nov 2013 – Argentina passes law that requires publicly funded research to be made openly available in a repository.

May 2012 - United Kingdom Finch Report that requires OA with emphasis on ‘gold’

Feb 2013 – White House issues a directive to federal agencies to require open access

Dec 2013 – European Commission requires OA through Horizon 2020 Initiative.

See also national funders in- Australia- Canada- Denmark- Norway- Peru- Singapore….and more

CASE STUDY: OPEN ACCESS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL IN THE US

2005 US National Institutes of Health strongly recommends OA to published research2006 Introduction of the Federal Research

Publication Access Act (also 2010,2012)2008 US NIH policy enacted into law as requirement of funding2011 Introduction of the Research Works Act2012 Research Works Act loses support2013 Introduction of Fair Access to Science

and Technology Act2013 NIH starts to enforce compliance for OA policy

February 2013

John P. Holdren, Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) of the White House, issues a memorandum

directing all federal agencies with over $100 million in research and development expenditures to “develop a plan to support increased public access to the results of

research funded by the Federal Government.”

2014 - Introduction of the Frontiers in Innovation, Research, Science and Technology Act (FIRST)

HOW WILL THE OSTP DIRECTIVE BE IMPLEMENTED?

The Clearinghouse for the Open Research of the United States (CHORUS) from a group of over 100 publishers and related organizations. See http://chorusaccess.org/.

Shared Access Research Ecosystem (SHARE) from the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), the Association of American Universities (AAU), and the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU). See http://www.arl.org/focus-areas/public-access-policies/shared-access-research-ecosystem-share

Or ????

What’s next?

I see two possible scenarios, one in which publishers effectively appropriate OA to their own ends, another in which the research community takes charge

and oversees the development of an OA environment more suited to its needs

than the needs of publishers.

– Richard Poynder, March 2014

Questions?Comments?

sshreeve@illinois.edu

Tit le Sl ide: Open by Matt Katzenburger htt p://www.fl ickr.com/photos/matt hi leo/4826783509/ under a CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

Two Roads Were There by S imon K i rby http://www.fl ickr.com/photos/1000/187984223/ (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

Widener Memor ia l L ibrary by Mak506 http://www.fl ickr.com/photos/mak506/2771080083/ (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

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