International Conference on Empirical Economics and Social ...

International Conference on Empirical Economics and Social Sciences (e-ICEESS’21)

3rd-4th Julyr, 2021 - Turkey

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ISBN: 978-605 -74234-0-5



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PRESENTATION TYPE

Virtual Presentation

NUMBER OF ACCEPTED PAPERS

100

NUMBER OF REJECTED PAPERS

10



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WELLCOME MESSAGE

We are glad IV. International Conference on Empirical Economics and Social Science (e-ICEESS’21) gathered a large number of successful academicians and professionals in Bandirma-Balikesir/Turkey. 109 papers were submitted and 100 papers presented during e-ICEESS’21 from 29 different countries. This conference provided as a suitable platform for discussions about the researches. This conference abstract proceeding contains the abstract of 100 papers presented at ICEESS’21. e-ICEESS’21 participants consisted of from 44 different foreign universities, 32 Turkish universities and 2 official and governmental institutions in Turkey. Scientific board rejected 10 papers directly due to the inconvenience of conference topics, theme and structure of e-ICEESS’20. Scientific committee also requested some corrections to around 21 different papers then these papers accepted and presented during the conference. All submissions for e-ICEESS’21 scientifically reviewed and evaluated by scientific committee member. We believe that e-ICEESS’21 provided an opportunity for national and international participants to present, discuss and share practical and theoretical issues in the fields of Economics, Finance and related social sciences. There were submitted 45 papers from 28 different countries beyond the Turkey. We accepted participants from Afganistan (1), Algeria (2), Austria (1), Bosnia and Herzegovina(5), Brazil (2), Cyprus (6), Czech Republic (2), France (2), Germany (1), Ghana (1), Guinea(1), Hungary (7), India (2), Italy (3), Jordan (1), Kosovo (1), Macedonia (1), Malaysia (2), Moldova (1), Nigeria (1), Poland (4), Romania (3), Serbia (1), Singapore (1), Slovenia (1), Thailand (1), T.R.N.C. (6), Turkey (44), United Kingdom (1), United States (2). Finally, we would like to thank our esteemed e-ICEESS’21 participants who shared their deep knowledge and experience at e-ICEESS’21. We would like to be together in our following organizations. On behalf of Conference Organisation Committee Prof. Burak DARICI Assoc.Prof. H.Murat ERTUGRUL



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Online International Conference on Empirical Economics and Social Sciences

(e-ICEESS’21)- July 3-4, 2021 / Bandirma - Turkey

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TABLE OF CONTENTS NU. Title of Paper

Author(s) Page

1. Use of French Short-Time Working Scheme During the Covid-19 Crisis: An

Empirical Analysis for the Period March Through May 2020

Oana Calavrezo, Lewis Hounkpevi, Florence Journeau

1

2. Examining Person-Organization Fıt: A Meta-Analysis Study

İlksun Didem Ülbeği

2

3. The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Problem Solving Skills of

Healthcare Manager Candidates

Ece Uğurluoğlu Aldoğan, Pınar Doğanay Payzıner, Gözde Yeşilaydın, Afsun Ezel Esatoğlu

3

4. The Effect of Perfectionism on Fatigue: The Serial Mediating Roles of Workaholism

and Depression İlksun Didem Ülbeği

4

5. Women’s Household Bargaining Power in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Standardized

Review of 21 Countries Isabel Pastoor

5

6. Quarantine, Lockdown, Crisis and Other Factors of Reformatting the Tourism

Industry in Thailand Denis Ushakov

6

7. Smart Cities and Happiness: Lessons to be Learned

Sejma Aydin, Mirsad Karic

7

8. Investigating Business Analytics Applications in a Turkish E-Commerce Retailer

Gülgönül Bozoğlu Batı, Mehmet Ali Türkmenoğlu, Emrah Bilgiç, Tuğçe Uslu

8

9. The Impact of Customer Relationship Management on Customer Loyalty: The

Customer of Algeria Telecom Company as a Case

Muhammed Benbouziane, Mahmuti Besma, Imane Boualamat

9

10. Derin Öğrenme Yöntemleri ile Manisa İlinin Güneş Işınımı Tahmini

Nurbanu Bursa

10

11. İnşaat Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren Üç Ayrı İşletmenin Kredilendirilmesi – Vaka

Çalışması

Mustafa Volkan Güran

12

12. Tüketicilerin Çay ve Kahve Tüketim Alışkanlıkları Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Adnan Ağuş, Elif Kocagöz, Mustafa Aslan

14

13. Hastanenin Özellik Arz Eden Riskli Birimlerinde (Acil, Yoğun Bakım, Görüntüleme

Merkezi) Çalışan Personelin Kbrn Tehlikesine Karşı Korunması Bilgi Düzeyinin

Araştırılması Bahadır Taşlıdere, Nur Dilara Günenç

16

14. Bidirectional Volatility Spillover among BRICS Countries Stock Markets

Younis Ahmed Ghulam, Bashir Ahmad Joo, Simtiha Ishaq Mir

18



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15. Ticari Kredi Faiz Oranının Belirleyicileri

Elif Yücel

19

16. How Social Traders Have Recovered from 2020 Stock Market Crash

Zdravko Tretinjak

21

17. Cost Pass-Through and Local Market Power: The Experiences of a Gasoline Market

Merger

Richárd Farkas, Roland Baczur, Dániel Kehl, Katalin Erdős

22

18. The Impact of The Pandemic on the Development of the Relationship Between

Higher Education Institutions and Dual Trainers

Anita Varga, Orsolya Falus

23

19. Global Ethics Today: The Need for Economic Justice, Worker Ownership and

Corporate Democracy

Warner Woodworth

24

20. Informal Institutions in Determining the Shadow Economy in EU Member States

Raluca Irina Clipa, Andreea Oana Iacobuta, Mihaela Ifrim, Oana Socoliuc (Gurita)

25

21. The Dialectic Matrix Model of Neoliberal Ideology and Humanistic Ideals:

Normative Foundations for Organizational Social Science

Severin Hornung, Thomas Höge

26

22. Understanding the Colombian Civil War and the Problem- Solving Conference

Model of Conflict Resolution

Mohammed Kamal Alhassan

27

23. First Elections for the European Parliament after Romania's Accession to the

European Union in the Homeland of the Black Gold- Moinești

Cotîrleț Paul Claudiu

28

24. Urban and Rural Voting Tendency: Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2014

Parliamentary Elections

Mirsad Karić, Sejma Aydin

29

25. Present Issues in Local Governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Policy

Recommendations for the Improvement of Municipal Services

Ognjen Riđić, Tomislav Jukić, Jasmina Mangafić, Senad Bušatlić, Goran Riđić

30

26. Dünya Hazır Giyim Piyasasında Uluslararası Rekabet Gücü ve Ticaret Dengesi

Analizi: Çin, Bangladeş ve Vietnam

Serdar Özözen

31

27. İthalat/İhracat Yapan Ülkeler Bağlamında Covid-19 Pandemisinin Dünya Çapında

Ticarete Etkileri

Sevgi Sezer

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28. Brezilya ve Türkiye Otomotiv Sanayi’nde Tarihsel Gelişim

Sıtkı Selim Dolanay

35

29. Teknoloji Transferi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye için Nedensellik Analizi

Hamza Çeştepe, İpek Çapcı

37

30. Building Platforms in Sub-Saharan Africa – The Case of Agri-Tech Platforms in

Ghana in Connection with International Monetary Fund

Seeba Salifu

39

31. Big Data Analytics Management: The Way Forward to Drive Organizational

Performance Dynamically in Malaysia Maklen Bin Ali

40

32. Employability and the Information Technology Professional: An Overview on

Scientific Literature

Geraldo Márcio de Assis Silva, Rodrigo Frankilin Frogeri, Luiz Carlos Vieira Guedes

41

33. Bank Trust Among University Students in Uzbekistan

Jamshid Gulomov, Berna Serener

42

34. Who is to Blame for the Downfall of Zimbabwe? Imperialism or Mismanagement

Anotidashe Machiya

43

35. Effect of Undesirable Outputs on Production Efficiency in Industrialized Countries

Mehmet Şentürk, Onur Akkaya

44

36. Macroeconomic Implications of Childcare on Earnings and Consumption Inequality

Remzi Kaygusuz

45

37. The Impact of the Interest Rate on Industrial Production During the 2008 Financial

Crisis and the Covid-19 Pandemic

Nezir Köse, Emre Ünal

46

38. Economic Consequences of the 2010 Earthquake in Haïti

Iverson-Love Joseph

47

39. The Impact of Advertising Messages on Children Through Age, Branded Products

and Trust in the World of Advertising

Nevenka Popović Šević, Milena Ilić, Aleksandar Šević

48

40. The Role of DIY on Circular Shopping Economy

Junfeng Shi, Eva Erdelyi

49

41. Optimization of the Promotion of KFW Efficiency Houses in Germany by

Optimizing the Building Cubature

Ferdinand Ziegler

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42. Tourism Planning: A Strategic Business Concept in Budapest

Junfeng Shi, Eva Erdelyi

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43. Covid-19 Pandemisinin Türkiye’de Kamu İdareleri Stratejik Planlarına Etkisi

Mehmet Koçdemir

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44. Türkiye’de İl Bazlı Etkinliğin Stokastik Sınır Yaklaşımı Analizi

Onur Akkaya, Özcan Özkan

54

45. Türkiye’de Para Politikası Şokları ve Banka Kredileri: Büyüklük, Likidite, Risk ve

Sermaye Düzeyinin Etkileri Önder Özgür

56

46. Yenilenebilir Enerji Yatırımlarının Finansmanı Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz:

1970-2019 Dönemi Türkiye Örneği

Kenan İlarslan

58

47. The Long-Run and Short-Run Effects of Housing Prices on Inflation with

Asymmetric Adjustment

Sanmoy Mukherjee

60

48. The Contribution of the Cocoa Industry to Ghana’s Economic Development


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49. An Investigating the Determinants of CO2 Emissions in China: Markov Regime-

Switching Analysis

Esra Ballı, Coşkun Akdeniz

62

50. The Dynamic Relationships Among Food Inflation, Economic Growth, Pandemic:

The Case of Italy

Zeynep Beyhan

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51. On the Effect of Political Economy on Global Natural Gas Trade

Markos Farag, Chahir Zaki

64

52. The Impact of Political Instability on Economic Performance: The Case of the

Middle East and North Africa

Afnan Ghanayem

65

53. Customs Procedures with Economic Impact and Fiscal Effects from the Use of These

Procedures in Kosovo

Yll Mehmetaj

66

54. Mechanism of Climate Change Policy Diffusion Among Local Governments in

South Korea Jeong Won Kim

67

55. Yapay Zekâ Teknolojileri ile Elektronik Ticarette Marka Değeri Yaratmak

Nevzat Zengin, Fatma Ulu

68

56. Avrupa Yeşil Mutakabatı: Türkiye ve AB Ekonomik İlişkilerinin Geleceği

Sefer Uçak, Bilge Villi

70

57. Covid-19 Pandemisinin Besin Tedarik Zinciri Kesintileri Üzerindeki Etkileri

Sevgi Sezer

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58. Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Davranışlarında Yaşanan

Değişim İnci Dursun, Cansu Gökmen Köksal, Ebru Tümer Kabadayı

74

59. Rusya’nın Karadeniz’de Artan Etkinliği ve Karşı Tepkiler

Muhittin Tolga Özsağlam

76

60. Avrupa Birliği’nin “Stratejik Özerkliği” Adına Yeni Bir Adım – Güney Komşuluk

Bölgesi ile Yenilenen Ortaklık- Akdeniz için Yeni Gündem

Ebru Oğurlu

78

61. Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’nin Yetkisi Dahilindeki Topraklarda Yaşayan Kıbrıslı Türklerin

Anadilde Eğitim Haklarının İç Hukuk ve Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından

Değerlendirilmesi

Ali Dayıoğlu

80

62. Personality and Social Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students: A Review

Shukurat Moronke Bello

82

63. Employee Performance During Covid 19 Lockdowns and the Impact Beyond

Mazna Akide, Nicoleta Isac

83

64. Examination of the Effect of Leadership Emotional Intelligence on Employee’s

Commitment

Balázs László

84

65. Kamu ve Özel Sektör Çalışanlarında İş Tatminsizliğinin ve İşe Yabancılaşmanın

Yordayıcısı Olarak Algılanan Ayrımcılık

F. Oben Ürü, Ebru Gözükara, Servet Kaya

85

66. Security and Immigration: Contested Perspectives on the Migration Crisis in

Hungary

İsmail Yazıcı

87

67. Kimanis By-Election: the Role of Candidate, Machinery and Current Issues on

Election Results

Asri Salleh

88

68. Incorporating Multiple Intelligences Theory in the Learning and Teaching Operation:

Teacher’ Guide

Abdelhak Hammoudi, Romaissa Chibani

89

69. Mistizimden İnsan Kaynaklarına Yüz Okuma: İKY Profesyonellerinin İşe Alım

Sürecinde Yüz Analizine Yönelik Algıları

Umut Can Öztürk

90

70. Analyzing the Relationship Between the Selected Cryptocurrencies and the Exchange

Rates Gülcan Tosun

92

71. Fan-Chart Approach to Forward Looking Analysis of Fiscal Stability in Turkey:

1958-2025 Cansın Kemal Can

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72. WTO Reform Necessity, Priorities, Developments and Limits

Corneliu George Iacob, Emilia Iordache, Alina Voiculeț

94

73. Evaluation of the Efficiency of Insurance Companies in the Republic of Serbia Using

the Window Dea Method Vesna Lešević, Nikolina Mlinarević

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74. Türkiye’de İş Kazası ve Meslek Hastalığı İstatistikleri Sunumunun Yeterlik

Açısından Değerlendirilmesi Bülent Arpat

96

75. Suriyeli Sığınmacılarda Bağlanma Biçimlerinin Travma Sonrası Büyüme ve

Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Üzerine Etkileri

Dalia Karataştan

98

76. Türkiye'de Suriyeli Sığınmacılarının Başa Çıkma Stillerinin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık

ve Yaşam Doyumu Üzerine Etkilerini İncelemek

Danya Vahud, Bilge Parlakoğlu

100

77. Çocuklarda Dijital Bağımlılık: Ebeveynlerle Nicel Bir Araştırma

Mukaddes Çakır, Elif Kocagöz, Fatma Nur Karakuş

102

78. An Analysis of the Macroeconomic Determinants of the Housing Market in the

United Kingdom

Sadık Hüseyin Gül

104

79. Volatility Clustering, Predictability and Leverage Effects in BRICS Countries Stock

Market Indices, an Empirical Analysis

Younis Ahmed Ghulam, Bashir Ahmad Joo

105

80. Special Economic Zones and Transportation Modals: Building a Theoretical Model

Throught a Systematic Literature Review

Lucas Maiolini Valim, Rodrigo Franklin Frogeri, Nilton dos Santos Portugal

106

81. The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development of Afghanistan

Mohammad Sabir Saadat

107

82. Honey, Mugs, and Caricatures: Anchors on Prices of Consumer Goods Only Hold

Hypothetically Magdalena Brzozowicz, Michał Krawczyk

108

83. The Relationship Between World Bank Loans and Economic Growth in Guinea

Bountouraby Camara

109

84. Heritage Interpretation and Sustainability in Indonesian Cultural Tourism

Ajrina Diva Ghaisani, Eva Erdelyi, Andrea Hübner

110

85. Measurement of Destination Attractiveness in Wellness Tourism of Vietnam

Nguyen Phuong Thao, Nga Nguyen Thị Thanh, Eva Erdelyi

111

86. Testing of Linear and Log-Linear Regression as a Method for Projection of Mortality

Rates for Population of Republic of Srpska

Nikolina Mlinarević, Vesna Lešević

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87. The Problem of Optimum in Banking Regulation

Cociug Victoria

113

88. The Correlation Between Inflation and Money Supply in Republic of North

Macedonia

Murat Sadiku, Luljeta Sadiku

114

89. Covid-19 Yeni Normal Döneminde Kabin Görevlilerinin Karşılaştığı Zorluklar

Nilay Erbay, Dilek Erdoğan

115

90. Social Media Use in Municipalities: Public Perception in Turkey

Hüseyin Korkut

117

91. Kalite Fonksiyon Göçeriminde Bir Uygulama: Büro Makineleri Sektörü

Ayşe Gamze Çiftçi Aytekin

118

92. Türkiye’de Vergilerin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisinin Eşik Regresyon Yöntemi ile

Analizi Gözde Nalbant Efe, Gülay Akgül Yılmaz

120

93. 1990-2020 Yılları Arasında Türkiye’nin İnsani Gelişme Endeksi’nin Değişim Seyri

Analizi Didem Koca

122

94. Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde Hızlı Kalkınmanın Sebep Olduğu Bölgesel Gelir

Adaletsizliği ve Yoksullukla Mücadele Politikaları

Esat İpek

124

95. Covid-19’un Türkiye İmalat Sanayi Üzerindeki Etkisi

İbrahim Külünk

126

96. Nonlinear Approach to the Analysis of Fiscal Policy in the United States

Alenka Kavkler

128

97. Türkiye’deki Sosyal Yardım ve İstihdam Bağlantısı

Erdal Tanas Karagöl, Ülkü İstiklal Ortakaya

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98. Doğu Akdeniz Krizi'nde Bölgesel Aktörler ve Beklentiler

İsmail Şahin

131

99. Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Sources: Highlighting the Issue in

Turkey Bilal Bilalli and Rui Alexandre Castanho

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100. Comparıson In Recyclıng Processes And Methods In Developed And Developıng

Countrıes: A Brıef Prelımınary Study Through Lıterature Revew-Based Research

Sharon Reyes González, and Rui Alexandre Castanho 134



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USE OF FRENCH SHORT-TIME WORKING SCHEME DURING THE COVID-19 CRISIS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE PERIOD MARCH THROUGH MAY 2020

Oana Calavrezo1, Lewis Hounkpevi2, Florence Journeau3 1Unédic and LEO, France, [email protected] 2Unédic, France, [email protected] 3Unédic, France, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In France, the short-time working scheme has been one of the main responses to the Covid-19 crisis in order to

safeguard jobs, making the country one of the most frequent users of this approach in Europe. As a temporary

solution, which is generally countercyclical, short-time working enables businesses to adjust the number of

hours worked to fit with fluctuating levels of activity, while seeking to avoid actual lay-offs. In this descriptive

paper, we analyze employers’ use of this solution during the period of the first French lockdown, based on

exhaustive administrative data. One of the key aspects of our study is the comparison between current short-

time working practices and those prevailing prior to the health crisis, including during the economic recession

of 2008- 2009.

Keywords: Short-Time Working, Covid-19.



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EXAMINING PERSON-ORGANIZATION FIT: A META-ANALYSIS STUDY

İlksun Didem Ülbeği Assoc. Prof. (PhD). Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey, [email protected].

ABSTRACT

Person-organization fit is an important predictor of several employee behaviors and attitudes as well as organizational outcomes. Even though significant consequences of person-organization fit at both individual and organizational levels are known, the total effects and the direction of these effects of the study findings in Turkey are not examined yet. In this context, this study aims to identify the correlates of person-organization fit using research studies conducted in Turkey using meta-analysis method and revealing the effect sizes. For this purpose, firstly literature search will be conducted to find the relevant research studies from Turkey. Total studies in meta-analysis will be determined by using several criteria. The data in the studies will be collected by developing a coding sheet. Psychometric meta-analysis will be used to perform the analysis. In this framework, this meta-analysis study expects to contribute to the literature by revealing the size and direction of these effect sizes. The implications of the findings will be discussed and suggestions for future studies will be recommended regarding person-organization fit.

Keywords: Person-Organization Fit, Meta-Analysis, Employee Behaviors, Employee Attitudes, Organizational Outcomes. JEL Classfications: C30, C80, D23.



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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS OF HEALTHCARE MANAGER CANDIDATES

Ece Uğurluoğlu Aldoğan1, Pınar Doğanay Payzıner2, Gözde Yeşilaydın3, Afsun Ezel Esatoğlu4

1Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey, [email protected] 2Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey, [email protected] 3Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey, [email protected] 4Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In preparing the next generation of health managers, it is important to empower candidates with the skills of understanding emotions. Since they will be working in a complex environment and will have to make sudden decisions, it is also essential to show them how to improve their skills of problem solving. The aim of this study is to measure the emotional intelligence level and problem solving skills perceptions, to identify the effect of sociodemographic factors on emotional intelligence and problem solving and also to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and problem solving skills perceptions of healthcare manager candidates. The population consists of Healthcare Management undergraduate students at a state university in Turkey. Voluntarily 217 students (68, 67% of the population) participated in the research. Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory developed by Bar-On (1997) and translated and adapted to Turkish by Acar (2001), was used to measure emotional intelligence, Problem Solving Inventory developed by Hepner ve Peterson (1982) and translated and adapted to Turkish by Şahin, Şahin ve Hepner (1993) was used to measure problem solving skills perceptions. The results show that there is a significant difference between gender and total Emotional Quotient Inventory, intrapersonal, interpersonal and general mood dimensions; place of residence and adaptability dimension, number of siblings and intrapersonal dimension; social security and interpersonal dimension; general health status and both all dimensions and total Emotional Quotient Inventory. In terms of problem solving skills perceptions a significant difference has been found between gender and both impulsive and avoidant style; years at the university and both avoidant and monitoring style; number of siblings and both problem solving confidence and planfulness style; social security and reflective and planfulness style; general health status and planfulness style. The results also show a negative significant relationship between the emotional intelligence scores and problem solving skill perception scores of the participants. It is seen that as the scores of the participants on the emotional intelligence increased, their scores on the problem solving skills perceptions decreased.

Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Problem Solving, Healthcare Manager, Hospital, University. JEL Classifications: I10, I20, M10.

mailto:[email protected]





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THE EFFECT OF PERFECTIONISM ON FATIGUE: THE SERIAL MEDIATING ROLES OF WORKAHOLISM AND DEPRESSION

İlksun Didem Ülbeği Assoc. Prof. (PhD)., Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey, [email protected].

ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine the direct and indirect relationships between perfectionism, workaholism, depression, and fatigue. Within this framework, data was collected with the survey method from two separate samples to conduct the analysis. Firstly, exploratory factor analysis was conducted to reveal the factor structure of the model in the study. The analysis showed four factor structure as expected. After the exploratory factor analysis, measurement model was tested using confirmatory factor analysis to examine the validity and reliability of the proposed model. The model fit showed excellent fit and the results revealed the construct validity by assessing convergent validity, discriminant validity, and nomological validity. In addition to validity of the model, the reliability of the scales in the study also examined by using internal consistency coefficients Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients and item analysis. Following the testing of the measurement model, the study model was tested in order to test the hypotheses using structural equation modelling and bootstrapping method revealing the direct effects, indirect effects, and total effects. The study model showed excellent fit regarding the model fit indices. The findings showed that perfectionism has a significant positive effect on workaholism, depression, and fatigue of employees. According to the results, workaholism has a significant positive effect on depression and fatigue while depression has a significant and positive effect on fatigue. In addition to these direct effects, the findings showed that workaholism mediates the relationship between perfectionism and fatigue while depression mediates the relationship between perfectionism and fatigue as well. Moreover, workaholism and depression have a multiple serial mediating role in the relationship between perfectionism and fatigue. The results also revealed the total effect of perfectionism on fatigue of the employees. These study findings are discussed regarding the theoretical framework in the literature.

Keywords: Perfectionism, Workaholism, Depression, Fatigue, Serial Mediation Analysis. JEL Classfications: C39, C83, D23.




5

WOMEN’S HOUSEHOLD BARGAINING POWER IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A STANDARDIZED REVIEW OF 21 COUNTRIES

Isabel Pastoor St. Catherine University, 2004 Randolph Ave, St. Paul, MN, USA, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Women’s household bargaining power is both a mechanism to improve human development outcomes and a component of women’s empowerment in itself. This paper uses Demographic and Health Surveys data from 2000 and later to provide a thorough descriptive overview of the state of women’s household bargaining power in 21 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. I also validate the Demographic and Health Surveys decision-making module questions using factor analysis in each country individually, generating context-specific results that reflect differences in survey question availability, and cultural differences in what it means to be empowered in the home. Women’s household bargaining power in all countries studied is low and limited according to traditional gender roles; in most countries, women have limited power over financial decisions and their own mobility, and more power in the domestic sphere over decisions like food to be cooked and children’s health care. Factor analysis results validate that Demographic and Health Surveys decision-making questions measure bargaining power adequately in all of the 21 countries, providing evidence for confidence in the use of these surveys to measure bargaining power as a construct. This paper contributes to the literature on women’s household bargaining power by consolidating standardized results from a large number of countries in one study, and using rigorous methodology to test the relative importance of different household decisions. Results suggest that women’s bargaining power in sub-Saharan Africa, a potential driver of household and child outcomes, must be improved and expanded to cover not only domestic matters, but financial decision-making and personal mobility. Keywords: Bargaining Power, Feminist Economics, Sub-Saharan Africa, Household Decision-Making, Instrument Validation. JEL Classfications: B54, D10, D13.



6

QUARANTINE, LOCKDOWN, CRISIS AND OTHER FACTORS OF REFORMATTING THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN THAILAND

Denis Ushakov1 1Dr. of Economic, Assoc. Professor, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Like the rest of the world, tourism industry and economy of Thailand in general are currently trying to overcome the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, to return the previous, stable (3-4% per year) rates of economic growth, tourists arrivals growth and local population’s well-being. Based on the analysis of negative trends in the tourism industry of Thailand in the period before the coronavirus restrictions implementation, as well as the qualitative transformations of the Thai tourism business caused by the almost complete elimination of foreign inbound tourism, study offers possible prospects and models for the Kingdom's tourism industry restoration in the near future, evaluates factors and conditions of their effective realization; also considers the conceptual transformations of the tourism institutional and infrastructural definition in the future, directions and tools for reformatting tourism economic significance within the boundaries of the social system of Thailand.

Keywords: Coronavirus, Economic Growth, Tourism Industry, Reformatting, Thailand.



7

SMART CITIES AND HAPPINESS: LESSONS TO BE LEARNED

Sejma Aydin1, Mirsad Karic2 1International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected] 2International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Technology is an inseparable part of city life, and it has been that way for centuries. The rapid development of digital technology enabled the fusion of physical, biological, and digital technology leading to the fourth industrial revolution. Today, ubiquitous and rapidly changing technology provides even more opportunities for city development, encapsulated in smart city efforts. However, unlike in the past, using technology in city development today may lead to myopic attitudes. With the increased popularity of smart city development, we see more examples of prioritizing digitalization in ways that disregard the impact on the quality of life of the city’s residents entirely and focus almost exclusively on technology. The IT leader and team responsible for implementing smart city solutions, despite their brilliance, may not be qualified to take ownership of this multidisciplinary program. Emphasizing technology may result in a program that receives less priority and attention than it deserves. Also, this may lead to solutionism- a situation in which implementation of technology becomes the main goal instead of using the technology to solve a problem. However, complex problems can sometimes have simple solutions. It may not be necessary to build a whole new smart city; the people may be happy with much less than that. Also, this way, it is easier to build a multidisciplinary team that would solve the problem. Most cities have local experts willing and able to share valuable input and possible simple solutions to complex problems. This study discusses how making the smart city development tech-centric motivates cities to compete among one another where they should be focusing on improving the lives of their citizens. The developments of artificial intelligence and technology, in general, can actually serve to make the city more citizen-centric. This study also argues that making happiness a priority and the ultimate goal is not a new concept. It is only that so far, countries mainly focused on enabling happiness by increasing their wealth. This was demonstrated through this study by examining different examples of successful and unsuccessful smart city policies. However, it is very important to recognize that years of pursuing GDP increases had an impact on the decision-making. Policy makers have been fixated on the GDP and were expected to remain like that even at the expense of the human welfare and the environment. Shifting the focus of smart-city development away from wealth accumulation and more towards happiness creation could save us a lot of time and trouble.

Keywords: Smart City, Happiness, Smart Technologies.




8

INVESTIGATING BUSINESS ANALYTICS APPLICATIONS IN A TURKISH E-COMMERCE RETAILER

Gülgönül Bozoğlu Bati1, Mehmet Ali Türkmenoğlu2, Emrah Bilgiç3, Tuğçe Uslu4 1Yalova University. Turkey, [email protected] 2Mus Alparslan University, Turkey, [email protected] 3İskenderun Technical Unv. Turkey, [email protected] 4Yalova University, Turkey, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Today, data is regarded as one of the most valuable organizational resources. Companies have noticed that data can also play a major role in their business functions. Analysing different sorts of data and making decisions based on these analysis which is called data-driven decision making enabled firms to have a competitive advantage. Therefore, investing in digitalisation to acquire data, analytics capability of data and decision-making strategies are new agenda for companies. In this study, we aim to investigate the business analytics usage by a qualitative research method in one of the biggest e-commerce retailers in Turkey. This study is unique since it keeps light on the current use of business analytics techniques in real life. In this paper following questions will be addressed 1) Which BA techniques are used by e-commerce companies 2) How e-commerce companies utilize BA techniques? After interviewing the head of business analytics of the firm, the thematic analysis showed that the firm has been utilizing tools such as optimization techniques as an application of business analytics. Optimization practises emerged as solutions to the problems that the firm faced in their logistics activities.

Keywords: E-Commerce, E-Tailer, Business Analytics, Data-Driven Company, Optimization.



9

THE IMPACT OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY: THE CUSTOMER OF ALGERIA TELECOM COMPANY AS A CASE

Mahmoudi Besma1, Benbouziane Mohammed2, Boualamat Imane3

1Higher School of management (E.S.M)- Tlemcen- ALGERIA, [email protected] 2Higher School of management (E.S.M)- Tlemcen-ALGERIA, [email protected] 3Higher School of management (E.S.M)-Tlemcen- ALGERIA, [email protected]

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the impact of customer relationship management on customer loyalty of Algeria Telecom company. In order to meet the objectives of this study, we adopte a discriminant function analysis, an online questionnaire use as a data collection tool and a random simple sample of one hundred (100) customers of Algeria Telecom company selecte for this study also, we use the SPSS program to analyse the collected data. The main results show that the most influential variables on customer loyalty are: communication and information that customers have on their operator.

Keywords: Trust, Communication, Commitment, Satisfaction, CRM, Loyalty. JEL Classfications: M3, M31.





10

DERİN ÖĞRENME YÖNTEMLERİ İLE MANİSA İLİNİN GÜNEŞ IŞINIMI TAHMİNİ

Nurbanu Bursa Hacettepe Üniversitesi, İstatistik Bölümü Beytepe 06800, Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3747-5870

ÖZET Sanayi devriminden sonra yaşanan gelişmeler ile birlikte enerji tüketimi her geçen gün artarak günlük yaşamın vazgeçilmez bir ihtiyacı haline dönüşmüştür. İlk önceleri fosil yakıtlara dayalı olarak karşılanan enerji ihtiyacı, fosil yakıtların kısıtlı olması, çevreyi kirletmesi ve insan sağlığına zarar vermesi gibi çeşitli nedenlerle yerini günümüzde rüzgar enerjisi, güneş enerjisi, dalga enerjisi, biyokütle enerjisi gibi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına bırakmaya başlamıştır. Bu yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının içerisinden en fazla tercih edileni ise hem kara hem de deniz gibi pek çok alanda panellerinin kurulumunun mümkün olmasından dolayı güneş enerjisidir. Türkiye, bulunduğu coğrafyanın iklim özellikleri nedeniyle güneş enerjisinden yararlanma potansiyeli en yüksek ülkeler arasında yer alsa da, iklim yapısı benzer ülkelerle karşılaştırıldığında hem yüzölçümü hem de kişi başına düşen yenilenebilir güneş enerjisi santral gücü açısından hala daha yeterli sayıda güneş enerjisi santraline sahip değildir. Halbuki, ülkenin enerji ihtiyacında dışa bağımlılığını azaltmanın en etkili yollarından biri, var olan potansiyellerin en iyi şekilde değerlendirilmesi olacaktır. Bu nedenle ülkedeki şehirlerin güneş enerjisi potansiyellerine yönelik uzun vadeli planlamaların ve doğru yatırımların yapılabilmesi için güneş ışınım şiddetlerinin gerçeğe en yakın şekilde tahmin edilmesi ayrıca önem kazanmaktadır. Bu amaçla çalışmada, güneş enerjisi potansiyeli olarak orta kuşakta yer alan Manisa ilinin 2015 yılı sonrası günlük güneş ışınım şiddeti; istatistiksel olarak ilişkili olduğu hava sıcaklığı, hava basıncı, bulut opaklığı ve rüzgar hızı gibi klimatolojik değişkenler yardımı ile tahmin edilmiştir. Bunun için de derin öğrenme yöntemlerinden biri olan tekrarlayan sinir ağları ile kurulan modeller kullanılmıştır. Tekrarlayan sinir ağlarının geleneksel sinir ağlarından en önemli farkı, zamanın önemli olduğu ve bu nedenle de eldeki bilgilerin sıralı bir şekilde kullanılması gerektiğine dayanmasıdır. Bu açıdan değerlendirildiğinde özellikle zaman serisi şeklindeki veriler için kullanılabilecek iyi bir model seçeneği sunmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmada, tekrarlayan sinir ağlarından elde edilen model sonuçlarının olası diğer modellere göre ne derece iyi olduklarının karşılaştırılması için geleneksel yapay sinir ağlarından biri olan çok katmanlı algılayıcılar ve yine geleneksel zaman serisi yöntemlerinden biri olan mevsimsel ARIMA kullanılmıştır. Analizlerden elde edilen hata kareler ortalaması, ortalama mutlak yüzde hatası gibi model değerlendirme kriterleri dikkate alındığında, eğitim kümesi için en iyi tahmin ve test kümesi için de en iyi öngörü sonuçlarını tekrarlayan sinir ağlarının verdiği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Derin Öğrenme, Güneş Işınımı, Güneş Enerjisi, Tekrarlayan Sinir Ağları, Yapay Sinir Ağları. JEL Kodları: C45, Q42, Q47.




11

ESTIMATION OF SOLAR IRRADIATION FOR MANISA WITH DEEP LEARNING METHODS

Nurbanu Bursa Hacettepe University, Department of Statistics Beytepe 06800, Ankara, Türkey, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3747-5870

ABSTRACT With the developments after the industrial revolution, energy consumption has become an indispensable need of daily life. The energy need, initially based on fossil fuels, has begun to be replaced by renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, and wave energy due to various reasons such as limited fossil fuels, and polluting the environment. The most preferred among these renewable energy sources is solar energy, since it is possible to install panels in many areas such as both land and sea. Although Turkey is among the countries with the highest potential to benefit from solar energy due to the climate characteristics of its geography, it still does not have enough solar power plants in terms of both surface area and renewable solar power plant power per capita when compared to countries with similar climate structure. However, one of the most effective ways to reduce the Turkey's dependence on foreign energy in energy needs will be to make the best use of existing potentials. For this reason, it is also important to estimate the solar irradiation as close to reality to make long-term plans and correct investments for the solar energy potential of the cities in the country. For this purpose, in this study, the daily solar irradiation of Manisa province is estimated, after 2015. It was estimated with climatological variables such as air temperature, air pressure, cloud opacity, and wind speed, which it is statistically related to. For estimation, models established with recurrent neural networks (RNN), which is one of the deep learning methods, were used. The most important difference between RNN from traditional neural networks is that time is important and therefore the information must be used in a sequential manner. From this point of view, it offers a good model option that can be used especially for time series. For this reason, multilayer perceptrons, which is one of the traditional artificial neural networks, and seasonal ARIMA, which is one of the traditional time series methods, were used to compare how well the model results obtained from RNN were compared to other possible models. Considering the model evaluation criteria such as the mean of squares of error and the mean absolute percent error obtained from the analyzes, it was seen that RNN gave the best estimation results for the training set and the best prediction results for the test set.

Keywords: Deep Learning, Solar Irradiation, Solar Energy, Recurrent Neural Networks, Artificial Neural Networks. JEL Codes: C45, Q42, Q47.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3747-5870



12

İNŞAAT SEKTÖRÜNDE FAALİYET GÖSTEREN ÜÇ AYRI İŞLETMENİN KREDİLENDİRİLMESİ – VAKA ÇALIŞMASI

Mustafa Volkan Güran Başkent Üniversitesi, Besa Karina Evl. 3222. Cad. 2. Blok No:35 Yaşamkent Çankaya/Ankara Türkiye [email protected] Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-672X

ÖZET İnşaat sektörü son yıllarda Türkiye’nin öncü sektörü konumundadır. Bu minvalde, Ülkemizde kalıcı büyümenin ve istihdamın sağlanabilmesi için ilgili sektörde sürekli bir gelişim ihtiyacı mevcuttur. Sektörel olarak inşaat firmaları ağırlıklı olarak dış finansman ile büyüme ihtiyacı içerisindedirler. Bahse konu dış finansmanın birincil kaynağını ise banka kredileri oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, inşaat sektörünün yap-sat ve taahhüt alt kolları özelinde faaliyet gösteren 3 ayrı firma seçilerek bu firmalara tahsis edilen krediler irdelenmiş, inşaat sektöründe faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin kredilendirme esasları uygulama örnekleri üzerinden anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, firmaların faaliyet gösterdiği sektörler itibarıyla hangi tür kredilere ihtiyaç duydukları, bu kredileri hangi teminat yapıları ve vadelerle kullanmalarının doğru olacağı üzerinde durulmuştur. Uygulama sonucunda, seçilen firmaların ölçekleri, mali bünye sağlamlıkları, iş modelleri ve daha birçok karakteristik özelliğinin farklılaştığı görülmüş, bu değişikliklere göre firmalar nezdinde uygulanabilecek stratejilerin farklı belirlenmesi gerektiği gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, bahse konu stratejiler farklılık gösterse dahi, sağlıklı bir kredi portföyü oluşturabilmek için, genel kredilendirme ilkelerinden taviz vermemek gerektiği vurgulanmış; kredi tahsis faaliyetleri yürütülürken, kredinin ne amaçla, ne tutarda, ne kadar süreyle, hangi teminatlarla, ne türde kullanılacağı, ayrıca alınan riske değecek bir randıman sağlanıp sağlanmayacağı sorularının cevapları netleştirildikten sonra kredilendirmenin yapılması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: İnşaat, Kredilendirme, Yap-sat, Taahhüt, Vaka Çalışması JEL Kodları: G21, L74, H81


https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-672X



13

GRANTING LOANS TO THREE DIFFERENT COMPANIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY – CASE STUDY

Mustafa Volkan Güran Başkent University, Besa Karina Evl. 3222. Cad. 2. Blok No:35 Yaşamkent Çankaya/Ankara Turkey [email protected] Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-672X

ABSTRACT In recent years, the construction sector has been the leading sector of Turkey. In this respect, in order to ensure permanent growth and employment in Turkey, there is a need for continuous development in the construction sector. On the other hand, construction firms in the sector are in need of growth mainly through external financing. The primary source of this external financing is bank loans. In this study, the dynamics of the construction sector in terms of build-sell and contracting companies have been looked at and the types of loans that can be allocated to the enterprises operating in the sector have been emphasized. In addition, 3 different companies operating in different areas of the construction sector were selected and the loans to these firms were examined, this way the financing principles of the enterprises operating in the construction sector were tried to be explained through these case studies. As a result of the application, it was observed that the scales, financial structure strength, business models and many other characteristics of the selected companies differed, and it was shown that the strategies that could be applied should be determined differently according to these differences. However, it was emphasized that, even if the aforementioned strategies differ, in order to create a healthy loan portfolio, it is necessary not to compromise on the general lending principles; while carrying out the loan allocation activities. It has been concluded that the loan should be granted after the answers to the questions given; of what purpose, amount, how long, with which collateral and what type of loan will be used and whether the credit is efficient or not. Keywords: Construction, Financing, Build-sell, Contracting, Case Study JEL Codes: G21, L74, H81


https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-672X



14

TÜKETİCİLERİN ÇAY VE KAHVE TÜKETİM ALIŞKANLIKLARI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Adnan Ağuş1, Elif Kocagöz2, Mustafa Aslan3, 1 Yüksek Lisans Öğr., Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, S.B.E., İşletme A.B.D., Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, , [email protected] , 0000-0001-7052-916X 2 Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, İ.İ.B.F. İşletme Bölümü, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, [email protected], 0000-0001-9575-1664 3 Doktora Öğr., Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, S.B.E. İşletme A.B.D., Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, [email protected], 0000-0002-8867-897X

ÖZET Çalışmanın amacı, tüketicilerin çay ve kahve tüketim alışkanlıklarının incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın evrenini Türkiye’de yaşayan çay ve kahve tüketicileri oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada çay ve kahve tüketimi ile ilgili, çay/kahve denilince akla ilk gelen marka, çay/kahve satın alırken hangi konuların ne kadar önem düzeyine sahip olduğu, çay/kahve içme alışkanlıkları [tercih ettiği demleme şekli, günlük içme sıklığı, kullandığı şeker miktarı, içme sıcaklığı, hangi zamanlarda (örn. aileyle birlikteyken, çalışırken vb.) çay içmekten keyif aldığı, hangi nedenle çay/kahve içtiği (örn. rahatlamak, zayıflamak vb.)], tercih edilen marka, ilgili markanın belirtilmesinin en önemli nedeni, ileride marka değişikliğine gidip gitmeyeceği gibi konularda inceleme yapılmıştır. Çalışmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden anket yöntemi kullanılmış, araştırma kolayda örneklem yöntemi ile ulaşılan 378 katılımcı ile online olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular çeşitli çapraz tablolar yoluyla sunulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda, çay denince akla ilk gelen markaların Çaykur (%44,2), Lipton (%22,2) ve Beta Tea (%20,9) olduğu, kahve denilince ise Nescafe (%26,7), Kuru Kahveci Mehmet Efendi (%21,4) ve Jacob’s (%7,1) olduğu görülmektedir. Kadın katılımcıların çoğunluğunun günde 1-2 kez erkek katılımcıların çoğunluğunun ise 3-4 kez çay içtiği; kadın katılımcıların çoğunluğunun yine günde 1-2 kez kahve içtiği ancak erkek katılımcıların çoğunluğunun her gün kahve tüketmediği görülmüştür. Kadın katılımcıların %18’inin çaysız ve %27’sinin kahvesiz yaşayamayacağını belirttiği; erkek katılımcıların %15’inin çaysız ve %7’sinin kahvesiz yaşayamayacağını ifade ettikleri görülmüştür. Beta Tea markasını tercih edenlerin %79,4’ü, Doğadan markasını tercih edenlerin %55,6’sı, Çaykur markasını tercih edenlerin %52,0’si aynı marka çayı içmeye devam edeceklerini belirtmişlerdir. Kahve açısından ise Nescafe markasını tercih edenlerin %44,8’i, kuru Kahveci Mehmet Efendi markasını tercih edenlerin %44’ü ve Jacobs markasını tercih edenlerin %39,1’i aynı marka kahveyi içmeye devam edeceklerini belirtmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada kuramsal bir inceleme yoluna gidilmemiş, birinci basamak analizler yapılarak tanımlayıcı istatistikler yoluyla bulgular raporlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çay, Kahve, Tüketici, Tüketici Davranışı, Satınalma Davranışı ve Marka Tercihi. JEL Kodları: M31, L83, Z31.






15

AN INVESTIGATION ON TEA AND COFFEE CONSUMPTION HABITS OF CONSUMERS

Adnan Ağuş1, Elif Kocagöz2, Mustafa Aslan3 1 MBA Student, K.S.Ü., Inst. of Social Sciences, Dept. of Business Administration, Kahramanmaras, Turkey, [email protected] , 0000-0001-7052-916X 2 PhD., Asst. Prof., K.S.Ü., F.E.A.S., Dept. of Business Administration, Kahramanmaras, Turkey, [email protected], 0000-0001-9575-1664 3 PhD. Student, K.S.Ü., Inst. of Social Sciences, Dept. of Business Administration, Kahramanmaras, Turkey, [email protected], 0000-0002-8867-897X

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the tea and coffee consumption habits of consumers. The universe of the research consists of tea and coffee consumers living in Turkey. In the study, about the consumption of tea and coffee, the first brand that comes to mind when tea/coffee is mentioned, which subjects are of great importance when buying tea/coffee, tea/coffee drinking habits [preferred brewing method, daily drinking frequency, amount of sugar used, drinking temperature, at what times (eg when with family, at work, etc.) enjoys drinking tea, for what reason (eg to relax, lose weight, etc.)], preferred brand, the most important reason for specifying the relevant brand, future brand An examination was made on issues such as whether or not to change. Questionnaire method, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the study, and the research was carried out online with 378 participants who were reached by convenience sampling method. Findings are presented through various crosstabs. As a result of the study, the first brands that come to mind when talking about tea are Çaykur (44.2%), Lipton (22.2%) and Beta Tea (20.9%), and when it comes to coffee, Nescafe (26.7%), Kuru Kahveci Mehmet Efendi (21.4%) and Jacob's (7.1%). The majority of female participants drink tea 1-2 times a day, while the majority of male participants drink tea 3-4 times; It was observed that the majority of the female participants drank coffee 1-2 times a day, but the majority of the male participants did not consume coffee every day. 18% of female participants stated that they could not live without tea and 27% said that they could not live without coffee; 15% of male participants stated that they could not live without tea and 7% stated that they could not live without coffee. 79.4% of those who prefer the Beta Tea brand, 55.6% of those who prefer the Doğadan brand, and 52.0% of those who prefer the Çaykur brand stated that they will continue to drink the same brand of tea. In terms of coffee, 44.8% of those who prefer the Nescafe brand, 44% of those who prefer the dry Kahveci Mehmet Efendi brand, and 39.1% of those who prefer the Jacobs brand stated that they will continue to drink the same brand of coffee. In this study, a theoretical examination was not made, first step analyzes were made and the findings were reported through descriptive statistics.

Keywords: Tea, Coffee, Consumer, Consumer Behavior, Purchasing Behavior and Brand Preference. JEL Codes: M31, L83, Z31.






16

HASTANENİN ÖZELLİK ARZ EDEN RİSKLİ BİRİMLERİNDE (ACİL, YOĞUN BAKIM, GÖRÜNTÜLEME MERKEZİ) ÇALIŞAN PERSONELİN KBRN TEHLİKESİNE KARŞI KORUNMASI BİLGİ DÜZEYİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

Bahadır Taşlıdere1, Nur Dilara Günenç2

1Bezmialem Vakıf Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-5920-8127 2Bezmialem Vakıf Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0003-4538-4258

ÖZET Bu çalışmada hastanelerde çalışan özellikle riskli alanlarda görev alan sağlık çalışanlarının olası bir kimyasal, biyolojik, radyolojik ya da nükleer olaylarda kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanımı ve bilgi düzeylerinin belirlenmesini tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu sayede KBRN olayına müdahale eden sağlık personelinin bilinçli ve etkin bir şekilde hazır olmasını sağlamak hedeflenmiştir. Araştırmaya 150’si kadın ve 120’si erkek olmak üzere toplam 270 kişi katılmıştır. Çalışmada katılımcıların kadın ya da erkek olmaları KBRN tehlikesine karşı korunma bilgi düzeylerini anlamlı etkilemediği görülmüştür. Bu katılımcıların 40’ı (%14,8) tekniker, 161’i (%59,6) hemşire ve 69’u (%25,6) doktordur. Mesleki farklılık ele alındığında hemşire olan katılımcıların KBRN tehlikesine karşı korunma bilgi düzeyleri tekniker ve doktor olan katılımcılara göre anlamlı şekilde düşük bulunmuştur. Ülkemizin jeopolitik konumu düşünüldüğünde KBRN konularının iyi bilinmesi ve uygun müdahale edilmesi elzemdir. Böylesine önemli bir müdahaleyi gerçekleştirecek sağlık personelinin öncelikle kendi güvenliğini sağlaması gerekir. Çalışmada KBRN ifadesinin açılımını bilen katılımcıların KBRN tehlikesine karşı korunma bilgi düzeyleri KBRN ifadesinin açılımını bilmeyen katılımcılara göre anlamlı şekilde yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. KBRN tehdit yelpazesi geniştir. Ölümler, yaralanmalar, psikososyal etkiler, ekonomik varlıklara verdiği zarar, çevreye yönelik tahribatlar ve politik konularda boyun eğdirici tehditkar yaklaşımlar söz konusu olabilir. Kimyasal tehditler, hastalık oluşturan bakteriler, pandemiye sebebiyet veren virüsler, radyolojik tehditler, nükleer silahlar, etrafa yayılan radyasyon gibi çeşitli tehditlere karşı korunmak için önce konu hakkında detaylı bilgi edinmek gereklidir. Çalışmada KBRN eğitimi alan katılımcıların KBRN tehlikesine karşı korunma bilgi düzeyleri KBRN eğitimi almayan katılımcılara göre anlamlı şekilde yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Bir KBRN olayında ilk yapılması gerekenler; kendini ve yaralıları KBRN ajanlarının zararlı etkilerinden korumak, uygun triyaj yapabilmek, ilkyardım ve dekontaminasyon yöntemlerini uygulamak kullanılan ajanı tespit ve teşhis etmek, yaralıların sevki, ileri tanı ve tedavi işlemlerini gerçekleştirmektir. KBRN ajanlarına karşı her zaman hazırlıklı olmak ve olay gerçekleştiği zaman durumu doğru yönetebilmek için bu ajanlar hakkında kapsamlı bir bilgi birikimi gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: KBRN Savunma, Hastane, Bilgi Düzeyi. JEL Kodları: JEL:Y, JEL:Z, JEL:I



17

INVESTIGATION OF PERSONAL PROTECTION KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF PERSONNEL WORKING IN RISKY UNITS OF THE HOSPITAL AGAINST CBRN HAZARD

Bahadır Taşlıdere1, Nur Dilara Günenç2 1 Bezmialem Vakıf Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-5920-8127 2 Bezmialem Vakıf Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0003-4538-4258

ABSTRACT In this study, it was aimed to determine the use of personal protective equipment and the level of knowledge of healthcare professionals working in hospitals, especially in risky areas, in a possible chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear incident. In this way, it is aimed to ensure that the healthcare personnel who intervene in the CBRN incident are ready consciously and effectively. A total of 270 people, 150 women, and 120 men, participated in the study. In the study, it was observed that whether the participants were male or female, their knowledge level of protection against CBRN danger did not significantly affect. 40 of these participants (14.8%) are healthcare technicians, 161 (59.6%) are nurses and 69 (25.6%) are doctors. Considering the occupational difference, the knowledge level of the participants who are nurses against CBRN danger was found to be significantly lower than the participants who were healthcare technicians and doctors. Considering the geopolitical position of our country, it is essential to know CBRN issues well and to intervene appropriately. Health personnel who will perform such an important intervention must first ensure their safety. In the study, it was found that the knowledge levels of the participants who knew the expansion of the CBRN expression were significantly higher than the participants who did not know the expression of CBRN against the risk of CBRN. The spectrum of CBRN threats is wide. There may be deaths, injuries, psychosocial impacts, damage to economic assets, environmental damage, and submissive and threatening approaches to political issues. To be protected against various threats such as chemical threats, bacteria that cause disease, viruses that cause pandemics, radiological threats, nuclear weapons, radiation spreading around, it is necessary to obtain detailed information about the subject first. In the study, it was determined that the protection knowledge level of the participants who received CBRN training against CBRN danger was significantly higher than the participants who did not receive CBRN training. First things to do in a CBRN event; to protect oneself and the injured from the harmful effects of CBRN agents, to be able to perform appropriate triage, to apply first aid and decontamination methods, to identify and diagnose the agent used, to carry out advanced diagnosis and treatment procedures. Comprehensive knowledge of CBRN agents is required to be prepared against CBRN agents at all times and to be able to manage the situation correctly when the event occurs.

Keywords: CBRN Defense, Hospital, Knowledge Level. JEL Codes: JEL:Y, JEL:Z, JEL:I



18

BIDIRECTIONAL VOLATILITY SPILLOVER AMONG BRICS COUNTRIES STOCK MARKETS

Younis Ahmed Ghulam1, Bashir Ahmad Joo2, Simtiha Ishaq Mir3

1 Research scholar in the Department of the Management Studies University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir India, [email protected] /[email protected]. 2 Professor Dr.,Department of the Management Studies University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir India, [email protected]. 3Research scholar in the Department of the Management Studies University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir India. [email protected].

ABSTRACT The increased globalization and financial internationalization resulted in strong linkages and interdependence between the various financial markets; posing both opportunities for diversification and increased cross-border financial risks. The main purpose of this paper is to study the dynamics of volatility spillover within the stock market returns of BRICS economies and investigate the level of integration in volatility among these markets. The study uses weekly time series stock price data of these markets for the period from 01-04-1996 to 01-04-2021 and this data is analyzed through R software. We use DCC-GARCH(1,1) introduced by Engle and Sheppard(2001) to examine the bidirectional volatility spillover among these markets. The results obtained by performing the DCC-GARCH(1,1) suggest long-term integration and significant bi-directional spill-over effect among these stock returns, indicating a close relationship among the BRICS stock markets. As such portfolio diversification between the stocks of these markets will not give considerable economic value to investors. However, in the short run, the bidirectional spillover effect only between Brazil and South Africa, India and China, and India and South Africa, is found to be insignificant, indicating an opportunity for both investors, hedgers, and portfolio managers. Also, the results of DCC-GARCH(1,1) show that there is no significant asymmetric volatility effect as the value of all the coefficients is positive. The study findings are beneficial to individual and institutional investors, hedgers, and fund managers by assisting in the knowledge of volatility spillover transmission for investment and portfolio diversification. Also, policymakers can consider these findings while framing various strategies for BRICS economies that help economic policymakers to safeguard the financial sector from international financial shock such as sudden stops, a problem more prevalent in emerging economies To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the volatility spillover transmission among BRICS countries' stock market indices. The main contribution of this paper is to investigate the stock market integration among these markets. The future researcher can extend the study to other trade blocs.

Keywords: Spillover Effect, Volatility, GARCH, DCC-GARCH, BRICS. JEL Codes: G1, G3, F39.




19

TİCARİ KREDİ FAİZ ORANININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ

Elif Yücel1

1 Başkent Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bankacılık-Finans Doktora Öğrencisi, Ankara/Türkiye, [email protected], ORCİD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-0707.

ÖZET TCMB para politikaları doğrultusunda alınan kararlar parasal aktarım mekanizması yoluyla direkt ve dolaylı yoldan enflasyon, döviz kuru ve mevduat faizini etkilemektedir. Ticari kredi faiz oranıda bu değişkenlere göre tepki gösterir. Ekonomideki en ufak bir şok karşısında bankalar dayanıklı olmalıdır. Bu çerçevede Türk bankacılık sisteminde mevduat ve ticari kredi faiz oranlarının hangi makro değişkenlerden nasıl etkilendiği bir araştırma konusudur. 2010-2021 yılları arasındaki enflasyon, mevduat faiz, döviz kuru ve para arzı değişkenlerden en çok hangisinin ticari kredi faizini etkilediğini göstermektir. Çalışmanın yöntemi ARDL Sınır testi yaklaşımı ile kısa ve uzun dönemde parametrelerin katsayılarını anlamlılık düzeylerini tespit etmektir. Bağımsız değişkenlerin bazı yıllarda oynaklık göstermesi nedeniyle zaman serileri birçok teste tabi tutularak analiz daha istikrarlı bir yapıya sahip olmuştur. Oluşturulan regresyon modeli çok değişkenli olup, bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenlerin bir ve iki dönem gecikmeli değerleri de modelde yer almakta olup, sonuçları etkilemektedir. Uzun dönemde mevduat faizindeki bir birimlik bir artış ticari kredi faiz oranını %1,24, kısa dönemde ise; %0,61’lik bir artışa neden olmaktadır. Mevduat faizinin bir dönem gecikmeli değerindeki bir artış ticari kredi faiz oranını %-0,19 ile azaltmaktadır. Ticari kredi faiz oranının bir dönem gecikmeli değerindeki bir birimlik bir artış ticari kredi faiz oranının cari değerini %0,27 ile artırmaktadır.M2 para arzı değişkeninde kısa dönemde bir birimlik bir artış ticari kredi faiz oranını %-4,73E-09 azaltmaktadır. Kısa dönemde döviz kurundaki bir birimlik bir artış ticari kredi faiz oranının %3,69 artırmaktadır. Döviz kurunun üç dönem gecikmeli değerindeki bir birimlik bir artış ticari kredi faiz oranını %1,81 artırmaktadır. Enflasyon oranının kısa ve uzun dönemde ticari kredi faiz oranına etkisi yoktur. Parasal aktarım mekanizmasındaki döviz kuru kanalı ve politika faizindeki değişiklikler ile yansımaktadır. Ticari kredi faiz oranına döviz kurunun etkisi mevduat faizinden fazla olsa da döviz kurunun sadece kısa dönemde, mevduat faizinin ise hem kısa hem de uzun dönemde etkilemesi sebebiyle daha belirleyici olduğu söylenebilir. Çünkü döviz kuru direkt olarak ithalat fiyatlarına olan talebi ve dolaylı olarak da enflasyonu etkilemektedir. Bu çerçevede TCMB’nin aldığı kararların mevduat faizinden döviz kuruna etkisinin sert olduğunu, bankalar ve yatırımcılar açısından da ticari kredi faiz oranını kısa dönemde etkilediğini ve bankacılık sisteminin sağlamlığı sürekli test edilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Faiz, Kur, Enflasyon, Para Arzı, Zaman Serileri.



20

COMMERCIAL LOAN INTEREST RATE DETERMINANTS

Elif Yücel1

1 Başkent University, Institute Of Social Sciences, Banking-Finance PhD Student, Ankara / Turkey, [email protected], ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-0707

ABSTRACT Decisions taken in accordance with CBRT monetary policies directly and indirectly affect inflation, exchange

rate and deposit interest through the monetary transfer mechanism. Commercial loan interest rate reacts

according to these variables. Banks must be resilient in the face of the slightest shock in the economy. In this

context, how the interest rates on deposits and commercial loans are affected by which macro variables are

the subject of research in the Turkish banking system. Objective: To show which of the inflation, deposit

interest, exchange rate and money supply variables in 2010-2021 affected commercial loan interest the most.

The method of the study is to determine the coefficients of parameters in the short and long term with the

ARDL boundary test approach. Due to the volatility of independent variables in some years, the time series has

been subjected to many tests and the analysis has had a more stable structure. The created regression model is

multivariate, and the one-and two-period delay values of dependent and independent variables are also

included in the model and affect the results.

A one-unit increase in long-term deposit interest leads to an increase in the commercial loan interest rate of

1.24%, and in the short-term; 0.61%. An increase in the delayed value of deposit interest reduces the

commercial loan interest rate by-0.19%. A one-unit increase in the delayed value of the commercial loan

interest rate increases the current value of the commercial loan interest rate by 0.27%. An increase of one unit

in the M2 money supply variable in the short term reduces the commercial loan interest rate by 4-73% E-09. A

one-unit increase in the exchange rate in the short term increases the commercial loan interest rate by 3.69%.

A one-unit increase in the three-period lag value of the exchange rate increases the commercial loan interest

rate by 1.81%. The inflation rate has no effect on the commercial loan interest rate in the short and long term.

It is reflected by changes in the exchange rate channel and policy interest in the monetary transfer mechanism.

Although the effect of the exchange rate on the commercial loan interest rate is greater than the interest on

deposits, it can be said that the exchange rate is more decisive because it affects only the short term and the

interest on deposits in both the short and long term. Because the exchange rate directly affects demand for

import prices and indirectly affects inflation. In this context, the impact of the decisions taken by the CBRT on

the exchange rate from deposit interest rate is harsh, from the point of view of banks and investors it affects

the commercial loan interest rate in the short term, and the robustness of the banking system is constantly

being tested.

Keywords: Interest Rate, Exchange Rate, Inflation, Money Supply, Time Series.



21

HOW SOCIAL TRADERS HAVE RECOVERED FROM 2020 STOCK MARKET CRASH

Zdravko Tretinjak1 1 PhD Student, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine how the portfolios of social traders have recovered from 2020 stock market crash. In previous studies a qualitative researach was used to gather personal and professional information about the social traders. The research results of a previous study showed why social traders publish their trading strategies on a social trading platform. Based on this sample, we orientate ourselves on the further course of the behavioral study on social traders and their portfolio development. This study gives advice both to social traders and social followers, but also makes additional contribution to the studies on the young topic of social trading.

Keywords: Social Trading, Social Investing, Social Influence, Behavioral Finance. JEL Classfications: G01, G11, G23.



22

COST PASS-THROUGH AND LOCAL MARKET POWER: THE EXPERIENCES OF A GASOLINE MARKET MERGER

Richárd Farkas1, Roland Baczur2, Dániel Kehl3, Katalin Erdős4

1University of Pécs Faculty and Business and Economics, Rákóczi út 80., Pécs, Hungary, [email protected] 2University of Pécs Faculty and Business and Economics, Rákóczi út 80., Pécs, Hungary, [email protected] 3University of Pécs Faculty and Business and Economics, Rákóczi út 80., Pécs, Hungary, [email protected] 4University of Pécs Faculty and Business and Economics, Rákóczi út 80., Pécs, Hungary, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Recent researches emphasize the role of how costs are passed through into prices. However, there is no straightforward consensus, many researchers and competition authorities have the viewpoint, if “rockets and feathers” occurs in an industry, it is evidence for price maker behavior of firms. The present paper investigates the changes in cost pass-through rates of firms in response to the local market power changes caused by the merger of two branded chains on the Hungarian retail gasoline market. Applying ECM regression technique and difference-in-difference estimation strategy, on the one hand, we provide evidence that the relationship between cost pass-through asymmetry and local market power is not obvious. On the other hand, we also show that asymmetry of firms' cost pass-through increased with the acquisition. Keywords: Cost Pass-Through, Local Market Power, Horizontal Merger, Price Effect, Price Maker Behavior. JEL Classfications: L10, L11, L22.






23

THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AND DUAL TRAINERS

Anita Varga1, Orsolya Falus2

1. Dr., PhD is a College Associate Professor, University of Dunaújváros, Country: Hungary, Email: [email protected] 2 Dr., PhD is an Associate Professor, University of Dunaújváros, Country: Hungary, Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The use of modern ICT tools has become a strategic issue in the operation of educational institutions in the 21st century. The Covid-19 pandemic has transformed the basic attitudes related to personal contacts from both the dual employers and the training site. The concept of quality education has not changed, but the perception of the place and role of online work has alternated. Properly regulated frameworks allow higher education institutions and dual partners to operate within a regulated system, taking into account the effects of changed circumstances. A regulated, transparent framework contributes to the implementation of results-based training. The study examines how COVID-19 has changed the relationship between the training institution and training sites with an industrial background. It reviews the main factors that higher education institutions need to take into account in the Hungarian higher education environment in connection with the implementation of dual education. The aim of the research is to examine the effectiveness of training with an industrial background during a pandemic. The method of the research was an online questionnaire survey in the spring semester of 2020 with the 14 dual industrial partners of the University of Dunaújváros, and the students participating in the dual training. Keywords: Covid-19; Higher Education; Dual Training System; Online Questionnaire Survey; University of Dunaújváros. JEL Classifications: A22; H12; I21



24

GLOBAL ETHICS TODAY: THE NEED FOR ECONOMIC JUSTICE, WORKER OWNERSHIP, AND CORPORATE DEMOCRACY

Warner Woodworth University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA, [email protected]

ABSTRACT During the economic disintegration of many countries’ stability because of the Coronavirus pandemic, tens of millions of workers’ jobs were destroyed as firms shut down and mass layoffs wreaked havoc in society. Now, with vaccines and better medical services, some countries are reopening businesses and firms are beginning to rebuild. This is a great opportunity to build back better with greater worker rights, stronger trade unions, and new innovations for economic justice. While many nations have had a degree of workplace democracy down through history, much of it gradually diminished due to capitalist power, greed, and the sheer dominance of anti-labor policies in both industrialized nations and the Third World. My paper proposes new objectives to regain power from historic achievements, coupled with innovative expansions in the 2020s. The underlying purpose must be a new ethic of more equality, increased worker power and less corporate control, more blue-collar entrepreneurship, and diminished greed and social injustice. It is likely that public demands and labor negotiations will be essential to push for government legislation to empower the working classes globally. Having studied worker-owned firms for decades, I’m especially interested in the current crisis and its impacts, positive or negative, on the fate of workplace democracy around the world. Through the decades, worker ownership promised to offer a “utopia” of empowerment, good wages, board seats, productivity and the societal benefits of the ownership of business (Whyte, Spears, Kruse, Sen, Vanek, Woodworth, Martinez, Jones, Ellerman, Meek, Blasi, and others). So what may such dreams look like in 2021 and over the next few years? This paper will show some progressive maps and bold steps being taken through recent reports, research from multiple sources, interviews by phone and Zoom because of the virus, published company reports, media stories, and so forth. The analysis offers a range of pragmatic models to help in the recovery from the 2020 Coronavirus health crisis and its economic destruction. This research will examine hard-hit pandemic areas including Italy, France, Spain, the U.S., and Argentina, where I’ve done much of my field research in recent years.

Keywords: COVID Pandemic, Economic Crisis, Worker Ownership. JEL Classifications: J54, P13, M54.



25

INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS IN DETERMINING THE SHADOW ECONOMY IN EU MEMBER STATES

Raluca Irina Clipa1, Andreea Oana Iacobuta2, Mihaela Ifrim3, Oana Socoliuc (Gurita)4

1Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania, [email protected] 2Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania, [email protected] 3Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania, [email protected] 4Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The informal economy has aroused the interest of specialists for more than three decades. However, the consensus regarding the area of the concept, the causes and the ways to estimate the magnitude of the phenomenon are far from being reached. Institutions, both formal and informal, are captured in the literature as part of the panoply of causes of the informal economy. If the variables of formal institutions, such as quality of public institutions, regulation, peculiarities of local governance or fiscal pressure are easier to measure, we cannot say the same about the elements of informal institutions. Being part of the social and cultural system, the latter have been perpetuated from one generation to another through specific mechanisms of imitation and learning, taking the form of beliefs and ideals that guide the behavior of individuals in society or in economic relations. The informal institutions such as culture, traditions, religion, ethics and trust greatly influence the preference of individuals to participate in informal economic activities. Our paper aims to analyze the relationship between informal institutions and the shadow economy in EU Member States, based on interviews conducted by Eurobarometer on undeclaring work and data regarding corruption perception, trust in government or business confidence. The conclusion of the study is that in countries with the highest levels of shadow economy, informal institutions are present in the decisions of individuals to participate in the undeclared economy to a much greater extent. Keywords: Shadow Economy, Informal Institutions, Corruption, Trust in Government, Business Confidence.



26

THE DIALECTIC MATRIX MODEL OF NEOLIBERAL IDEOLOGY AND HUMANISTIC IDEALS: NORMATIVE FOUNDATIONS FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

Severin Hornung1, Thomas Höge2

1Severin Hornung. University of Innsbruck, Institute of Psychology, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, [email protected] 2Thomas Höge. University of Innsbruck, Institute of Psychology, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Global transformations of economies towards neoliberal capitalism are fundamentally remodeling societies and social institutions, work and employment, and the identities and quality of (working) life of individuals everywhere. Focusing on dysfunctional downsides of these developments, recent academic debate in the field of applied (work and organizational) psychology has problematized the socially, morally, and intellectually corrosive effects of unquestioned adherence to neoliberal-economistic ideological doctrine. Accordingly, reproducing one-sided discourses of profitable performance, market requirements, and managerial authority, academic research tacitly serves the particular interests of economic elites (investors, management), nurturing systemic biases, inconsistencies, blind spots, and theoretical obfuscation. A previously suggested multi-level model of pervasive ideological influences in society distinguishes between political, social, and “fantasmatic” (psychodynamic) logics, infusing workplace practices and academia with socio-morally corrosive injunctions of individualism, competition, and instrumentality. Extending this critique, the presented conceptual contribution dialectically constructs positive normative foundations for work and organizational psychology and related social science disciplines, evoking theorizing on humanistic ideals, social values, and personal meaning. The positive humanistic antipodes of individuation, solidarity, and emancipation are positioned to counterbalance anti-social neoliberal rationalities. Dialectic antagonisms are analyzed across multiple levels: a) abstract political logics (ideals) pervading society and institutions (individuation vs. individualism; solidarity vs. competition; emancipation vs. instrumentality); b) applied social logics (values) shaping workplace practices (self-actualization vs. self-reliance; commonality vs. contest; transformation vs. rationalization); c) implied fantasmatic logics (aspirations) influencing the psychology of individuals via sub- and unconscious dynamics (growth vs. excellence; equality vs. superiority; freedom vs. efficiency). On each level, identified antagonisms contain references to self (identity), other people (interactions), and authorities (institutions). Further assimilated is humanistic social psychological theory on need fulfilment (competence, relatedness, autonomy), including personal meaning as a meta-dimension of existential wellbeing. Negative antipodes resemble alienated states, reflecting theorizing adapted from critical sociology (self-estrangement, normlessness, isolation, powerlessness). Discussed applications of the resulting dialectic matrix model range from personal development to organizational analysis and meta-theoretical discourses in psychology and the social sciences. Counteracting the neoliberal recalibration of occupational ethics, this contribution argues for revitalizing and strengthening the humanistic normative foundations of social responsibility and sustainability in academic research and organizational practices.

Keywords: Dialectics, Neoliberal Ideology, Humanistic Ideals, Normative Foundations, Social Sciences. JEL Classfications: A12, P16, Z13.



27

UNDERSTANDING THE COLOMBIAN CIVIL WAR AND THE PROBLEM- SOLVING CONFERENCE MODEL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION


1European University of Lefke, Lefke, Cyprus, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The Colombian civil conflict has been described as the longest-lasting conflict in the world. The conflict which began in 1964 pitched the government of Colombia and The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (or FARC in Spanish). First of all, this study will analyse the causes of the war and provide some relevant answers. The study will be based on Carl Phillipp Gottfried von Clausewitz’s theory of war. It was postulated in his book titled “Vom Kriege” (On war) published in 1832 by his wife Marie Sophie Gräfin von Brühl. The theory gives insight into violent conflicts and wars and therefore enables us to critically examine why such conflicts occur. The ineffectiveness of using the traditional methods of diplomacy via the UN necessitated a paradigm shift in the act of conflict resolution. In the 1960s a new approach to conflict resolution christened the Problem-Solving Conference Model was born. This approach was championed by John Wear Burton and his lieutenants. Also, the study will critically examine the Problem-Solving Conference model to ascertain its effectiveness in conflict resolution. Moreover, the conflict had devastating effects on the lives of ordinary Colombians, and even though there were several attempts to resolve the conflict in the past they all proved futile. This study will therefore try to evaluate some of the effects of the conflict on Colombians. Finally, the study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse that violent conflict. In the end, data analysis will show that indeed the Problem-Solving Conference Model was effective in resolving the Colombian Civil War.

Keywords: Violent Conflicts, Conflict Resolution, The Problem- Solving Conference Model. JEL Codes: F50, F51, F53



28

FIRST ELECTIONS FOR THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AFTER ROMANIA'S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE HOMELAND OF THE BLACK GOLD- MOINEȘTI

Cotîrleț Paul Claudiu

1University “Vasile Alecsandri” of Bacău, Romania, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Oil is present in everyday human life and authoritatively dominates the economy and civilization, giving birth to a true age of oil. Also called the "black gold", oil was an important issue for the prosperity of peoples, a raw material strictly necessary for the most important branches of modern industry. The oldest mention about the oil existence and exploitation in Romania is conected with the locality of Lucăcești, today part of the municipality of Moinești. The 2007 European elections were expected to be the most important moment of the year from a political perspective. The conduct of this electoral election marked Romania's accession among the European family and, implicitly, the existence of a representation at the level of European institutions, the European Parliament (through the election formula) being the only European institution that enjoys a high degree of legitimacy. The intrinsic link between oil in Moinești and the first European elections is based on the influence of oilmen in the way that the citizens of Moinești expressed their political options. And, also for the campaign narratives used by the main political actors. The purpose of this thesis is to show how these European parliamentary elections took place in Moinești and what was the impact of the oilmen from Moinești regarding influencing the political option. In this context, I used the interview as a research method. Thus, a number of 7 interviews were conducted with the main local political leaders. Through this technique I aimed to underline the reconstruction of a political era characterized by a high level of emotion, enhanced by the reminiscence of personal memories that directly influenced the unfolding of events. The interaction with the personalities of that time, but also the structured interview plan contributed to the understanding, in detail, the problematic approach from a scientific perspective. At the same time, qualitative elements on the line of electoral deontology were emphased.

Keywords: Politics, European Parliament, Oil, Interviews, Influence.



29

URBAN AND RURAL VOTING TENDENCY: CASE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN 2014 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS

Mirsad Karić1, Sejma Aydin2

1International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected] 2International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to study 2014 Bosnian legislative election at the state level and to analyze the preference of the urban and rural voters with regards to the ideological foundation of the political parties that took part in the electoral process. Study provides the basic statistical information about the country’s population, its political and electoral system, number and classification of political parties into right and left political spectrum that participated in the election and the cumulative results for these two groups of political parties. Study has found that there is a quite significant difference (around 10 percent) between the rural and urban voters in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) in their support for the right-wing and the left-wing political parties. This difference is much more remarkable in the entity of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBH) than in the entity of the Republika Srpska (RS). The reason for such a big difference in terms of votes between the right and left political parties in two entities in BH lies in the fact that though it is quite easy to distinguish and classify political parties on the right and left political spectrum on the basis of their programs and available documents, it is not that easy in reality. This is especially true in the case of RS. In RS’s context, this classification is not applicable and relevant and does not correspond to the factual situation on the ground as it is not really clear which party or parties are on the left. More or less, all parties in RS have a strong nationalist views and political stand which makes them essentially right-wing parties.

Keywords: Urban and Rural Voting, Legislative Elections, Bosnia and Herzegovina.



30

PRESENT ISSUES IN LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SERVICES

Ognjen Riđić1, Tomislav Jukić 2, Jasmina Mangafić 3, Senad Bušatlić4, Goran Riđić5

1Assoc. Prof. Dr. International University Sarajevo (IUS), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), E-Mail: [email protected] ; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-1988. 2Assoc. Prof. Dr. University Josip Juraj Strossmayer, City of Osijek, Republic of Croatia (HR); [email protected] ; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4314-7806 3Assoc. Prof. Dr., Faculty of Economics, University of Sarajevo (UNSA), E-Mail: [email protected] ; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-3230 4Assoc. Prof. Dr., International University of Sarajevo (IUS), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), E-Mail: [email protected] ; ORCID ID: 5Assoc. Prof. Dr., University of Applied Management Studies for Economics (HDWM), City of Mannheim, Federal Republic of Germany, E-Mail: [email protected] ; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9043-8799

ABSTRACT More than two decades after the end of the largest post-World War 2 (WW2) conflict in Europe Bosnia and Herzegovina’s (BiH) local governments (largely municipalities and handful of cities) have largely been politically and to some extent economically stabilized. On the positive side the municipal level is an exceptionally promising platform to strengthen government responsiveness across a range of basic services that benefit both households and businesses because municipal governments enjoy strong political legitimacy among citizens. since the municipalities are the key providers of essential public services in BiH. On the other hand, there is pressing need to critically examine and try to improve contemporary issues with multitude of origins. Systemic weaknesses exemplified in corruption, lack of transparency, lack of digitalization, non-transparent financial reporting, inefficient overstaffing due to moral-political fit, nepotism, etc. This research represent a detailed literature review of secondary resources, such as government and private publications, peer-reviewed journal articles, independent auditor’s reports, etc. Our review found that wide array of service-delivery outcomes need to be improved by looking into factors influencing them in order to improve customers’/citizens’/taxpayers’ satisfaction. Keywords: Local Governments, Bih, Issues, Recommendations, Improvements.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-1988

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4314-7806



31

DÜNYA HAZIR GİYİM PİYASASINDA ULUSLARARASI REKABET GÜCÜ VE TİCARET DENGESİ ANALİZİ: ÇİN, BANGLADEŞ VE VİETNAM

Serdar Özözen1

1Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa, Türkiye, [email protected], [email protected]. ORCID ID:0000-0001-5089-6069

ÖZET Çalışmanın amacı, dünya hazır giyim sektörü ihracatında ilk 3 ülke arasına giren Çin, Bangladeş ve Vietnam’ın rekabet gücü ve ticaret dengesini incelemektir. Nihai olarak bu ülkelerin hazır giyim sektöründe ürün haritasını ortaya çıkarmak amaçlanmaktadır. Analiz 2004-2017 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Veriler Uncomtrade veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. Rekabet gücü ve ticaret dengesini ölçebilmek için SITC Rev.3 iki ve üç haneli alt ürün grupları bazında Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler Endeksi ve Açıklanmış Simetrik Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler Endeksi kullanılmıştır. Bu endeksler yardımıyla ürün haritasını oluşturmak için Widodo yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Hesaplanan endeks sonuçları, 2004-2017 döneminde Çin’in SITC Rev.3 üç haneli hazır giyim alt ürün gruplarının tamamında net ihracatçı ve rekabet gücü avantajına sahip bir ülke olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar ayrıca, Bangladeş ve Vietnam’ın SITC 846 alt ürün grubu dışında diğer üç haneli tüm hazır giyim alt sektör gruplarında net ihracatçı ve rekabet gücü avantajına sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Hazır Giyim Sektörü, Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler, Açıklanmış Simetrik Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler, Ticaret Dengesi, Ürün Haritası. JEL Kodları: F12, F13, F14.




32

ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AND TRADE BALANCE IN THE WORLD CLOTHING MARKET: CHINA, BANGLADESH AND VIETNAM

Serdar Özözen1

1Uludağ Üniversity Institute of Social Science, Bursa, Türkiye, [email protected], [email protected] ID:0000-0001-5089-6069

ABSTRACT This study aims to measure the competitiveness and trade balance of China, Bangladesh and Vietnam which are the top three clothing exporters in the world clothing market. Ultimately, it is intended to construct the product mapping in clothing sector of these countries. The analysis covers the period 2004-2017. The source of data is obtained from UNCOMTRADE database. The study employs Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index and Trade Balance Index to measure competitiveness and trade balance using the data on SITC Rev.3 2 and 3 digit sub-product groups. Widodo's method also has been utilized in order to construct the product mapping with these indices. The calculated index results show that China is net exporter country and has a competitive advantage in all three-digit clothing sub-product groups in SITC Rev.3 for the period between 2004 and 2017. Results further reveal that Bangladesh and Vietnam are net exporters countries and have competitive advantage in all other three-digit clothing sub-sector groups except for the SITC 846 sub-product group.

Keywords: Clothing Sector, Revealed Comparative Advantage, Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage, Trade Balance, Product Mapping. JEL Codes: F12, F13, F14.



33

İTHALAT/İHRACAT YAPAN ÜLKELER BAĞLAMINDA COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNİN DÜNYA ÇAPINDA TİCARETE ETKİLERİ

Sevgi Sezer1

1Doç.Dr., Balıkesir Üniversitesi Burhaniye Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu, Bankacılık ve Finans Bölümü, Örentepe Burhaniye / BALIKESİR, e-mail : [email protected], ORCID ID : 0000-0001-6958-3329

ÖZET Dış ticaret, çağdaş küreselleşme kavramının temel taşlarından birini oluşturması sebebiyle, sevk edilen mallar ve buna bağlı insan teması araçlarıyla yaygın ve bulaşıcı hastalıkların da sebeplerinde biri durumundadır. COVID-19 hastalığı ilk başlarda yerel bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte, çeşitli faktörler nedeniyle hızla dünyanın tüm bölgelerine yayılmış ve sonuç olarak Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından pandemi olarak ilan edilmiştir. Dünya ticareti de kötü bir şöhrete sahip olan bu pandemi tarafından mağdur duruma düşürülmüştür. Bu metin çalışması, COVID-19 pandemisinin dünya ticareti üzerindeki etkilerinin zaman içinde ne ölçüde değiştiğini açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, 2019-2020 yılları arasında çeşitli dünya ülkelerinden elde edilen aylık veriler incelenmiştir. İncelemenin bulguları, COVID-19 salgınının ithalat / ihracat yapan dünya ülkelerinden oluşan dünya çapındaki ticaret üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini belirlemektedir. Pek çok faktörün gerçek etkilerini değerlendirmek açısından henüz çok erken olmasına rağmen, bu çalışma, çeşitli hipotezlerin olasılıklarını analiz etmek yerine, ilgili alanda meydana geliyor gibi görünen tek bir olası eylem tarzını vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, makalenin takip eden bölümlerinde, COVID-19 pandemisinin dünya çapında ticarete yönelik hem kısa hem de uzun vadeli sonuçları tartışılmıştır. COVID-19’un patlak vermesi, dünya ekonomisinin talep/arz taraflarını etkileyerek dünya ticaretinde derin bir kesintiye yol açmıştır. Ayrıca; COVID-19’un özellikle ithalatçı ekonomilerin eğilimli olduğu bu etkileri, 2020 yılının üçüncü çeyreğinden bu yana oldukça önemsiz hale gelme eğilimindedir. Bu sonuç, hastalığın ilk dalgasını takiben COVID-19 pandemisinin dünya ticareti üzerindeki zararlı etkilerine bir dereceye kadar uyum sağlandığı anlamına gelmektedir. Dahası; endüstriler arası saptanan özdeş-olmayan etkiler bağlamında, temel nitelikte olmayan, dayanıklı ürünler üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerin uzun dönemler boyunca devam etmesine rağmen, tıbbi ürün sağlayan sektörlerde olumlu etkiler gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19, Dünya Ticareti, İhracat, İthalat. JEL Sınıflandırması: F1, F10, F14.



34

EFFECT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON WORLWIDE TRADE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF IMPORTING/EXPORTING COUNTRIES

Sevgi Sezer1

1Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevgi SEZER, Balıkesir University, Burhaniye School of Applied Sciences, Banking and Finance Department, Örentepe Burhaniye / BALIKESİR, e-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID : 0000-0001-6958-3329

ABSTRACT Since foreign trade constitutes one of the main cornerstones of contemporary globalization concept, it also accounts for the widespread and contagious diseases by the instruments of shipped commodities and affiliated human contact. The COVID-19 disease has been encountered as a local issue at first. Nonetheless, because of various factors, it has been swiftly disseminated to the entire regions of the globe and consequently declared by the WHO as a pandemic. World trade has also been victimized by the notorious pandemic. This manuscript explicates the extent to which the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on world trade varied in the course of time. To this end, the monthly data obtained from various world countries over the period between the years 2019–2020 are investigated. The findings of the examination determine adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the worldwide trade consisting of importing/exporting world countries. Although it is quite sooner to evaluate the actual effects of many factors, this manuscript intends to emphasize a single probable course of action which appears to be occurring in the related domain instead of analyzing the probabilities of various hypotheses. For this purpose, the next parts of the manuscript argue both the short- and long-term outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic toward worldwide trade. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to profound interruption toward worldwide trade, influencing the demand/supply sides of the world economy. Moreover; those impacts of COVID-19, to which particularly importing economies have been prone, tend to become quite inconspicuous since the third quarter of the year 2020. This outcome implies that the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on worldwide trade have been reconciled up to a certain extent following the preliminary wave of the disease. Furthermore; within the context of cross-industry non-identical impacts, affirmative impacts have been observed in sectors providing medicinal products, although adverse impacts on non-essential durable products persist over long periods.

Keywords: COVID-19, World trade, Export, Import. JEL Classification: F1, F10, F14.



35

BREZİLYA VE TÜRKİYE OTOMOTİV SANAYİ’NDE TARİHSEL GELİŞİM

Sıtkı Selim Dolanay1

1Dr. Öğretim Üyesi, İstanbul Ayvansaray Üniversitesi, İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Ekonomi, İstanbul, Türkiye, [email protected], 0000-0002-3971-2887,

ÖZET Brezilya ve Türkiye otomotiv sanayilerinin her birinin montaj sanayi olarak gelişmiş olduğunu ve bu çerçevede birbirine büyük benzerlikler gösterdiğini söylemek mümkündür. 1980’lerle birlikte dünya otomotiv sanayinin gelişim yönü doğrultusunda Türkiye, yabancı uluslararası firmaları ülkelerinde üretim yapmaları için, ülke yatırım ortamını cazip hale getirmeye çalışır olmuş. Brezilya ise 1950’lerden itibaren yabancı yatırımları ülkesine çekebilmek için devlet teşvik sistemini oluşturmuşken, 1990’larla birlikte bunun dozunu artırmaya çalışmıştır diyebiliriz. Her ne kadar Türkiye gibi Brezilya’da yerel otomobil üretmeyi düşünmüşse de Türkiye’den Brezilya’nın farkı ihracatı düşünmüş olması ve sadece Güney Amerika ile sınırlı kalmayıp Afrika ülkelerine de ihracat yapabilmiş olmasıdır. Brezilya’nın bir diğer farkı ise otomotiv sektörüne yönelik teşvik politikalarını uygulamış olması ve değişen koşullara göre teşvik unsurlarını yeniden düzenleyebilmiş olmasıdır. Türkiye ise yabancı yatırımları ülkesine çekme politikasından 2006 yılından itibaren dönme kararı almış, 2011 yılında ise yerli otomobil üretme kararı alınmıştır. 2019 yılı Aralık ayı itibariyle Türkiye’nin Otomobili Girişim Grubu tarafından yerli otomobilin prototipi üretilmiş ve seri üretim için çalışmalara başlanmıştır. Böylece elektrikli araç üretimine adaptasyon sorunu teknoloji geliştirme yolunda yeni bir safhaya geçilerek atlatılmak istenmiştir. Bu yaklaşımı Güney Kore otomotiv sanayi 1980’lerde kullanmış ve başarılı olmuş ve kısa zamanda teknoloji geliştirme yeteneği kazanılmıştır. Bu yöntemin Türkiye’deki uygulamasının başarısını görebilmek için ise yerli otomobil projesinin sonucunu beklemek gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Brezilya ise tutarlı, değişen koşullara uyum sağlayabilen teşvik politikalarıyla ve geçmişten gelen ihracatı düşünen yapısıyla dünya otomotiv sanayi üretiminde üst sıralarda yer alabilmişken, Türkiye ise daha gerilerde kalmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Otomotiv Sanayi, Geriden Gelen Sanayiler, Teknoloji Geliştirme Yeteneğinin Kazanılması, Patika Bağıılığı, Yerli Otomobil Jel Kodları: E63, Lb91, L98.



36

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN BRAZIL AND TURKISH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Sıtkı Selim Dolanay1

1Dr. Faculty Member, Istanbul Ayvansaray University, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Economics, İstanbul, Turkey, [email protected], , 0000-0002-3971-2887

ABSTRACT It is possible to say that the automotive industries of Brazil and Turkey have developed as assembly industries and show great similarities in this context. In the 1980s, in line with the development direction of the world's automotive industry, Turkey tried to make the country's investment environment attractive for foreign international companies to produce in their country. We can say that while Brazil created the state incentive system in order to attract foreign investments to its country since the 1950s, it tried to increase its dose with the 1990s. Although, like Turkey, Brazil has thought of producing local cars, the difference between Turkey and Brazil is that it has considered exporting and was able to export not only to South America, but also to African countries. Another difference of Brazil is that it has implemented incentive policies for the automotive sector and has been able to rearrange its incentive elements according to changing conditions. Turkey, on the other hand, has decided to return from the policy of attracting foreign investments to its country since 2006, and in 2011, it was decided to produce domestic automobiles. As of December 2019, a prototype of the domestic car was produced by Turkey's Automobile Initiative Group and work for mass production began. Thus, the problem of adaptation to electric vehicle production was tried to be overcome by moving to a new phase in the way of technology development. This approach was used by the South Korean automotive industry in the 1980s and it was successful and technology development capability was gained in a short time. In order to see the success of the application of this method in Turkey, it is thought that it is necessary to wait for the result of the domestic automobile project. Brazil, on the other hand, was able to rank high in world automotive industry production with its sectoral incentive policies that can adapt to changing conditions and its structure that considers exports from the past, while Turkey lagged behind.

Keywords: Automotive Industry, Lagging Industries, Gaining Technology Development Capability, Path Dependency, Domestic Automobile. Gel Codes: E63, LB91, L98.



37

TEKNOLOJİ TRANSFERİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ

Hamza Çeştepe1, İpek Çapcı2

1 Prof. Dr., Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi, Zonguldak, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0003-1541-5703 2 Yüksek Lisans Öğr., Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi, Zonguldak, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-6124-600X

ÖZET Küreselleşen dünyada teknolojik gelişmişlik düzeyi, ülkelerin ekonomik ve siyasi konumlarını belirlemede başlıca faktörlerden biridir. Günümüzde bazı ülkeler kendi teknolojilerini üretme ve ihraç etme konumuna erişmişken, bazıları ise ihtiyaç duydukları teknolojileri teknoloji üretiminde öncü ülkelerden transfer ederek sağlamaktadır. Büyümenin temel kaynaklarından biri olarak kabul edilen teknolojinin transferini belirleyen çeşitli faktörler bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, teknoloji transferi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki Türkiye ekonomisi özelinde ampirik olarak analiz edilmiştir. 1989: Q1-2019:Q3 dönemi verilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, teknoloji transferinin göstergesi olarak doğrudan yabancı yatırım (DYY)’lar, ekonomik büyümenin göstergesi olarak ise GSYİH değişkenleri dikkate alınmıştır. Ayrıca, dışa açıklık ve yüksek teknolojili mal ithalatı diğer içsel değişkenler olarak analize dahil edilmiştir. Değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki Johansen eşbütünleşme testiyle, nedensellik ilişkisi ise Hatemi-J asimetrik nedensellik testi ve Rossi (2005) tarafından önerilen zamana göre nedensellik testiyle araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, uzun dönemde değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Nedensellik testi sonuçları GSYİH’daki pozitif şoklardan DYY’lerdeki pozitif şoklara, GSYİH’daki negatif şoklardan DYY’lerdeki negatif şoklara ve DYY’lerdeki pozitif şoklardan GSYİH’daki pozitif şoklara nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Zamana göre nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre de, DYY’ler ve yüksek teknolojili mal ithalatıyla GSYİH arasında zamana göre değişen nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Teknoloji Transferi, Ekonomik Büyüme, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Türkiye, Asimetrik Nedensellik. JEL Kodları: F21, F43, 033.



38

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND ECONOMIC GROWTH NEXUS: A CAUSALITY ANALYSIS FOR TURKEY

Hamza Çeştepe1, İpek Çapcı2

1 Prof. Dr., Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0003-1541-5703 2 MSc Student, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-6124-600X

ABSTRACT In the globalizing world, the level of technological development is one of the main factors in determining the economic and political positions of countries. Today, while some countries have reached the position of producing and exporting their own technologies, others provide the technologies they need by transferring them from the leading countries in technology production. There are various factors that determine the transfer of technology, which is considered as one of the main sources of growth. In this study, the relationship between technology transfer and economic growth is empirically analyzed for the Turkish economy. In the study using the 1989:Q1-2019:Q3 period data, foreign direct investment (FDI) as an indicator of technology transfer and GDP variables as an indicator of economic growth were taken into account. In addition, openness and high-tech goods imports are included in the analysis as other endogenous variables. The long-term relationship between the variables is investigated with the Johansen cointegration test, and the causality relationship is investigated with the Hatemi-J asymmetric causality test and time-based causality test proposed by Rossi (2005). According to the results of the analysis, it is determined that there is a cointegration relationship between the variables in the long run. The causality test results reveal the existence of a causal relationship from positive shocks in GDP to positive shocks in FDI, from negative shocks in GDP to negative shocks in FDI, and from positive shocks in FDI to positive shocks in GDP. According to the results of the time-based causality test, a time-varying causality relationship is determined between FDI, high-tech goods imports and GDP. Keywords: Technology Transfer, Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Turkey, Asymmetric Causality. JEL Codes: F21, F43, 033.



39

BUILDING PLATFORMS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA – THE CASE OF AGRI-TECH PLATFORMS IN GHANA IN CONNECTION WITH INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Seeba Salifu1

1University of Science and Technology, Poland, Bydgoszcz, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Despite their growing relevance for local economies, Sub-Saharan African platforms have not extensively been studied yet. Agri-tech platforms increasingly dominate the nascent and unregulated platform landscape and address problems of one of the most important local industries. By adapting a legitimacy perspective, this paper comprises an analysis of how five Sub-Saharan African agri-tech platforms attempt to overcome the liability of newness and establish themselves in the market. This results in the identification of nine interdependent legitimation practices that build upon the combination of a variety of legitimation tools. Placing the stakeholders at the core of their activities, the platforms aim at achieving conformity with the environments as well as altering it to positively influence the legitimation judgements of their audiences.

Keywords: Legitimacy, Liability of Newness, Stakeholder-Centered View. JEL Classfications: O1, I30, O19, O10.



40

BIG DATA ANALYTICS MANAGEMENT: THE WAY FORWARD TO DRIVE ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE DYNAMICALLY IN MALAYSIA

Maklen Bin Ali

1 Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak, Malaysia, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Valuable and beneficial information are crucial to formulate business strategies to gain sustained competitive advantage and to ensure business sustainability in any chaotic business environments. Furthermore, the recent pandemic, COVID19, that put almost every business to a stop had caused big damages to the economy and the people at large. At the same time, the speed and efficiency of the internet connectivity, created global market places where this marked the big spectrum of the open markets. Now, customers can be from anywhere on the globe. Moreover, the needs and requirements these customers’ behaviours and lifestyles change rapidly over time. Furthermore, these valuable and beneficial information need to be captured effectively and efficiently which are diverse and high speed in nature. However, there are companies that are doing well and improve their profitability along the way during this pandemic COVID 19. The companies made profit as if special immune system is acquired and implemented. More specifically, the companies are just going to basic of business fundamental, by understanding thoroughly what customers’ needs and wants. Big data analytic is a technology and system that gather and use real time information to understand the customers’ needs and wants. Nowadays, big data streams come in many different formats and the flows of the data are in big volumes and many varieties. Moreover, a dedicated department or a group of competent personnel will explore and exploit the big data insights and prescribe business priorities for strategic decision making and directions. Decision making based on the big data concept empirically improves organizational performance. Therefore, the adoption, competency and wisdom on the use of big data analytic amicably is the business game changer and thus, improve organizational performance. The study will investigate to what extent the big data analytics drive organizational performance along with other dynamic capabilities that mediate the big data analytics and organizational performance. Keywords: Big Data, Big Data Management, Real Time Information, Business Game Changer, Organizational Performance.



41

EMPLOYABILITY AND THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL: AN OVERVIEW ON SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

Geraldo Márcio de Assis Silva1, Rodrigo Frankilin Frogeri2, Luiz Carlos Vieira Guedes3

1Centro Universitário do Sul de Minas UNIS-MG, Avenue Alzira Barra Gazzola, 650, Varginha, Brazil, [email protected]. 2Centro Universitário do Sul de Minas UNIS-MG, Avenue Alzira Barra Gazzola, 650, Varginha, Brazil, [email protected] 3Centro Universitário do Sul de Minas UNIS-MG, Avenue Alzira Barra Gazzola, 650, Varginha, Brazil, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Information Technology (IT) and computing are growing areas where there are more job opportunities than candidates. IT professionals are undergoing rapid changes, both in the technologies they use and the business environment in which they work. The change is so fast that even the industry has found it difficult to catch up. Due to this dynamic environment, Information Technology academics have struggled to deal with change and meet the demands of the IT industry. In this study, we will present and discuss about scientific publications on the theme’s "employability" and "Information Technology professional." Methodologically, the study was characterized as a Systematic Literature Review (RSL) carried out through a quantitative approach, inductive logic and interpretive epistemology. We applied Bibliometric Analysis and Lexical Analysis techniques to a total of 51 scientific studies. The results of the study showed a considerable increase in scientific publications involving the themes "employability" and "Information Technology professional" in the last three years. Using the Iramuteq software, we identified a total of five-word classes that were subdivided into two central groups. The analyses suggest a higher concentration of studies associated with the requirements for employability of IT professionals and the development of skills by future professionals while they are still students. Furthermore, by means of the Similarity Analysis, we infer that the specialized literature suggests a gap between the skills developed by students in the IT field at universities and the skills required in organizations, influencing the employability of recent graduates and, consequently, the high demand in the market for specialized professionals. Keywords: IT Careers. Employability. Curriculum. Skills. Information Technology Student. JEL Classfications: E2: Employment. D83: Search, Learning, Information and Knowledge, Communication, Belief, Unawareness. L86: Information and Internet Services, Computer Software.






42

BANK TRUST AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN UZBEKISTAN

Jamshid Gulomov1, Berna Serener2

1European University of Lefke, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Lefke, Northern Cyprus TR-10 Mersin, TURKEY. [email protected]. 2European University of Lefke, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Banking and Finance, Lefke, Northern Cyprus TR-10 Mersin, TURKEY. [email protected].

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors affecting bank trust among the young generation in Uzbekistan. 216 questionnaires filled by students at a university in Uzbekistan were evaluated. The average bank trust was 4.08 out of 5, indicating that students often trust their banks in Uzbekistan. The most important factor affecting bank trust is customer transparency, followed by value congruence and financial literacy. The percentage of cumulative variance explained by these three factors is 78.26%. Transparency, value congruence and financial literacy variables are regressed against bank trust. The results show that the relationships between transparency and bank trust and value congruence and bank trust are positive and significant. The relationship between financial literacy and bank trust, on the other hand, is negative. Furthermore, increasing bank trust leads to an increase in bank loyalty among university students in Uzbekistan.

Keywords: Trust, Uzbekistan, Transparency, Congruence, Literacy. JEL Classfications: G21, G40, G41.



43

WHO IS TO BLAME FOR THE DOWNFALL OF ZIMBABWE? IMPERIALISM OR MISMANAGEMENT

Anotidashe Machiya1

European University of Lefke, TRNC Mersin 10, Turkey

ABSTRACT For decades the case of Zimbabwe has been debated upon, just note in the context of political theories. This particular study seeks to understand what imperialism is and the effects that it had on the indigenous people of Africa. The case of zimabbwe is a special case to an extent that upto now Britain still discusses it in the House of Commons. Thoughts or recolonizing the fallen nation have resurfaced as evidenced by utterences by Lord Palmer when he question that, “…have you considere the idea of recolonizing Zimbabwe...”1 There is a lot of burning questions as to the effects of Imperialism against the mismanagement of resosurse that took place hence its crucial enough to partake this study. The political theory of imperialism has been around in the world since the 15th century but surfaced differently in the 19th and 20th century2. There is need to understand what the political theory of imperialism is and how it came to be. Then understand the ventures of the Europeans into Africa. The reasons for colonization vary from expansion of states, search for markets and increase in political muscle globally. After an understanding of the very reasons for the imperialistic adventure, there is need to look into the effects that colonisation had on the local people. There was massive unequal land distribution marked by land grabes, introduction of a class system, cultural erosion was at the pick as the British wanted to promote a British ideology and on top of all these alien things there was introduction of a political system totally new which the educated African had to adopt though not understanding. This surfaces the blame for the failure of the county. İn as much as this is a push and blame scenario, the educated african is to blame for continuing with the social imbalances, uneven distribution of wealth and toleration of corruption. There is to be a scrutiny on the ‘what caused the dowwnfall from the european contribution to the african contribution. The data used in this research is mainly secondary data, there was the usage of books, articles and other periodicals released. Meta-analysis was used as a means of analysing the collection of study which was large. The qualitative method is used an exceptional way to gather data and also perform analysis. The resources used for the research are mainly secondary data including scholarly journal articles, government reports, books and websites. These resources used give an inside of the colonisation period on Zimbabwe and some post-colonial scenarios have been witnessed first-hand. In order to answer the research questions an analytical and descriptive route was pursued. Content analysis was used to analyse data which was gathered from different sources. The possible results will show in actual facts what went wrong and how the hand over take over was handle to the Zimbabwens. A look into the way of governency in the decade after independency shall be looked into as the decade is the era in which the country crashed to shambles. There will be possible recommendations for the situation at hand and lessons learnt from the downfall of Zimbabwe once a bread busket of Africa. Keywords: Political Theory, Imperialism, Colonisation.

1 Povo News, 2019. UK should recolonise Zimbabwe – Lord Palmer. [sound recording] 2 Gallagher, J. & Robinson, R., 1961. African and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism. London: s.n.



44

EFFECT OF UNDESIRABLE OUTPUTS ON PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES

Mehmet Şentürk1, Onur Akkaya2 1Professor, Kilis 7 Aralık University, Department of International Trade and Logistic, e-mail: [email protected] 2Asist. Prof., Kilis 7 Aralık University, Department of International Trade and Logistic, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study covers 25 industrialized countries that were selected in the period 2011-2016. A study by Seiford and Zhu (2002) using “data enveloping analysis” uses it to calculate and analyze efficiency based on fossil-fuel carbon dioxide ( ) emissions of the 25 countries in question. The input variables in the analysis are

population and government investment. Output variables are gross domestic product and the amount of fossil fuel ( ) emissions in the period from 2011 to 2016. The unintended output in the analysis is fossil fuel ( )

emission. The result shows that most of their chosen countries had the best productivity rankings from 2011 to 2016. There seems to be no big difference in the number of top productivity countries. But the ranking variance of the selected countries is clearly varied. Keywords: ( ) Emissions, DEA, Productivity, Efficiency, Undesirable Outputs

JEL Classfications: C67, D24, Q56



45

MACROECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF CHILDCARE ON EARNINGS AND CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY

Remzi Kaygusuz Sabancı Üniversitesi, Orta Mh. Üniversite Cd. Tuzla İstanbul, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-0424-3363

ABSTRACT

In this paper, I investigate quantitatively the role of childcare costs on earnings and consumption inequality over the life cycle. I develop a general equilibrium macroeconomics model where households are heterogeneous with respect to their skills, marital status, and number of children. Agents are subject to permanent and persistent idiosyncratic productivity shocks. Households make saving and labor supply decisions. Labor supply decision for married females includes a participation decision in addition to number of hours of work. Female human capital is endogenously determined with the participation decision. The benchmark economy is calibrated to the US economy. The model economy is consistent with observations on wage inequality, earnings inequality over the life cycle for households with different marital status. It is also consistent with aggregate consumption inequality over the life cycle. In order to investigate the role of childcare costs on earnings and consumption inequality, I counterfactually set the childcare costs to zero. Elimination of the childcare costs increases female labor force participation by 13.8%. Moreover, at age 40, variance of log of earnings for married females increases from 0.449 to 0.507. Similarly, at the same age variance of log household consumption increases from 0.32 to 0.33.

Keywords: Childcare, Income Risk, Female Labor Force Participation, Inequality. JEL Classfications: E00, E60.




46

THE IMPACT OF THE INTEREST RATE ON INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION DURING THE 2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Nezir Köse1, Emre Ünal2

1Department of Economics, Beykent University, İstanbul, Turkey, [email protected] 2Department of Economics, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The impact of the real interest rate on industrial production growth in developed and developing countries was analyzed during the 2008 financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic. Panel data analysis was implemented for the monthly period between January 2002 and December 2020. The impact of the real interest rate on industrial production growth was negative for both developed and developing countries in all periods. Moreover, during the 2008 financial crisis, the relationship between the real interest rate and industrial production growth was negative for both developed and developing countries. However, the effect of the real interest rate was stronger in developed countries. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the impact of the real interest rate on industrial production growth has been much stronger than that of the 2008 financial crisis. Its effect has also been more significant in developed countries. The result indicates that during the crisis and the pandemic, a decrease in the real interest rate plays an important role in stimulating industrial production. Pulling the real interest rate down can be an effective tool for promoting growth and can lessen negative consequences in economic activities during the Covid-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, as the inflation rate is very low in developed countries, the risk of depreciation in the exchange rate in developing countries can be limited following expansionary monetary policy. Hence, other alternatives such as government intervention into economic activities by fiscal policy increase in importance beside monetary policy.

Keywords: 2008 Financial Crisis, Covid-19 Pandemic, Industrial Production, Interest Rate, Panel Data Analysis. JEL Classfications: C5, E4, G01.





47

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE 2010 EARTHQUAKE IN HAÏTI

Iverson-Love Joseph1

1 CREM (UMR CNRS 6211), University of Caen Normandy, France, Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT On January 12, 2010, following the earthquake of magnitude 7.0 Mw that devastated the country and caused extensive damage, United States Geological Survey, (USGS, 2010), approximately 1.3 million (13.27% of the 2009 population) people lived in temporary shelters in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince and more than 500,000 (5.10%) people migrated to less affected areas, GOH (2010). Bengtsson et al. (2011); Port-au-Prince, the capital city (close to the epicenter), has been hit hard and Haïti experienced significant destruction of its basic infrastructure, etc., DesRoches et al. (2011). Cavallo et al. (2010) estimated these damages between 8.1 billion (123.01% of the 2009 GDP) and 13.9 billion US dollars (211.09%) for 250,000 deaths (2.54% of the total 2009 population) and more than 300,000 injuries were recorded (3.09%), GOH (2010). Given this observation, the question arises as to the impact of the 2010 earthquake in Haïti on several dimensions and the recovery dynamic that followed. The objective of this article is to study its impact on economic growth and recovery by using nighttime light as a proxy for economic activity. To achieve this, we opted for a fixed-effects difference-in-difference model and impulse response functions using earthquake intensity as the main exogenous variable to assess its causal effect. Creating a disaggregated panel database at the department level, we combined data on regional variations in nighttime light intensities with an indicator for earthquake damage. We found that the earthquake was associated with a decrease in nighttime light growth in heavily affected areas, relative to neighboring regions. We estimate that among areas affected by an average intensity of at least seven, the elasticity of nighttime light growth is -1.155. The impulse response functions show the persistence of the negative effects of the earthquake over time. In addition, the magnitude of the growth rate decline of economic activities ranges from about 4 to 14% over the ten-year forecast period for average intensity thresholds greater than or equal to 7. Our results indicate that the earthquake caused a significant decline of economic growth in the country in both the short and long term. Keywords: Nighttime Lights, Earthquake Intensity, Economic Growth, Difference-In-Difference Model, Impulse Response Functions. JEL Classifications: JEL C33 R11 O18.



48

THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISING MESSAGES ON CHILDREN THROUGH AGE, BRANDED PRODUCTS AND TRUST IN THE WORLD OF ADVERTISING

Nevenka Popović Šević1, Milena Ilić2, Aleksandar Šević3 1 University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Serbia, [email protected] 2 University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Serbia, [email protected] 3Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Ireland, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The complexity of advertising towards children confirms the importance of marketing communication, as they are a current and future market for companies that offer a range of their products and services. In this manuscript, we study the influence of advertising messages from traditional media on different children's age groups, through the prism of the observed branded products and the examined credibility of the advertisements, seen through the children's eyes. In total, 481 pupils from two primary schools - one from Belgrade and one from central Serbia, aged 9 - 12, participated in the research. We find that children over the age of ten are cognitively able to recognise the persuasive influence that the media can have on them. Also, the findings indicate that the number of children who like to follow advertisements decreases with age. Comparing the world in the advertising message and the one in real life can lead a child to overall dissatisfaction. An optimistic 75% of the answers favour the fact that children do not believe everything shown in the advertisement forwarded to them. Keywords: Advertising, Branding, Children, Media.



49

THE ROLE OF DIY ON CIRCULAR SHOPPING ECONOMY

Junfeng Shi1, Eva Erdelyi2 1Budapest Business School, Alkotmány utca 9-11, 1054 Budapest, Hungary, [email protected] 2Budapest Business School, Alkotmány utca 9-11, 1054 Budapest, Hungary, [email protected]

ABSTRACT With the improvement of people’s living standards, people intend to purchase products to keep pace with fashion while several ‘Do It Yourself’ (DIY) videos that teach people how to redesign the product emerged in social media. Therefore, the purpose of this research is: 1) To examine the hypothesis that DIY has a positive influence on customers’ purchasing behavior for second-hand fashion products and 6 Rs process (Rethink, Refuse, Reuse, Remake, Reduce and Recycle). 2) To maximize the product values through DIY. 3) To provide directions for sellers to conduct product development. The literature review gives an overview of second-hand fashion market, DIY market and their Unit Selling Prices; a case analysis of Mercari for proving the growing significance of the second-hand market and introducing new values on fashion products. An introduction of circular shopping economy with 6 Rs explained for generating a better understanding. Kotler's five product levels will be concluded while correlating with the stage of customer decision-making process. In terms of primary research, inductive coding leads the research process. By setting the hypothesis, a qualitative research – semi-structure interview was used to identify the push and pull factors of shopping behaviors, and the way of dealing with the idle products, and interviewees’ opinion and concerns towards DIY. Besides, the initial coding is based on the results collected in the research and turned into focused coding, such as demographic profile, preferred product level, motivation, lifestyle, willingness, creativity etc. The coding reflects a typical target customer profile and helps us cultivating a deeper understanding in which we would discover the directions for the sellers to develop. DIY might be a new riptide that rolls second-hand market into a new land. The product with DIY possibility is not only fulfilling customers’ curiosity and expectation, but also devoted to creating a trend that helps to form up a social behavior. This trend rings the bell to the existing and potential second-hand dealers to provide a related DIY manual, and demonstrate it in the selling process to catch people’s attention. It is a way of promoting product recycling efficiency and contributes to circular economy and sustainable development.

Keywords: Circular Economy, DIY, Reuse, Responsible Consumption, Second-Hand Fashion Market. JEL Classifications: D16, Q01, Q02.



50

OPTIMIZATION OF THE PROMOTION OF KFW EFFICIENCY HOUSES IN GERMANY BY OPTIMIZING THE BUILDING CUBATURE

Ferdinand Ziegler1

1Mendel University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT In order to receive subsidies for efficient houses in Germany from the KfW Bank or BAFA (www.kfw.de, www.bafa.de), the requirements for thermal insulation and the efficiency of the building technology must be met. The subsidies therefore relate to the envelope area of the building and the number of residential units. This paper presents a relationship between the housing unit and the associated envelope area in order to obtain the optimum subsidy. At the same time, it shows that this is not always the optimal building cubature in terms of energy.

Keywords: Geometric Optimazion, Investment, Kfw-Efficiency Houses. JEL Classification: O33.



51

TOURISM PLANNING: A STRATEGIC BUSINESS CONCEPT IN BUDAPEST

Junfeng Shi1, Eva Erdelyi2 1Budapest Business School, Alkotmány utca 9-11, 1054 Budapest, Hungary, [email protected] 2Budapest Business School, Alkotmány utca 9-11, 1054 Budapest, Hungary, [email protected]

ABSTRACT When people mention Vienna, the music comes into their ears; when people say Amsterdam, the red-light district and tulip appear in their eyes; when people think of Paris, a sense of romance suddenly spread in the heart. Those destinations are clear-positioned and well planned. However, when mentioning Budapest, it is blurred in their thinking. Budapest is located in the middle of Europe with rich resources such as history, scenery, and culture; it is a city full of potentiality. Therefore, the purpose of this research is: 1) To identify the Unit Selling Price (USP) of Budapest. 2) To make a strategic tourism planning for Budapest by integrating the available destination resources and considering the circular economy and sustainability. 3) To evaluate the feasibility of tourism planning. The literature review gives an overview of Budapest resources, current issues, and challenges. An optimal scheme is suggested, a story-based project that serves as a platform to combine local tourism stakeholders. Tourism routes are planned based on the stories, we create and continuously add new stories into the story-collections. The type of story determines the target audience. A feasibility analysis is conducted and a market potential analysis to evaluate the local tourism potentiality. A VRIO analysis is carried out to conclude the competitive advantages, and a tow analysis led by the SWOT analysis to determine what strengthen or improvement measures to take, then a Poter’s value chain analysis for introducing our project and detecting the feasibility. A story with route is given as an example for deeper understanding. Financial planning and risk management are critical steps in the process of feasibility, a list of predictable potential risks and risk mitigation measures will be introduced. A foresight strategic tourism planning generates a profound influence in destination development and future potentials. This project planning involves local stakeholders into the process and can be sustained by adding new stories with routes regularly, which integrates the local resources and promotes a circular economy. The promotion of this project might change the positioning of Budapest in tourists’ minds; sustainable planning and development would play a significant role in attracting worldwide investment and upgrade the local infrastructure.

Keywords: Budapest, City Branding, Destination Development, Feasibility Sudy, Tourism Planning. JEL Classfications: O21, O22, Z32.



52

COVİD-19 PANDEMİSİNİN TÜRKİYE’DE KAMU İDARELERİ STRATEJİK PLANLARINA ETKİSİ

Mehmet Koçdemir1

1Dr., Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı, Kazakistan Caddesi No:112 Emek, Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-5046-4730

ÖZET Kamu mali yönetimi açısından bütçeler, kamu idarelerince bir yıl içerisinde gerçekleştirecek harcamaların kapsamını ve bunların kaynaklarını gösteren politika belgeleridir. Kamusal kaynaklar sınırlı ve ihtiyaçlar sınırsız olduğundan, halka ait kaynakların belli önceliklere göre tahsis edilmesi gerekir. Önceliklerlerin belirlenmesi ise bir planlamayı gerektirir. Bu bağlamda, stratejik planlar, sınırlı kaynakların kullanılacağı orta ve uzun vadeli amaç ve hedefleri belirler ve bu amaç ve hedeflere uyumlu şekilde yıllık bütçelerin hazırlanmasına kılavuzluk eder. Türkiye’de de stratejik planlar, bütçelerin hazırlanmasına yön veren orta ve uzun vadeli politika amaç ve hedefleri gösterirler ve ihtiyaca göre güncellenirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dünyayı birçok yönden etkileyen Covid-19 salgınının, Türkiye'de ilk görüldüğü Mart 2020 sonrasında, kamu idarelerinin stratejik planları üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Covid-19’un etkisi, kamu idareleri stratejik planlarında Mart 2020 tarihinden sonra güncelleme yapılıp yapılmamasına göre belirlenmiştir. Güncelleme, kurumsal misyon, vizyon ve amaçlar değiştirilmeden, hedeflerde yapılan değişiklikleri içerir. Çalışma, Türkiye'de mali yönetim sistemi bağlamında, genel devlet sektöründe yer alan 610 idare stratejik planı üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklem, Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı’nın internet sayfasında yayınlanan ve genel yönetim kapsamındaki kamu idarelerinin stratejik planlarını içermektedir. Veriler, stratejik planların taranması ve ilgili Başkanlık’la yapılan elektronik haberleşme sonucu elde edilmiştir. İdarelerin 78’I merkezi yönetim, 117’si üniversite (merkezi yönetim), 2’si sosyal güvenlik kurumu ve 413’ü mahalli idarelidir. İncelenen planlar arasında 2020 ve 2021 yıllarında, 5 merkezi yönetim kapsamındaki idare ile 9 üniversitenin (merkezi yönetim) stratejik planlarında güncelleme yaptığı anlaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlara göre, güncelleme oranı, merkezi yönetim kapsamındaki idareler için %6,4 ve üniversiteler için %7,7 dolayındadır. Sosyal güvenlik kurumları ve mahali idareli kurumların bu dönemde herhangi bir güncelleme yapmadığı görülmüştür. İncelenen 610 kamu idaresinin sadece %2,3’ü bu dönemde stratejik planlarında güncelleme yapmıştır. Bir başka ifade ile incelenen kamu idalerinin %97,7’si, Covid-19 pandemisi sonrasında stratejik planlarını güncelleme ihtiyacı duymamıştır. Stratejik planlarında değişiklik yapan 14 kamu idaresinin planları detaylı incelendiğinde ise sadece 2 idarenin, stratejik planlarında güncelleme gerekçesi olarak, Covid-19 pandemisi ile ilgili açıklama ve risklerlerden söz ettiği gözlemlenmiştir. Kamu idareleri, planlarında yeterli gerekçe sunmamaktadır. Bu durum, çalışmanın sınırlılığını oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle, çalışmada, güncelleme yapılması ölçüt olarak belirlenmiştir. Özetle, sonuçlar, Covid-19 pandemisinin, Türkiye’de kamu idarelerinin düşük bir oranının (%2,3) stratejik planları üzerinde güncelleme ihtiyacı meydana getirdiğini göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bütçe, Planlama, Stratejik Plan, Covid-19. JEL Kodları: H61, H68, O21.




53

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE STRATEGIC PLANS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS IN TURKEY

Mehmet Koçdemir1

1Dr., Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı, Kazakistan Caddesi No:112 Emek, Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-5046-4730

ABSTRACT In terms of public financial management, budgets are policy documents that show the scope of expenditures to be realized by public administrations within a year and their sources. Since public resources are limited and needs are unlimited, public resources must be allocated according to certain priorities. Setting priorities requires planning. In this context, strategic plans determine medium and long-term goals and objectives to use limited resources and guide the preparation of annual budgets in line with these goals and objectives. Strategic plans in Turkey also indicate medium and long-term policy goals and objectives that guide the preparation of budgets and are updated according to the need. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, affecting the world in many ways, on the strategic plans of public administrations after March 2020, when it was first seen in Turkey. The impact of Covid-19 was determined according to whether or not an update was made in the strategic plans of public administrations after March 2020. Updating includes the changes made in the objectives without changing the corporate mission, vision and goals. The study was carried out on 610 public administration strategic plans within the general government sector in the context of the financial management system in Turkey. The sample includes the strategic plans of all public administrations within the scope of general government, published on the website of the Presidency of Strategy and Budget. The data were obtained by examining of strategic plans and electronic communication with the relevant Presidency. 610 public administrations include 80 general budget, 117 special budget and 413 local administrations. Among the plans examined, it was understood that in 2020 and 2021, 5 general budget and 9 special budget public administrations updated their strategic plans. According to the results, the update rate is around 6.3% for general budget administrations and 7.7% for special budget administrations. It has been observed that local administrations did not make any updates during this period. Only 2.3% of the 610 public administrations examined made an update in their strategic plans during this period. In other words, 97.7% of the public administrations examined did not need to update their strategic plans after the Covid-19 pandemic. When the plans of the 14 public administrations that made changes in their strategic plans are examined in detail, it is observed that only 2 administrations mentioned the explanations and risks related to the Covid-19 pandemic as a justification for updating their strategic plans. Public administrations do not provide sufficient justification in their plans. This situation was the limitation of the study. For this reason, updating was determined as a criterion in this study. In summary, the results have shown that the Covid-19 pandemic caused to update a low percentage (2.3%) of public administrations' strategic plans in Turkey. Keywords: Budget, Planning, Strategic Plan, Covid-19. JEL Codes: H61, H68, O21.




54

TÜRKİYE’DE İL BAZLI ETKİNLİĞİN STOKASTİK SINIR YAKLAŞIMI ANALİZİ

Onur Akkaya1, Özcan Özkan2 1 Dr. Öğr.Üyesi, Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi, Kilis, Türkiye, [email protected], 000-0003-2694-9073 2 Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi, Kilis, Türkiye, [email protected], 0000-0002-8170-0556

ÖZET Çalışmanın ana amacı 2004-2014 dönemi için Türkiye İstatistik Kurumundan elde edilecek veriler ışığında; Türkiye’nin il bazlı oluşturulan denklem ile pür etkinlik (“pure” efficiency) değerlerini bulmaktadır. Analiz yöntemi olarak Stokastik Sınır Yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Böylece bahsedilen dönem içinde hangi illerin etkin olduğu, sonucuna ulaşılabilecektir. Bu durum mevcut uygulamada olan ve ileride uygulanacak kalkınma planlarında, bölge veya il bazında verilecek teşvik paketlerinin belirlemesinde ve verilmiş yahut verilmekte olan teşvik, vergi muafiyeti veya negatif vergi gibi uygulamaların ele alınan dönem içindeki etkinlik durumunu tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye Ekonomisi, Stokastik Sınır Yaklaşımı, Etkinlik. JEL Kodları: L31, C33, H50.



55

SUBSIDY AND EFFICIENCY IN TURKEY: A STOCHASTIC FRONTIER TEST

Onur Akkaya1, Özcan Özkan2 1Ass.Prof., Kilis 7 Aralık University, Kilis, Türkiye, [email protected], 000-0003-2694-9073 2Ass.Prof., Kilis 7 Aralık University, Kilis, Türkiye, [email protected], 0000-0002-8170-0556

ABSTRACT This project examines whether cities that pursue outward orientation policies and that are increasingly subsidy with the rest of the regional have seen an increase in economic performance. Increasing subsidy and interconnection among cities generates spatial and temporal dependence which will affect the production process of each city. We extend existing methodological tools-robust stochastic frontier to estimate the regional frontier 81 cities over 2004-2014 and obtain more reliable measure of productivity and efficiency to better investigate the driven forces behind the catching-up productivity process among cities. We explore the channels under which Subsidy (SU) and time affect the production process.

Keywords: Turkish Economy, Stochastic Frontier Test, Efficiency. JEL Codes: L31, C33, H50.



56

TÜRKİYE’DE PARA POLİTİKASI ŞOKLARI VE BANKA KREDİLERİ: BÜYÜKLÜK, LİKİDİTE, RİSK VE SERMAYE DÜZEYİNİN ETKİLERİ

Önder Özgür Dr. Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü, Esenboğa Külliyesi, Ankara, Türkiye, oozgur@ ybu.edu.tr, orcid.org/0000-0001-5221-4842

ÖZET Para politikasında meydana gelen değişiklikler fiyatlar genel seviyesini ve ekonomik aktiviteyi parasal aktarım mekanizmaları aracılığıyla etkilemektedir. Parasal aktarım mekanizmalarından banka kredi kanalı ise para politikası değişikliklerinin banka kredilerinin seviyesini etkilemek suretiyle enflasyon ve ekonomik büyümeyi etkilediği süreci ifade etmektedir. Literatürde banka kredi kanalının etkinliğine yönelik pek çok ampirik çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmalardan bir kısmı banka kredi kanalını ekonomide verilen toplam kredi ve çeşitli makroekonomik değişkenler üzerinden analiz ederken bir kısım çalışmalarda banka bazlı veya kredi bazlı veriler kullanılmıştır. Banka bazlı verilerin kullanıldığı çalışmalar temel olarak çeşitli banka karakteristiklerinin para politikası şoklarının kredi arzına aktarımını nasıl etkilediği üzerinde durmaktadır. Şöyle ki, para politikası şoklarının bankaların kredi arzı üzerindeki etkisinin büyüklük, likidite, sermaye yapısı ve risklilik gibi faktörlerden etkilenebileceği düşünülmektedir. Banka kredi kanalının işlerliği açısından daraltıcı para politikası şoklarının kredi arzı üzerindeki azaltıcı etkisinin küçük, likit kaynak varlığı az olan ve sermaye yeterlik oranı daha düşük ve riskli varlıkları yüksek olan bankalarda daha fazla olması beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye bankacılık sektöründe yer alan mevduat bankalarının bilanço verileri ve çeşitli makroekonomik değişkenler kullanılmıştır. Böylelikle Türkiye’de mevduat bankalarının para politikası şoklarına karşı kredi arzlarında meydana gelen değişimlerinin çeşitli banka karakteristikleri bakımından anlamlı asimetrik tepkiler ortaya koyup koymadığı incelenmiştir. Çalışmada çeyreklik veriler kullanılmış olup 2003Ç1-2019Ç2 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada Faktörlerle Genişletilmiş VAR (FAVAR) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, yapısal kırılmaların da analize dahil edilmesi açısından oluşturulan FAVAR modeline Fourier terimleri dışsal olarak dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmadan ilk elde edilen sonuçlar analiz edilen dönemde Türkiye’de banka kredi kanalının etkin olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Şöyle ki, daraltıcı para politikası şokuna karşılık tüm mevduat bankaları kredi arzlarını kısmış ve ekonomik aktivite daralmıştır. Ancak, banka karakteristikleri göz önüne alındığında para politikası şoklarının bankalar arasında asimetrik etkiler gösterdiğine yönelik anlamlı kanıtlar elde edilememiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Parasal Aktarım Mekanizması, Banka Kredi Kanalı, Banka Karakteristikleri, FAVAR, Likidite, Sermaye. JEL Kodları: E44, E52, E58, G21.



57

MONETARY POLICY SHOCKS AND BANK LENDING IN TURKEY: THE IMPACT OF SIZE, LIQUIDITY, RISK AND CAPITAL LEVEL

Önder Özgür Dr. Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Political Sciences, Department of Economics, Esenboğa Campus, Ankara, Türkiye, oozgur@ ybu.edu.tr, orcid.org/0000-0001-5221-4842

ABSTRACT Monetary policy changes can affect price level and economic activity through monetary transmission mechanisms. One of the monetary transmission channels, the bank lending channel, expresses how monetary policy changes affect inflation and economic growth through influencing the level of bank loans. Several studies examine the effectiveness of bank lending channel. Some of these studies employ aggregated total loan data and numerous macroeconomic indicators to examine the bank lending channel, while others use bank-based or credit-based data. The majority of studies that use bank-based data focus at how bank characteristics affect the transmission of monetary policy shocks to the loan supply. It is assumed that the impact of monetary policy on loan supply varies by bank size, liquidity, capital structure, and risk. One may expect the impact of monetary tightening on bank loan supply to be disproportionately felt in smaller banks with fewer liquid assets, higher risk, and lower capital adequacy ratios. The study concentrates on the Turkish banking industry and employs deposit bank balance sheet variables. In this context, we investigate whether monetary policy shocks result in large asymmetric responses in bank loan supply across a range of bank characteristics. The current study uses quarterly data over 200Q1-2019Q2 and handles Factor Augmented VAR (FAVAR) methodology. Furthermore, the study incorporates Fourier terms to control for the potential structural breaks in the analysis. Empirical findings of the study indicate that the bank lending channel is effective in the Turkish economy. The study finds that all deposit banks reduced their loan supply and economic activity contracted in response to the contractionary monetary policy shock. However, we cannot find any significant evidence that monetary policy shocks have asymmetric effects among banks. Keywords: Monetary Transmission Mechanism, Bank Lending Channel, Bank Characteristics, FAVAR, Liquidity, Capital. JEL Codes: E44, E52, E58, G21.



58

YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ YATIRIMLARININ FİNANSMANI ÜZERİNE EKONOMETRİK BİR ANALİZ: 1970-2019 DÖNEMİ TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Kenan İlarslan Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Bolvadin Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi Muhasebe ve Finans Yönetimi, Kırkgöz Kampusü, Bolvadin, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-5097-7552

ÖZET Bu çalışma yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları üzerinde özel sektöre verilen yurtiçi banka kredileri ile doğrudan yabancı sermaye girişlerinin etkisinin olup olmadığı şeklinde ifade edebileceğimiz araştırma sorusu bağlamında kurgulanmıştır. Buna yönelik olarak Türkiye özelinde 1970-2019 dönemi yıllık verilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada ARDL Sınır testi çerçevesinde yapılacak ekonometrik analizlerle kısa ve uzun dönemde bir eşbütünleşme ilişkine yönelik amprik kanıt olup olmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan analizlere göre yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları ile özel sektöre verilen banka kredileri ile doğrudan yabancı sermaye girişleri arasında eşbütünleşik bir ilişki bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Uzun dönem katsayılarına göre yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları üzerinde özel sektöre verilen banka kredileri ve doğrudan yabancı sermaye girişleri pozitif bir etkiye sahiptir. Ancak yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları üzerinde istatistiksel olarak özel sektöre verilen banka kredileri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahiptir. Buna göre özel sektöre verilen yurtiçi kredilerdeki %1’lik artış yenilenebilir enerji üretiminde %3’47’lik bir artışa neden olmaktadır. Hata düzeltme katsayısı teorik beklentilere uygun olarak -0.20 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuca göre uzun dönemde ortaya çıkacak sapmalar her yıl %20 oranında giderilmektedir. Tanısal test sonuçlarına göre hata teriminin normal dağılıma sahip olduğu, modelde herhangi bir otokorelasyon, değişen varyans sorununun olmadığı ve ayrıca model kurma hatasının bulunmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: ARDL Sınır Testi, Yenilenebilir Enerji, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye, Özel Sektöre Verilen Yurtiçi Banka Kredileri. JEL Kodları: C32, G21, Q40.




59

AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ON THE FINANCING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENTS: THE CASE OF TURKEY DURING 1970-2019

Kenan İlarslan Asst. Prof. Dr. Afyon Kocatepe University Bolvadin Faculty of Applied Sciences Accounting and Finance Management, Kırkgöz Campus, Bolvadin, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-5097-7552

ABSTRACT This study has been designed in the context of the research question, which can be expressed as to whether domestic bank loans are given to the private sector, and foreign direct capital inflows have an effect on renewable energy investments. For this purpose, it was aimed to determine whether there is empirical evidence for a cointegration relationship in the short and long term with econometric analyzes to be made within the framework of ARDL bounds test in the study, in which the annual data of the period 1970-2019 were used in Turkey. According to the analysis, it has been determined that there is a cointegrated relationship between renewable energy investments, bank loans to the private sector and foreign direct capital inflows. According to the long-term coefficients, bank loans to the private sector, and foreign direct capital inflows positively affect renewable energy investments. However, bank loans to the private sector have a statistically significant effect on renewable energy investments. Accordingly, a 1% increase in domestic loans given to the private sector causes a rise of 3.47% in renewable energy production. Furthermore, the error correction coefficient was found to be -0.20 in accordance with the theoretical expectations. According to this result, long-term deviations are eliminated by 20% each year. According to the diagnostic test results, it was determined that the error term had a normal distribution, there was no autocorrelation, changing variance problem in the model, and there was no model building error.

Key Words: ARDL Bounds Test, Renewable Energy, Foreign Direct Investment, Domestic Bank Loans to the Private Sector. JEL Codes: C32, G21, Q40.




60

THE LONG-RUN AND SHORT-RUN EFFECTS OF HOUSING PRICES ON INFLATION WITH ASYMMETRIC ADJUSTMENT

Sanmoy Mukherjee1 1University of Bath, United Kingdom, [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this research is to analyse the effect of housing prices on inflation by adopting the Enders and Siklos asymmetric cointegration framework for five European economies. Since housing prices are known to be sticky downwards, a possible deflation in the economy does not procure a fall for the housing prices. Previous scholarly work has used conventional econometric techniques to investigate the long-run and short-run relationship. This methodology is considered ineffective as it fails to convey the asymmetric adjustment of the two markets towards its equilibrium value. The implementation of the asymmetric error-correction model suggests that the consumer price indices have markedly different rates of adjustment patterns from positive gaps and negative gaps. Furthermore, there are two hypotheses in this research to study the effect of house prices on inflation followed by the TAR/M-TAR model to indicate the threshold for asymmetry in the market followed by the asymmetric ECM is performed to depict the causal inferences. Finally, the effect of house prices on inflation for different countries in Europe was investigated for the period 1990:1 to 2019:1 as it accounts for the unification of the European markets. The empirical results indicate that there is asymmetric cointegration for all the five countries in the sample i.e. France, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. Moreover, the Wald test on the asymmetric error-correction model indicates that for Spain, Sweden and Switzerland there is uni-directional causality from house prices to inflation. This research is first to examine the asymmetric linkage between property prices and inflation in the European markets. Furthermore, it helps us to study any synchronisation of both the markets after the ‘Euro’ came into effect.

Keywords: House Prices, Inflation, Asymmetric Cointegration, Error-Correction Model, Wald Test. JEL Codes: C32, C58, E44, F42.





61

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA INDUSTRY TO GHANA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Mohammed Kamal Alhassan1

1European University of Lefke, Lefke, Cyprus, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The cocoa sector in Ghana is very important and contributes a lot to the economic development of the country. It employs more than 60% of the labour force in the agricultural industry. First of all, the aim of this study is to trace the historical development of this industry from the time it was introduced by Tetteh Quarshie in 1870. Ghana’s cocoa has premium quality on the world market due to the efficient regulatory role played by The Ghana Cocoa Board (Cocobod). This study will therefore critically examine the role of the Cocobod from production, pest control, quality control, internal control, and the export of cocoa beans in Ghana. The prices of cocoa beans on the world market are determined by leading chocolate and confectionery companies like Mars Wrigley, The Ferrero Group, Mondelez, Meiji Company Limited, The Hershey Company, and Nestle S.A. The World producers of cocoa are therefore price-takers. In view of this, the study will also examine the role played by Ghana and La Cote d’Ivoire in the formation of the cocoa cartel to guarantee minimum prices for cocoa. Even though there have been several attempts to use different yardsticks to measure the standard of living and hence economic development, these were not universal enough. This study will therefore be based on UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) to analyse Ghana’s economic development. Finally, the study uses qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis to examine the role of the cocoa sector in Ghana’s economic development. In the end, data analysis will prove that the cocoa sector contributes a lot to Ghana’s economic development.

Keywords: Cocoa, Revenue, Prices, Exports, Economic Development. JEL Codes: F10, F13, F63.



62

AN INVESTIGATING THE DETERMINANTS OF CO2 EMISSIONS IN CHINA: MARKOV REGIME-SWITCHING ANALYSIS

Esra Ballı1, Coşkun Akdeniz2 1Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University FEAS, Department of Economics, Erzincan, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0001-6993-9268 2Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University FEAS, Department of Economics, Tekirdağ, [email protected], Orcid ID: ORCID: 0000-0002-3973-754X

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the determinants of carbon emissions in the Chinese economy for covering the period from 1985: Q3 to 2020: Q1 utilizing the Markov regime-switching model. Total energy consumption, foreign direct investment, gross domestic product, trade openness, and financial development are used as the explanatory variables. The results show that two regimes exist in carbon emissions for the Chinese economy, namely low and high CO2 emission periods. Moreover, total energy consumption significantly increases CO2 emissions in both low and high regimes. On the other hand, foreign direct investment, economic activity, trade openness are statistically significant in the low regime. Except for the trade openness, all the variables lead to an increase in CO2 emissions. Finally, the financial development variable is statistically significant only in the high regime and increases CO2 emissions.

Keywords: Markov Regime-Switching, China, CO2 Emissions, Foreign Direct Investment. JEL Classification: C34, O44, F18.





63

THE DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FOOD INFLATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, PANDEMIC: THE CASE OF ITALY

Zeynep Beyhan1

1PhD Candidate, Universita di Macerata, Department of Economics and Law, Quantitative Methods for Economic Policy, 62100, Macerata, Italy, [email protected]

ABTRACT Covid-19 pandemic has sparked both a health crises and economic crises, which together adversely impact on not only underdeveloped countries but also developing and developed countries across the world. Italy, which has been the first western country hit by the covid-19, is also one of the countries that have severely experienced these effects. With the spread of the virus, the cost of the food has rapidly reacted in Italy due to the border clousers, transportations, disruption in markets, which have highly jeopardized food supply chain.Considering these challenges in food supply chain,there has been considerable concern about food production and processing. In this context, labour intensive crop production and processing due to labour shortages and the temporary cessation of production has been significantly affected by the pandemic and has caused to increase in food inflation in Italy. Furthermore, both the rise of food volatility and the spread of virus has created double-sword effect and economic growth has declined in 2020. This study aims to observe the nexus among pandemic, economic growth and food inflation in Italy by applying the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model. Key Words: Food Inflation, Covid-19, Economic Growth, VAR Model JEL Codes: E60, Q18, C13.



64

ON THE EFFECT OF POLITICAL ECONOMY ON GLOBAL NATURAL GAS TRADE

Markos Farag1, Chahir Zaki2 1 Cologne Graduate School of Economics, University of Cologne, Germany 2 Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Egypt

ABSTRACT

Over the past two decades, the global natural gas market has continued to grow strongly, reaching remarkable levels of demand, supply, and trade flows. Given these growing trends in the global trade of such a strategic resource, understanding how the political economy could affect natural gas trade is crucial, especially given rapidly changing global energy dynamics. In this context, this study aims to analyze to what extend political economy can affect global natural gas trade through three dimensions, namely geopolitical relations, political-institutional quality gap, and bilateral import tariffs between exporting and importing countries over the period 2000 - 2017. In this context, our contribution to the literature is threefold. First, from a methodological perspective, we control for zero natural gas trade flows given their importance in the data. This is done by employing the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator. Second, we combine different political factors and quantify their effect on the global trade in natural gas using a comprehensive and reliable dataset. Third, we distinguish between the individual characteristics of Pipeline Natural Gas (PNG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) trade (e.g., political dimensions effect, domestic market conditions effect, and whether the two products are substitute or complement). Our preliminary results show that the existence of economic sanctions has reduced LNG trade flows by 70% on average. The effect of economic sanctions on PNG trade is negative but statistically insignificant. The results also indicate that the institutional gap between trading partners has a significant negative effect on natural gas trade. Regarding the effect of import tariffs, we have found that they have a negative effect on trade in PNG and LNG. The results also confirm that PNG is a substitute for LNG.

Keywords: Political Economy, Natural Gas, Gravity Model, Institutions, Sanctions, Tariffs JEL Classfications: F14, Q40, Q41



65

THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY ON ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

Afnan Ghanayem1

1University of Huddesfield, Jordan, [email protected]

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the impact of political instability on economic performance for the MENA region. It separately investigates the effects of political instability on economic growth and inflation volatility. First, I examine the multidimensionality of political instability using 19 political instability indicators. Then, by adopting the factor analysis technique, I find that political instability has five dimensions. Next, to evaluate the inflation volatility, I adopt three GARCH models and choose the best-fitted model for each country. Then, I examine the impact of the five dimensions of political instability on inflation volatility and economic growth separately using a dynamic panel system Generalized Method of Moments model. This study reports evidence of the positive and negative effects of political instability on economic performance. Specifically, the instability of the political regime dimension significantly weakens the economic performance by increases inflation volatility and decreasing economic growth. On the other hand, the dimension of government instability significantly enhances economic performance by reducing inflation volatility and increasing economic growth. Keywords: Political Instability, MENA Region, GMM.



66

CUSTOMS PROCEDURES WITH ECONOMIC IMPACT AND FISCAL EFFECTS FROM THE USE OF THESE PROCEDURES IN KOSOVO

Yll Mehmetaj1

1PhD candidate at Law Faculty, University of Pristina, Kosovo, E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The paper addresses some of the important issues related to customs procedures with economic impact in the Republic of Kosovo, their functioning, impact on budget revenues in Kosovo, and their fiscal role in economic growth and development of the country. Customs procedures with economic impact are procedures that are developed and applied in order to achieve economic prosperity, and since small and open economies have to devote most of their activity to import, and particularly to the export component, then the use of these procedures will serve greatly to faster economic development and will have a direct impact both in the growth of imports and exports as well as in the possible improvement of overall economic performance. Key words: Customs Procedures, Customs Tax, VAT, Customs Warehouse.



67

MECHANISM OF CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY DIFFUSION AMONG LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN SOUTH KOREA

Jeong Won Kim1 1Energy Studies Institute, National University of Singapore, 29 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore, Singapore, [email protected].

ABSTRACT Due to the mixed results of previous studies, there is no consensus as to why local governments establish climate change policies. So far, studies on climate change policy of local governments in South Korea have focused on the impact of strong political momentum of the national government for the Low Carbon Green Growth Strategies in the late 2000s and early 2010s. However, this study analyzes the behaviors of all local governments in South Korea and suggests that the increase of local climate change policies can be explained by various horizontal policy diffusion mechanisms and political factors of each municipality in addition to the vertical coercive power. This study investigates what policies local governments in South Korea have established to tackle climate change and why they have adopted those policies. It uses an original dataset examining 227 local governments and five climate change policies (ordinances) from 2005 to 2017. A series of analyses – spatial analysis, panel regression, and event history analysis – is conducted to identify each ordinance's vertical and horizontal policy diffusion mechanisms among local governments. The analyses show the following results: First, coercion has partly succeeded in disseminating ordinances among local governments. Second, patterns of competition and emulation are found. Third, local governments seem to learn from the experiences of domestic and foreign cities and design climate change policies suitable to their own local contexts. Fourth, the internal conditions of local governments do not show a clear correlation with climate change policy adoption except for mayoral leadership.

Keywords: Climate Change Policy, Policy Diffusion, Policy Diffusion Mechanism, Local Governments, South Korea. JEL Classfications: C54, Q54, Q58.



68

YAPAY ZEKÂ TEKNOLOJİLERİ İLE ELEKTRONİK TİCARETTE MARKA DEĞERİ YARATMAK

Nevzat Zengin1, Fatma Ulu2

1Dr., Beykent Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul/Türkiye e-mail: [email protected] 0000-0001-8411-140X 2Beykent Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul/Türkiye e-mail: [email protected] 0000-0002-2932-1268

ÖZET

Çalışma, Endüstri 4.0 ile birlikte önemli bir araç haline gelen yapay zekâ teknolojisinin e- ticaret sektöründeki kullanımını, işletmelerin marka değeri bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yapay zekâ, hızlandırılmış bir evrim geçiren iş dünyasındaki karmaşık sorunlara yeni çözümler sunan yıkıcı bir teknolojidir. Sinir ağları, nesnelerin interneti, siber- fiziksel sistemler, makine öğrenimi veya derin öğrenme, dijital pazarlama, karar verme, Endüstri 4.0 ve iş dijital dönüşümü gibi terimlerle ilişkili kavramlardır. Elektronik ticaret hacmi, COVID-19 salgının yol açtığı kısıtlayıcı toplumsal ilişkiler ortamında küresel ölçekte giderek artmaktadır. Türkiye’de de e-ticaretin pazar ve kullanıcı sayısındaki büyüme ile birlikte farklı sektörlerden satıcı ve alıcı uzaklık ve zaman kısıtı olmaksızın bir araya gelmektedir. Elektronik ticaret yapan işletmeler yapay zekâ teknolojilerini kullanarak marka değerlerini artırmakla beraber tüketicilerin satın alma süreçlerini kolaylaştıracak uygulamalara ve satış sonrasındaki memnuniyetlerini tespit edecek araç ve analizlere ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Çalışmada benimsenen yöntem yazın taraması olup öncelikle e-ticaret işletmelerinin yaygın olarak kullandıkları yapay zekâ uygulamaları araştırılacak ve bu uygulamalarının işletmelerin marka değeri üzerindeki etkisi tahlil edilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: E-Ticaret, Yapay Zekâ, Yapay Zekâ Teknolojileri, Marka Değeri, Online Alışveriş. JEL Kodları: L8, L00, L81.





69

CREATING BRAND VALUE IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES

Nevzat Zengin1, Fatma Ulu2

1 Dr. , Beykent University, Institute of Social Sciences, istanbul/Turkey-mail: [email protected] 0000-0001-8411-140X 2Beykent University, Institute of Social Sciences, istanbul/Turkey-mail: [email protected] 0000-0002-2932-1268

ABSTRACT

The study aims to the use of artificial intelligence technology in the e-commerce sector, which has become an important tool with Industry 4.0, in the context of the brand value of enterprises. Artificial Intelligence is a disruptive technology that forms the basis of solutions to complex problems in the business world, which has undergone an accelerated evolution. Artificial intelligence is concepts associated with terms such as Neural Networks, internet of things, cyber-physical systems, machine learning or deep learning, digital marketing, decision making, Industry 4.0, and business digital transformation. The volume of electronic commerce is increasing globally in the environment of restrictive social relations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Owing to growth in the market and number of users of e-commerce in Turkey, sellers and buyers from different sectors come together without distance and time constraints. While electronic commerce firms increase their brand values by using artificial intelligence technologies, they need applications to facilitate the purchasing process of consumers and tools and analyses to determine their satisfaction after sales. The method adopted in the study is a literature review and the AI applications widely used by e-commerce enterprises will be investigated and the effect of these applications on the brand value will be analyzed.

Keywords: E-Commerce, Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence Technologies, Brand Value, Online Shopping. JEL Codes: L8, L00, L81.





70

AVRUPA YEŞİL MUTAKABATI: TÜRKİYE VE AB EKONOMİK İLİŞKİLERİNİN GELECEĞİ

Sefer Uçak1, Bilge Villi2

1 Doç. Dr., Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sındırgı MYO, Dış Ticaret Bölümü Balıkesir, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-9251-9584 2 Öğr.Gör. Dr. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, , Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sındırgı MYO, İşletme Bölümü Balıkesir, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid

ID: 0000-0002-1175-2043

ÖZET

Aralık 2019’da Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu tarafından açıklanan Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakat Çağrısı 2030 yılına kadar karbon salınımının yüzde 50 oranında azaltılmasını ve 2050 yılında ise sıfır karbon salım hedefine ulaşmayı planlamaktadır. Bu dönüşümü sağlamak için bir trilyon avroluk bütçe ayıran Avrupa Birliği, onbir öncelikli alanda lojistikten enerji sektörüne kadar sürdürülebilir büyüme için tüm kaynaklarını seferber edecektir. 2020 itibariyle, toplam ihracatının % 41’ini AB-27 ve % 55’ini AB ve AB-dışı ülkelere yapan Türkiye için anlaşmanın şartları tüm üretim ve hizmet sektörlerinde karbon-bazlı bir dönüşümü gerekli kılmaktadır. AB’ne yapmış olduğumuz ihracatın nerdeyse tamamı Yeşil Mutabakatta belirtilen aliminyum, çelik, çimento sektörü gibi karbon kaçağı riski yüksek sektörlerden oluşmaktadır. Yeşil mutabakatla birlikte AB’ne karbon kaçağı yüksek ürün ihracatında, sınırda karbon düzenleme mekanizması ile tüketim düzeyinde vergiler (ilave gümrük vergileri) getirilmesi planlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle Türkiye’nin rekabet gücünü kaybetmemesi için “ürünün tasarımı yoluyla çevresel ayak izini azaltacak kriterlerin geliştirilmesi, tehlikeli kimyasalların kullanımının sınırlanması, üretim değeri dönüşümlü içerik kullanımı için hedefler belirlenmesi, üreticinin ürünün hayat döngüsünün tamamlanmasına kadar geçen süreçte sorumluluklarının artırılması, sürdürülebilirlik etiketleri oluşturulması” gibi konular Yeşil Mutabakat çerçevesindeki döngüsel ekonominin Ticaret Bakanlığı ile tüm paydaşlar nezdinde acilen uygulanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Kyoto Protokolünden Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatına kadar olan tüm çevresel dönüşüm hareketleri kısaca ele alınarak, Yeşil Mutabakatın Türkiye-AB ekonomik ilişkilerinde özellikle etkileneceği ihracat bazlı sektörlerin çizmesi gereken yol haritası belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır.

Keywords: Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Karbon Emisyonu, Türkiye, Avrupa Birliği. JEL Kodları: Q56, Q51, Q58.



71

EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL: THE FUTURE OF TURKEY AND EU ECONOMIC RELATIONS

Sefer Uçak1, Bilge Villi2 1 Doç.Dr. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, , Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sındırgı MYO, Dış Ticaret Bölümü Balıkesir, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-9251-9584 2 Öğr.Gör. Dr. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, , Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sındırgı MYO, İşletme Bölümü Balıkesir, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-1175-2043

ABSTRACT The European Green Deal Call, announced by the European Commission in December 2019, plans to reduce carbon emissions by 50 percent by 2030 and to reach zero carbon emissions by 2050. Allocating a budget of one trillion euros to achieve this transformation, the European Union will mobilize all its resources for sustainable growth in eleven priority areas, from logistics to the energy sector. For Turkey, which exports 41% of its total exports to EU-27 and 55% to EU and non-EU countries by 2020, the terms of the agreement necessitate a carbon-based transformation in all manufacturing and service sectors. Almost all of our exports to the EU consist of sectors with a high risk of carbon leakage, such as aluminum, steel and cement, which are specified in the Green Deal. With the Green Deal, it is planned to introduce consumption-level taxes (additional customs duties) with a carbon regulation mechanism at the border in the export of products with high carbon leakage to the EU. For this reason, in order for Turkey not to lose its competitiveness, such criteria as “developing criteria that will reduce the environmental footprint through the design of the product, limiting the use of hazardous chemicals, setting targets for the use of content with a production value, increasing the responsibilities of the manufacturer in the process until the completion of the product's life cycle, creating sustainability labels” issues needs to be implemented urgently within the framework of the Green Deal with circular economy before the Ministry of Commerce and all stakeholders. In this study, all the environmental transformation movements from the Kyoto Protocol to the European Green Deal will be briefly discussed, and the road map that should be drawn by the export-based sectors that will be particularly affected by the Green Deal in Turkey-EU economic relations will be determined. Keywords: European Green Deal, Sustainable Development, Carbon Emissions, Türkiye, European Union JEL Codes: Q56, Q51, Q58



72

COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNİN BESİN TEDARİK ZİNCİRİ KESİNTİLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Sevgi Sezer1

1Doç. Dr. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Burhaniye Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu Bankacılık ve Finans Bölümü, ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6958-3329

ÖZET COVID-19 bulaşıcı hastalığı ilk başlarda yerel bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte, çeşitli faktörler nedeniyle hızla dünyanın tüm bölgelerine yayılmış ve sonuç olarak Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nce (DSÖ) bir pandemi olarak tanımlanmıştır. Tedarik zincirlerinde meydana gelen kesintiler, doğal afetlerin yanı sıra insan yapımı felaketler nedeniyle ortaya çıkabilmektedir. COVID-19 pandemisinin dünya çapında yayılım göstermesi, besin tedarik zincirleri üzerinde zararlı bir etkiye sahip olmuştur. Pandemi patlak verdiğinden bu yana, birçok bilim insanı pandemi tarafından gündeme getirilen çok sayıda tedarik zinciri temelli konu üzerinde araştırma çalışmaları yürütmektedir. Bununla birlikte, söz konusu kesintilerin hangi açılarının incelendiği ve hangi açıların daha fazla irdelenmesi gerektiği belirsiz kalırken, bu konuda gerçekleştirilen araştırma çalışmalarının sayısı, sistematik literatür incelemelerinin noksan kalması sebebiyle büyük ölçüde artırılmıştır. Ölümcül COVID-19 salgınının patlaması, yalnızca tüm dünyada milyonlarca insanın hayatına mal olmakla kalmamış, aynı zamanda da ülkelerin ekonomisini de çok ciddi bir şekilde engellemiştir. Çok sıkı karantinalar ve kapanmalar nedeniyle, lojistik faaliyetlerin çoğu ertelenmiş ve perakende satıcılara getirilen kısıtlamalar nedeniyle birçok mal ve hizmetin arz ve talebibundan fazlaca etkilenmiştir. COVID-19 salgınının yarattığı etkiler, çeşitli sektörlerden her tür birimde yaygın bir şekilde açıklanmaktadır. Bu metin çalışması, besin tedarik zinciri kesintilerini örneklemek amacıyla birkaç adetsenaryo oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Enfekte olmuş hasta ve iyileşen vaka oranlarıyla değişiklik gösteren senaryolar nedeniyle arz ve talebin eşleşmesinde kafa karışıklıkları artmıştır. Bu metin çalışması, bir pandemi süreci boyunca güçlü bir besin tedarik zincirinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma önceki dönemlerde yaşanan pandemi patlamaları ve tedarik zinciri kesintileriyle ilgili literatürü de gözden geçirir niteliktedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19, Tedarik Zincirleri, Besinler. JEL Sınıflandırması: F1, F10, F14.



73

EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE NUTRIENT SUPPLY CHAIN INTERRUPTIONS

Sevgi Sezer1

1Assoc.Prof. Dr., Balıkesir University, Burhaniye School of Applied Sciences, Banking and Finance Department, Örentepe Burhaniye / Balıkesir, e-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID : 0000-0001-6958-3329

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 disease has been encountered as a local issue at first. Nonetheless, because of various factors, it has been swiftly disseminated to the entire regions of the globe and consequently declared by the WHO as a pandemic. Supply chain interruptions may emerge by courtesy of man-made atrocities as well as natural disasters. The worldwidedissemination of the COVID-19 pandemic had a detrimentaleffect on the nutrient supply chains. Ever since the pandemic broke out, many scientists have been conducting research studies on numerous supply chain-based topics raised by the pandemic.Nonetheless, it stays ambiguous whichangles of this interruption have been examined and whichangles still need to be furtherexplicated, while the number of research studies conducted on this topic has been drasticallyaccentuated, owing to the lack of systematic literature reviews. The outburst of the fatal COVID-19 pandemic has not merelycostedmillions of people their lives all over the world, but it also grievously hampered the countries’ economy. Because ofthe stringent lockdowns, the majority of logistics activities have been delayed, and it has influenced the supply of and demand for manygoods and servicesdue tothe curtailmentsobtruded on retail sellers. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are descriedpervasivelyin eachkind of units from various sectors. This manuscript aims to generate several scenarios in order to exemplify the nutrient supply chain interruptions.Perplexities have been raised in pairing supply and demand due to altering scenarios with the ratios of infected and recovered cases.This manuscriptemphasizes the significance of a strong nutrient supply chain throughout a pandemic process. It also reviews the literature regarding previous pandemic outbursts and supply chain interruptions. Keywords: COVID-19, Supply Chains, Nutrients. JEL Classification: F1, F10, F14.




74

COVID-19 SALGINI DÖNEMİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TÜKETİM DAVRANIŞLARINDA YAŞANAN DEĞİŞİM

İnci Dursun1, Cansu Gökmen Köksal2, Ebru Tümer Kabadayı3 1 Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü, Gebze/Kocaeli, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-9856-3914 2 Ayvansaray Üniversitesi, İktisadi İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü, Zeytinburnu/İstanbul, Türkiye,[email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0001-9139-0451 3 Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü, Gebze/Kocaeli, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-0673-6866

ÖZET İklim değişimi, çevre kirliği başta olmak üzere, pek çok çevre sorununun üretim süreçleri kadar tüketim miktar ve tercihleriyle ilişkili olduğunun anlaşılmasının ardından bireysel tüketiciler sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri için önemli bir hedef kitle haline gelmiştir. Otuz yılı aşkın süredir hükümetler, çok uluslu organizasyonlar, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve firmalar tarafından; bölgesel, ulusal, yerel düzeyde alınan önlemlerle sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışların desteklenmesine çalışılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda farklı disiplinlerden çok sayıda araştırmacı tüketicilerin çevre zararlı davranışlarının nasıl değiştirilebileceğine, sürdürülebilir davranışlarının nasıl yaygınlaştırılabileceğine yönelik bilimsel bilgi üretme çabasındadır. Ancak tüm bu çabalara rağmen sürdürülebilir tüketim konusunda hedeflenen gelişme henüz kaydedilememiştir. COVİD-19 salgınıyla birlikte küresel ölçekte yaşanan sağlık krizinin ve salgın sürecinde alınan önlemlerin sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışları üzerindeki etkisi merak konusu olmuştur. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı ülkemizde COVID-19 salgınının sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışları üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla, 214 tüketiciden çevrim içi anket yöntemi ile veri toplanarak pandemi sürecinde, literatürde sıklıkla çevreci etkileri incelenen davranışlarda nasıl bir değişim meydana geldiği araştırılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, covid döneminde çevreci davranışlardan toplu taşıma kullanımının ve ikinci el ürün satın alımlarının düştüğünü; tek kullanımlık ürünlerin kullanımının arttığını göstermiştir. Muhtemelen hastalığın bulaşma riskini azaltmak için alınan önlemlerden kaynaklı çevre aleyhindeki bu değişimlere rağmen COVİD-19 pandemisinin çevreci tüketim davranışlarındaki etkisinin olumlu olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bulgular pandemi döneminde çevre kirliliğine ilişkin kaygıların, çevreyi korumaya yönelik çabaların arttığını, geri dönüşüm gayretlerinin, elektrik, su ve ısı tasarrufunun, çevreci ürün satın alma eğilimlerinin olumlu yönde değiştiğini göstermiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca yaşanan bu değişimlerin; pandemi boyunca hissedilen stresten; yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim seviyesi, gelir düzeyi gibi demografik faktörlerden nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. En belirgin bulgu pandeminin yaşattığı stresle birlikte çevre kirliğine dair kaygıların ve çevreyi koruma yönündeki çabaların da artmasıdır. Bulgular, yaşanan pandeminin belirli bir tüketici grubu için çevre sorunlarına yönelik farkındalığı artırdığı ve sürdürülebilir tüketimi motive ettiğini göstermektedir. Bu olumlu etkinin ne kadar kalıcı olacağı cevaplanmayı bekleyen diğer önemli sorudur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sürdürülebilir Tüketim, Çevreci Tüketim, COVİD-19 Salgını, Salgın Etkileri. JEL Kodları: Q01, M30, M31.


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75

CHANGE IN SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION BEHAVIORS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

İnci Dursun1, Cansu Gökmen Köksal2, Ebru Tümer Kabadayı3

1 Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Management, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-9856-3914 2 Ayvansaray University, Faculty of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, Business Administration, Zeytinburnu/İstanbul, Turkey, [email protected], OrcidID: 0000-0001-9139-0451 3 Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Management, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey, [email protected] Orcid ID: 0000-0002-0673-6866

ABSTRACT Individual consumers have become an important target group for sustainable development goals since many environmental problems, especially climate change and environmental pollution, are related to consumption patterns as much as production processes. For more than thirty years, governments, multinational organizations, non-governmental organizations, companies aim to promote sustainable consumption behaviors by measures taken at regional, national, and local levels. In the same time, many researchers from different disciplines produces scientific knowledge on how consumers can change their environmentally harmful behaviors and how sustainable behaviors can be encouraged. However, despite all these efforts, the targeted development in sustainable consumption has not been achieved yet. Besides, the impact of the global health crisis emerged with the COVID-19 pandemic, and the enacted policies in this process on sustainable consumption behaviors have been a crucial issue. This research aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sustainable consumption behaviors in Turkey. For this purpose, we collected data from 214 consumers using an online survey method and investigated how changes occurred in the behaviors of which environmental effects are frequently examined in the previous research. Research findings showed that certain pro-environmental behaviors, including the use of public transportation and second-hand products, have decreased during the pandemic period while disposable product usage has increased. Despite these negative changes in some behaviors, which possibly motivated with reducing the risk of transmission of the disease, it is safe to conclude that the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on pro-environmental consumption behaviors is positive, in general. The findings revealed that concerns about environmental pollution and efforts to protect the environment increased as well as recycling efforts, electricity, water and heat savings, and environmentalist product during the pandemic period. The research also examined how these changes are affected by pandemic-induced stress and demographic factors such as age, gender, education level, and income level. The most prominent finding is that as pandemic-induced stress has increased, concerns about environmental pollution and efforts to protect the environment have also increased. The present study revealed that the current pandemic has increased awareness of environmental problems and motivated sustainable consumption for a certain consumer group. However, how permanent this positive effect will be is another crucial question waiting to be answered.

Keywords: Sustainable Consumption, Pro-Environmental Behavior, COVID-19 Pandemic, Pandemic Impact. JEL Codes: Q01, M30, M31.



76

RUSYA’NIN KARADENİZ’DE ARTAN ETKİNLİĞİ VE KARŞI TEPKİLER

Muhittin Tolga Özsağlam Lefke Avrupa Üniversitesi, Gemikonağı, Lefke, KKTC, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0001-6028-3338

ÖZET Bu çalışmada Rusya’nın 2000’li yılların başından günümüze kadar Karadeniz’de artan etkinliği ve Rusya’ya karşı tepkiler nitel bir çalışma yöntemiyle ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada Karadeniz havzasının Rusya için ekonomik, siyasi ve askeri anlamda diğer bir ifadeyle jeopolitik bağlamda önemi irdelenirken, Rusya’nın resmi dış politika belgelerine ve pratiklerine odaklanarak Rusya için Karadeniz’in niye önemli olduğu sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır. Karadeniz’in Rusya için önemi açıklanırken öncelikle tarihsel ve teorik yaklaşımlar değerlendirilmektedir. Bunun neticesinde de günümüzde Rusya’nın dış politika-güvenlik-deniz doktrinleri ve askeri-siyasi pratikleri ele alınarak bir çalışma yapılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede hareketle Rusya’nın bölgede ikili ve çok taraflı ilişkilerle artan etkisi analiz edilmektedir. Rusya’nın bölgede artan etkisine karşı Karadeniz’e kıyısı olan ülkelerin ve NATO’nun (NATO üyelerinin) verdiği tepkiler de özellikle Rusya’nın Gürcistan ve Ukrayna ile yaşadığı gerilimler çerçevesinde değerlendirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak ilgili çalışmada Karadeniz havzasında ekonomik, askeri ve siyasi güç mücadelesi verilere dayanarak uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini çerçevesinde (neo-realist-offensive) değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Karadeniz, Rusya, NATO, Türkiye, Ukrayna. JEL Kodları: F51, F53, F55.



77

INCREASING INFLUENCE OF RUSSIA IN THE BLACK SEA AND REACTIONS

Muhittin Tolga Özsağlam Lefke European University, Gemikonağı, Lefke, KKTC, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0001-6028-3338

ABSTRACT In this study, increasing influence of Russia and reactions to Russia are evaluated on the basis of qualitative method. This paper scrutinizes the importance of Black Sea Basın for Russia in terms of economy, politics and militarily as well, in other words in the context geopolitics, by focusing on official documents and practices of Russia. Therefore, the paper seeks to find the answer why Black Sea is important for Russia. While discussing the importance of Black Sea, historical and theoretical perspectives are evaluated too. As a result, Russia’s foreign policy, security-sea doctrines and military-political practices are studied in current affairs. Under this framework, bilateral and multilateral relations of Russia in the region are analysed in the region. The reactions of NATO (NATO members too) to Russia are evaluated upon the tensions among Russia and Georgia, Russia and Ukraine. Eventually, economic, political and militarily struggles in Black Sea Basın are evaluated as dependent on facts under the framework of international relations discipline (neo-realist-offensive persepectives).

Key Words: Black Sea, Russia, NATO, Turkey, Ukraine. JEL Codes: F51, F53, F55.



78

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN “STRATEJİK ÖZERKLİĞİ” ADINA YENİ BİR ADIM – GÜNEY KOMŞULUK BÖLGESİ İLE YENİLENEN ORTAKLIK- AKDENİZ İÇİN YENİ GÜNDEM

Ebru Oğurlu1

1 European University of Lefke, Cyprus, [email protected]

ÖZET Güneyinde ve doğusunda bir “dostlar halkası” oluşturma amacıyla Avrupa Komşuluk Politikasını 2004 yılında kabul eden Avrupa Birliği (AB) bu bölgelerde son on yıldır yaşanan gelişmeler neticesinde bugün itibariyle kendisini bir ateş çemberi içinde bulmuştur. Güneyinde yaşanan iç savaşlar ve başarısız yönetimler ile bölgesel hegemonya mücadeleleri bölgede oldukça ciddi bir güvenlik açığı yaratmıştır. AB’nin Doğusunda da durum farklı değildir. Ukrayna'nın doğusunda çatışmalar yeniden şiddetlenmiştir. Dağlık Karabağ'daki donmuş çatışma tam anlamıyla askeri bir tırmanışa geçerek bölgede istikrarsızlık kaynağı olarak kendini hissettirmektedir. Belarus'ta otoriter rejim ile demokrasi yanlısı protestocular arasında gerilim devam etmektedir. Komşu bölgelerinde bu sorunlarla karşı karşıya kalan AB kendi içinde de bir taraftan koronavirüs pandemisini kontrol altına almakla meşgulken, diğer taraftan hem Brexit sonrası belirsizlikler hem de Almanya ve Fransa’da yaklaşan seçimlerin muhtemel sonuçlarının AB üzerindeki olası etkileri üzerine kafa yormaktadır. Hem kendi içinde hem de yakın çevresinde yüz yüze kaldığı bu sorunlar AB’nin söz konusu bölgelerdeki “stratejik özerkliğini” zayıflatarak küresel aktör olma iddialarına da zarar vermektedir. AB’nin bu iddiasını tekrar canlandırmak için attığı en son adımlardan biri 9 Şubat 2021 tarihinde yayımladığı Güney Komşuluk Bölgesi ile Yenilenen Ortaklık - Akdeniz İçin Yeni Gündem başlıklı ortak bildiridir. Bu çalışma ile AB’nin bölge ülkeleri ile ilişkilerine yeni bir dinamizm kazandırmak için kaleme aldığı bu bildirinin AB’nin beklentilerine ne ölçüde yanıt verebileceğinin ve yeni olduğu öne sürülen bu girişimin gerçekte ne kadar yeni olduğunun tartışılması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Güney Komşuluk Bölgesi ile Yenilenen Ortaklık - Akdeniz İçin Yeni Gündem başlıklı ortak bildiri tanıtılacaktır. AB’nin bölgeye yönelik girişimlerinin tarihsel açıdan kısaca sunulmasının ardından Akdeniz İçin Yeni Gündem’in içeriği hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde söz konusu ortak bildirinin yayınlanmasına yol açan temel etkenler ve bu kapsamsa özellikle AB’nin güneyinde bulunan “komşu ülkelerinin” yaşadığı sorunlar ve çatışmalar ortaya konacaktır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise “yenilenen ortaklığın” AB’nin önceki girişimlerinden farklı olarak bölge ülkelerine ne sunduğu ve bu yeni inisiyatifin bölge ülkelerinin sorunlarını çözme konusunda ne kadar etkili olabileceği tartışılacaktır. Bu tartışma kapsamında AB’nin komşu bölgelerinde sorunlara çözüm getirebilme kapasitesi ve söz konusu bölgesel kapasitesine atıfla küresel anlamda hareketlenmesinin mümkün olup olmadığı analiz edilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Avrupa Birliği; Akdeniz; Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası; Stratejik Özerklik; Akdeniz İçin Yeni Gündem. JEL Kodları: F50, F51, F53.



79

A NEW STEP ON BEHALF OF THE EU’S “STRATEGIC AUTONOMY” RENEWED PARTNERSHIP WITH THE SOUTHERN NEIGHBOURHOOD – A NEW AGENDA FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN

Ebru Oğurlu1

1European Univeristy of Lefke, Lefke Avrupa Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Lekfe - Mersin 10 - Türkiye, KKTC, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0003-0538-5985

ABSTRACT The European Union (EU) that adopted the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2004 in order to create a “ring of friends” in its south and east has found itself in a “ring of fire” as of today due to the developments in these regions in the last ten years. In Europe’s south, civil wars and state failures as well as struggles for regional hegemony have led to a serious “security gap” in the region. The situation is no different in Europe’s East. Fighting in eastern Ukraine has once again intensified. The frozen conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh has turned into a full-fledged military escalation. Tensions have been continuing in Belarus. Faced with these problems in its neighbouring regions, the EU has also been preoccupied with its internal developments. On the one hand, the EU leaders have been busy with containing the coronavirus pandemic. On the other hand, they are trying to calculate possible effects of both the post-Brexit uncertainties and the possible results of the upcoming elections in Germany and France. Those problems, that the EU face both within itself and in its neighbourhood, weaken the EU's “strategic autonomy” and harm its claims to be a global actor. One of the latest steps taken by the EU to revive this claim is the Joint Communication titled Renewed Partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood – A New Agenda for the Mediterranean, published on 9 February 2021. This study aims to discuss to what extent the Joint Communication would bring a new dynamism to its relations with the regional countries and answer how new the “EU’s New Agenda” is. The first part of the study will introduce the Renewed Partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood – A New Agenda for the Mediterranean. After a brief historical presentation of the EU’s initiatives towards the region, the content of the New Agenda will be summarised. The second part of the study will explain the main factors that led to the adoption of the Joint Communication by specifically referring to the problems and conflicts experienced by the “neighbouring countries” in Europe’s south. The last part of the study will discuss what this “renewed partnership” offers to the regional countries as different from the previous initiatives of the EU and how effective this new initiative would be in solving their problems. Within the scope of this discussion, this study will analyse the capacity of the EU to solve problems in its South and answer whether it is possible for the EU to mobilize globally by the help of its regional initiatives. Keywords: European Union, Mediterranean, European Neighbourhood Policy, Stratejik Autonomy, A New Agenda for the Mediterranean. JEL Codes: F50, F51, F53.



80

KIBRIS CUMHURİYETİ’NİN YETKİSİ DAHİLİNDEKİ TOPRAKLARDA YAŞAYAN KIBRISLI TÜRKLERİN ANADİLDE EĞİTİM HAKLARININ İÇ HUKUK VE ULUSLARARASI HUKUK AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Ali Dayıoğlu1 1 Lefke Avrupa Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, Lefke, Kıbrıs, [email protected], ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5018-511X

ÖZET

Kıbrıs’la ilgili olarak bugüne kadar yapılan çalışmalarda Kıbrıs sorunu neredeyse tüm yönleriyle ele alınmış olmakla birlikte, Güney Kıbrıs’ta yaşayan Kıbrıslı Türkler ile 1960 Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Anayasası uyarınca Kıbrıs Türk toplumunun parçası olarak kabul edilen Müslüman Romanların (Gurbetlerin) Türkçe eğitim görme haklarıyla ilgili bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Konu, yalnızca, çeşitli uluslararası örgütlerin ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının raporlarında yer almıştır. Oysa ana dilde eğitim en temel insan haklarının başında gelmektedir. Bundan dolayı, Kıbrıs Türk toplumunun Türkçe eğitim veren okullar kurma, yönetme ve denetleme hakkına sahip olduğu Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Anayasası’nda açıkça belirtilmiştir. Güney Kıbrıs’ta yaşayan Kıbrıslı Türkler ile Gurbetlerin eğitim hakları Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’nin taraf olduğu uluslararası antlaşmalarda da tanınmıştır. Üstelik, güneyde yaşayan Kıbrıslı Türkler için bir Türk ilkokulu açılacağı yönünde Kıbrıs Rum liderliği tarafından geçmişte taahhütte de bulunmuştur Bunlara rağmen Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti adına hareket eden Güney Kıbrıs Rum Yönetimi (GKRY), Haziran 2021 itibarıyla bu hakkın kullanılmasını önlemekte, Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Anayasası’nı ihlal etmekte, bağlı bulunduğu uluslararası belgelere ve konuyla ilgili standartlara aykırı davranmaktadır. Güney Kıbrıs’ta yaşayan Kıbrıslı Türkler ile Gurbetler bakımından son derece önemli olan bu konuyu derinlemesine inceleyebilmek için önce Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti iç hukukunda ve Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’nin taraf olduğu uluslararası belgelerde ana dilde eğitim hakkıyla ilgili düzenlemeler incelenecektir. Ardından, konuyla ilgili yaşanan gelişmelere yer verilerek Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’nin yükümlülükleri aktarılacaktır. Son olarak da, bu hakkın elde edilebilmesi için mevcut hukuksal yollar tartışılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti (GKRY), Uluslararası Hukuk, Kıbrıslı Türkler, Gurbetler, Anadilde Eğitim Hakkı.

Jel Kodları: K33, K38, F53.



81

AN EVALUATION OF THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION IN THE MOTHER TONGUE OF TURKISH CYPRIOTS LIVING IN THE TERRITORIES WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS IN TERMS OF DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

Ali Dayıoğlu1 1 European University of Lefke, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of International Relations, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, [email protected]. ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5018-511X

ABSTRACT

Although the Cyprus problem has been examined thoroughly in studies carried out on Cyprus, no study has been done on the right to receive education in Turkish of the Turkish Cypriots and Muslim Roma (Gurbeties) who were accepted as part of the Turkish Cypriot community by the 1960 Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus living in Southern Cyprus. This problem has only been included in the reports of various international organizations and non-governmental organizations but has not been examined in detail. However, the right to education in mother tongue is one of the most basic human rights. It is clearly stated in the Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus that the Turkish Cypriot community has the right to establish, manage and supervise schools providing education in Turkish. The education rights of Turkish Cypriots and Gurbeties living in Southern Cyprus have been also recognized in international agreements to which the Republic of Cyprus is a party. In addition, the Greek Cypriot leadership has in the past made a commitment to open a Turkish primary school for Turkish Cypriots living in the south. Despite this commitment, the Greek Cypriot Administration (GCA), acting on behalf of the Republic of Cyprus, has been preventing the exercise of this right as of June 2021, violating the Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus and acting against international documents to which it is bound and the relevant standards. In order to examine this issue, which is extremely important for Turkish Cypriots and Gurbeties living in Southern Cyprus, the regulations regarding the right to education in mother tongue in the domestic law and the international documents to which the Republic of Cyprus is a party will be examined. Then, the developments on the subject and the obligations of the Republic of Cyprus will be explained. Finally, the available legal ways to achieve this right will be discussed. Keywords: Republic of Cyprus (GCA), International Law, Turkish Cypriots, Gurbeties, Right to Education in the Mother Tongue.

Jel Codes: K33, K38, F53.



82

PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A REVIEW

Shukurat Moronke Bello1

1 Department of Business Administration and Entrepreneurship, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to highlight the influence of personality characteristics on the intention of university students to start social enterprises. Social entrepreneurs are change agents to solve most societal problems which can have enormous positive impact on Muslim societies. The origins of social entrepreneurship can be traced back to the development of the private sector. Though the symbiosis of government, business, and non-profit organizations has addressed social needs for a long time, disparities and loopholes still remain, especially in developing countries. This research used desk-based analysis of the literature to gain insight on the concept and theory of personality and social entrepreneurial intention. Building on the theory of planned behaviour, this paper critically reviewed previous research to develop a theoretical framework useful for conducting future empirical research. Intentions are thought to capture the motivating variables that impact a behaviour; they are signs of how hard someone is willing to try, and how much work they intend to put in to complete the behaviour. This research found that specific personality characteristics such as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, are major determinants of social entrepreneurial intention. Thus, intention to start or create social enterprises can be aroused if certain personality characteristics nurture in students. Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Personality; Social Entrepreneurship Intention; Students; University.



83

EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE DURING COVID 19 LOCKDOWNS AND THE IMPACT BEYOND

Mazna Akide1, Nicoleta Isac2 1. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversıtesi, Turkey, [email protected] 2İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversıtesi, Turkey, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Latterly, during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns, organizations were forced to adopt and adapt to teleworking and continue their activities. This mandatory global experience must have brought changes in employees’ performances and contributed to creating employees' awareness towards a new policy and different work conditions. Based on the previous studies, the impacts of home-working on employees' performance varied according to employees' circumstances, characteristics, and the type of their work. The impacts of the teleworking experience were not limited to performance only but also affected their future aspirations towards flexible work and working from home. This paper aims to investigate the impact of home-working during the lockdowns on Arab employees' performance in Istanbul/Turkey and to analyze their preferences in terms of proceeding working from home or the workplace after the pandemic ends. The data were collected using an online semi-structured questionnaire, and the sample of research included 255 Arab respondents residing in Istanbul/ Turkey. Virtual snowball sampling was used for collecting data. The explanatory factor analysis (EFA) technique was employed to reduce the number of variables. Whereas, The ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the effect of respondents' work conditions, socio-demographic, and socio-economic variables on the performance of employees. In contrast, the multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the impact of the same factors on the target employees' preferences towards working place after working from home experience during the lockdowns. The results find that the variables of age, experience years and, colleagues' and managers' motivation had a statistical influence on the performance. However, the variables of gender, number of children, motivation, family effect, physical work environment, and the working sector had no statistically significant influence on employee performance during the lockdown. According to our results, the variables of experience years, parental status, physical work environment, and motivation by colleagues' and managers' had a statistical influence on the working place preference. On the contrary, the variables of gender, age, number of children, and distance from the workplace, did not significantly impact working place preference. Keywords: Employee Performance, Working Place Preferences, Working from Home, Covid-19, Lockdown.




84

EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON EMPLOYEE’S COMMITMENT

Balázs László1 1. University of Dunaújváros Institute for Social Sciences, Hungary, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The goal of the presentation is to introduce the history of the development of the definition of emotional intelligence in connection with the current academic discussion of the existence and defining of its construct. I will sum up the organizational examinations about emotional intelligence especially to rate of leader’s emotional intelligence. Committed to a certain interpretation of emotional intelligence I will justify the relationship between leadership emotional intelligence and employee’s commitment with the help of an empirical research. According to my hypothesis the rate of leadership emotional intelligence has an effect on the employee’s commitment. As far as I am concerned the emotional commitment is more typical to those employees whose leader has higher emotional intelligence factor. During the examination I have collected data from 47 leaders and their immediate subordinates with the help of two types of questionnaires (commitment questionnaire Meyer and Allen 1991; emotional intelligence questionnaire Wong és Law 2002). The data were subject of statistical analysis and the results justified my hypothesis, moreover the factors moderating the relationship were also identified. Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Leadership, Employee's Commitmentı.



85

KAMU VE ÖZEL SEKTÖR ÇALIŞANLARINDA İŞ TATMİNSİZLİĞİNİN VE İŞE YABANCILAŞMANIN YORDAYICISI OLARAK ALGILANAN AYRIMCILIK

F. Oben Ürü1, Ebru Gözükara2, Servet Kaya3 1 Doç. Dr. İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İşletme (İngilizce) Bölümü, Türkoba Mah. Erguvan Sok. No:26/K 34537 Tepekent – Büyükcekmece / İstanbul, Türkiye, [email protected], ORCID No: 0000-0002-1960-5857 2 Doç. Dr. İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü, Türkoba Mah. Erguvan Sok. No:26/K 34537 Tepekent – Büyükcekmece / İstanbul, Türkiye, [email protected], ORCID No: 0000-0003-0337-5337 3 İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi, Doktora Öğrencisi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İşletme Doktora Programı, Kemalpaşa Mah., Halkalı Cd, No:101, 34295, Sefaköy - Küçükçekmece / Istanbul, Turkiye, [email protected], ORCID No: 0000-0002-1648-5976

ÖZET Geçmişten günümüze toplumsal yaşam içerisinde birey, grup veya toplulukların doğumla veya sonradan kazandıkları niteliklerine yönelik politik, ekonomik, kültürel, demografik vb. gibi çeşitli unsurlardan dolayı diğer birey, grup veya topluluklar tarafında ayrımcı uygulamalara tabi tutulduğu görülmektedir. Bu çerçevede ırk/etnik köken, cinsiyet, din, mezhep, siyasal, dil, ten rengi, yaş, medeni durum, hemşerilik, sağlık durumu, gelir durumu, statü vb. gibi unsurlar ayrımcılığın konusu olabilmektedir. Birey, grup ve toplulukların bu farklılıklara davranış tarzı kimi zaman olumlu yönde ayrımcılığı neden olurken, çoğunlukla olumsuz yönde ayrımcılığa neden olmaktadır. Bu kapsamda günümüzde özellikle toplumsal yaşam içerisinde yer alan iş yaşamı; insanların bireysel istekleri dışında devamlı olarak diğer birey, grup ve topluluklarla etkileşim ve iletişime geçtiği, doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak olumsuz ayrımcı uygulamalarla en çok karşılaşan yer olması açısından ön plana çıkmaktadır. Küreselleşme ile birlikte toplumsal hareketliliğin iş yaşamında farklılıkları artırmasıyla kamu ve özel sektör fark etmeksizin ayrımcılık olgusu iş yaşamının en önemli sorunlarından biri haline dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Bu durum ise örgütsel boyutta; örgütlerin irrasyonel faaliyetlerde bulunması, etkinlik, verimliliğin düşmesi ve buna bağlı olarak maliyetlerin artmasından örgütün yok olmasına kadar uzanan zincirleme bir sürece yol açabilmektedir. Çalışanlarda ise ayrımcılık algısının gelişmesi işe devamsızlık, iş yavaşlatma, işten ayrılma vb. gibi davranışlara neden olurken aynı zamanda iştahsızlık, uykusuzluk, duygusal çöküntü, stres, depresyon, tükenmişlik, yabancılaşma vb. gibi psikolojik etkilere de neden olabilmektedir. İlgili yazın incelendiğinde iş yaşamında bireylerin maruz kaldığı ayrımcılık olgusunun bireyi sosyal ve psikolojik olarak olumsuz yönde etkilediği çeşitli araştırmacılar tarafından farklı boyutlarla ele alınmış olsa da genel olarak araştırmaların işgören ayrımcılığı ve tükenmişlik düzeyleri üzerine yoğunlaştıkları görülmektedir. Ancak iş yaşamında yapılan ayrımcılığın gizli sonuçlarından biri işe yabancılaşma olabilirken; diğer yandan tüm bu olumsuz unsurların çalışanlarda algılanan ayrımcılıktan kaynaklı iş tatminsizliği nedeniyle oluşabileceği ifade edebilir. Bu kapsamda çalışanlarda algılanan ayrımcılığın bir sonucu olarak iş tatminsizliği ve/veya işe yabancılaşma yaşanabileceği, iş tatminsizliği ile işe yabancılaşma arasında da pozitif yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu iddia edilebilir. Bu çerçevede algılanan ayrımcılığın bir sonucu olarak düşünebileceğimiz işe yabancılaşma ve iş tatminsizliğinin ulusal ve uluslararası yazında bütüncül bir modelle ele alınmadığı görülmektedir. Bu itibarla, bu çalışmanın amacı; cinsiyete dayalı ve ırk/etnik kökene dayalı algılanan ayrımcılığın iş yabancılaşma ve iş tatminsizliği üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda İstanbul Avrupa yakasındaki Beylikdüzü, Esenyurt, Avcılar ve Küçükçekmece ilçelerinde bulunan kamu da yerel yönetimler ve özel sektörde ise organize sanayi sitelerinde yer alan orta ve büyük ölçekli tekstil, mobilya, ambalaj ve kozmetik sanayindeki çalışanlar üzerinde kartopu örneklemesi yöntemiyle elektronik ortamda anket uygulaması yapılarak 657 kişiye ulaşılmış geçerli 378 anket çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırma verileri yapısal eşitlik modellemesi ile test edilmiş ırk/etnik kökene ve cinsiyet dayalı ayrımcılığın işe yabancılaşma ve iş tatminsizliği üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif yönde etkilerinin bulunduğu ve sonuç itibariyle yapısal model testinin sonuçlarının iyi uyum değerlerine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Algılanan Ayrımcılık, İşe Yabancılaşma, İş Tatminsizliği, Kamu ve Özel Sektör Çalışanları, Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi JEL Kodları: M10, M14, J71



86

PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION AS A PREDICTOR OF JOB DISSATISFACTION AND JOB ALIENATION AMONG PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEES

F. Oben Ürü1, Ebru Gözükara2, Servet Kaya3 1 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Istanbul Arel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Business Administration (English) Department, Turkoba Mah. Erguvan Sok. No:26/K 34537 Tepekent – Buyukcekmece / Istanbul, Turkiye, [email protected], ORCID No: 0000-0002-1960-5857 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Istanbul Arel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Business Administration Department, Turkoba Mah. Erguvan Sok. No:26/K 34537 Tepekent – Buyukcekmece / Istanbul, Turkiye, [email protected], ORCID No: 0000-0003-0337-5337 3 Istanbul Arel University, PhD. Student, Graduate School of Business Administration, Kemalpasa Mah., Halkali Cd, No:101, 34295, Sefakoy - Kucukcekmece / Istanbul, Turkiye, [email protected], ORCID No: 0000-0002-1648-5976

ABSTRACT From past to present, it is seen individuals, groups or communities are subjected to discrimination practices due to political, economic, cultural, demographic etc. elements by other individuals, groups or communities in social life towards their inborn or acquired qualities. Within this context, elements such as racial/ethnic origin, gender, religion, sect, politics, language, skin color, age, marital status, birthplace, health, income, social status may be the subject of discrimination. The way individuals, groups and communities treat towards these different traits can sometimes cause positive discrimination although mostly it causes negative discrimination. In this context, business life, which is especially included in social life today, comes into prominence as the environment where people continually interact and communicate with other individuals, groups and communities against their individual expectations and are subjected to direct or indirect discrimination practices. After the increased differences in business life due to social mobility along with globalization, discrimination started to become one of the most important issues both in public and private sectors of the business life. This may cause problems on the organizational level such as irrational activities of organizations, decrease in efficiency and productivity, and consequently increase in costs that extends to the destruction of the organization. On the other hand, the perception of discrimination among employees may cause absenteeism, slowdown of work, intention to leave, etc. while it can also cause psychological effects such as inappetence, insomnia, emotional burnout, stress, depression, exhaustion, alienation etc. as well. When the relevant literature is examined, it is seen that various researchers discussed the discrimination phenomenon that individuals are exposed to in business life affects them socially and psychologically in different dimensions, whilst it is seen these studies generally focus on employee discrimination and burnout levels. However, one of the hidden consequences of discrimination in business life may be job alienation, besides it can be stated that all these negative outcomes may occur due to job dissatisfaction arising from perceived discrimination in employees. In this context, it can be claimed that job dissatisfaction and/or job alienation may occur as a result of perceived discrimination in employees, and that there is a positive relationship between job dissatisfaction and job alienation. In this context, job alienation and job dissatisfaction as consequences of perceived discrimination, is an issue still not handled with a holistic model in national and international literature. In this respect, the aim of this study is to examine the effects of perceived discrimination based on gender and race/ethnicity on job alienation and job dissatisfaction. In line with the purpose of the study, online survey was conducted via snowball sampling method on 657 employees working in municipalities in public sector and middle and large scale textile, furniture, packaging and cosmetics sectors in organized industrial sites in the districts of Beylikdüzü, Esenyurt, Avcılar and Küçükçekmece on the European side of Istanbul; hence 378 valid questionnaires were included in this study. The research data were tested via structural equation modeling (SEM) and it is determined that discrimination based on race/ethnicity and gender have significant and positive effects on job alienation and job dissatisfaction thus the results of the structural model test has good fit values.

Keywords: Perceived Discirimination, Job Alienation, Job Dissatisfaction, Public and Private Sector Employees, Structural Equation Modelling JEL Classfications: M10, M14, J71



87

SECURITY AND IMMIGRATION: CONTESTED PERSPECTIVES ON THE MIGRATION CRISIS IN HUNGARY

İsmail Yazıcı1

1 Bilkent University, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Ankara, Turkey, [email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0560-106X

ABSTRACT European Union countries have encountered a massive inflow of refugees since 2013 from countries such as Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kosovo. It is deemed as the worst refugee “crisis” in Europe since the Second World War in which almost a million migrants arrived in the European Union territory in 2015 due to the prolonged conflicts in the regions of the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia, especially the Syrian Civil War. Hungary was one of the countries located on the main routes of the refugees; thus, a vast number of refugees attempt to cross the Hungarian borders in 2015 summer. Since then, the notion of migration crisis has occupied a central place within the political discourse of the country. This paper scrutinizes Hungary’s ruling political party, FIDESZ, and three significant public actor’s (Hungarian Two-Tailed Dog Party, Migration Aid, and Migrant Solidarity Group of Hungary) approach to this issue in accordance with their security perspectives. It will investigate whether these actors consider the issue as a security problem or not, their solution proposals for the issue, and whose security they prioritize in offering these solutions. In this way, this paper sheds light on the settings of securitizing and de-securitizing moves with regard to the immigration policy of the government and the attempts of the private actors to keep these issues off the security agenda. Drawing upon securitization theory, this article points out that the Hungarian government took advantage of its strict domination over mass media in order to appeal to the public audience, which facilitates the process of securitizing the flow of immigrants to the country and suspension of normal politics. Ultimately, Hungary’s migration crisis appeared as an avenue for the promotion of alternative perspectives, which frame the issue from the human security perspective, prioritizing not national security but human dignity and welfare.

Keywords: European Union, FIDESZ, Hungary, Immigration, Securitization.

JEL Classfications: F22, F52, J15.



88

KIMANIS BY-ELECTION: THE ROLE OF CANDIDATE, MACHINERY AND CURRENT ISSUES ON

ELECTION RESULTS

Asri Salleh1

1 Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sabah Branch, Kota Kinabalu Campus, Malaysia, [email protected]

ABSTRACT This study assesses the political parties and candidates that contested Kimanis by-election on 8 January 2020. Based on data collected from field work, key-informant interviews and focus group discussion, this study examined the strengths and weaknesses of the political parties and candidates, the current issues and the machineries. This paper found that while both candidates enjoyed a good rapport with the local voters, Warisan’s enjoyed a slight edge for being an assemblyman for five terms in Bongawan. However, for such a long record of service, many voters still held grudges against the Warisan’s candidate. Some still held him responsible for lack of development and a host of other unresolved, long-standing infrastructural issues in Bongawan. As far as the current issue was concerned, as the sitting government, Warisan also had the upper hand. However, going into the election day, Warisan suffered a major backlash when it had to focus more on countering and explaining issues concerning its manifesto, and that of its national ally i.e. Pakatan Harapan (PH), as well as the ill-proposed Sabah Temporary Pass issue. Instead of being offensive, Warisan had to be defensive. As far as machinery was concerned, Kimanis being the stronghold of UMNO, its machinery was better prepared and more effective than that of Warisan. On top of this, UMNO also enjoyed a solid support from key leaders of local opposition parties. All things considered, while Warisan was in shambles going into the by-election, UMNO enjoyed the support of united local opposition parties, better candidate and strong machinery. Keywords: UMNO, Barisan Nasional, Warisan, Kimanis, Mohamad Alamin, Bongawan.

The field study was sponsored by the Society of Sabah Economic Empowerment and Development (SEEDS). The study also enjoyed good cooperation from official observers of the Election Commission (EC).



89

INCORPORATING MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES THEORY IN THE LEARNING AND TEACHING OPERATION: TEACHER’ GUIDE

Abdelhak Hammoudi1, Romaissa Chibani2

1Research lab of Didactics, ENS El Eulma, Setif, Algeria, [email protected] 2Research lab of Didactics, ENS El Eulma, Setif, Algeria, [email protected]

ABSTRACT One of the challenges of the 21st Century classrooms is the broad diversity of experiences identities and intelligences students bring to class. Research in psychology and neurosciences have indicated that we should never treat students as being essentially alike. Each brain is unique with a predominant intelligence which plays a crucial role in learning. Gardner (1983) believes there are nine intelligences: logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and existential. They constitute students’ preferred channels of learning. Hence, the purpose behind this article is to help teachers plan their teaching operation according to this theory so that they can respond to class diversity and improve learners’ performance. The implementation procedure consists of (1) understanding the essence of multiple intelligences theory, (2) showing teachers how to identify learners’ multiple intelligences using McKenzie MI Inventory, and (3) suggesting a variety of activities that cater for these intelligences, boost students’ engagement, and develop the whole learner.

Keywords: Multiple Intelligences, Teaching Operation, Class Diversity, Mckenzie Inventory, Students’ Engagement.





90

MİSTİZİMDEN İNSAN KAYNAKLARINA YÜZ OKUMA: İKY PROFESYONELLERİNİN İŞE ALIM SÜRECİNDE YÜZ ANALİZİNE YÖNELİK ALGILARI

Umut Can Öztürk1

1Dr. Öğretim Üyesi, Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Isparta MYO, İnsan Kaynakları Programı

ÖZET Günümüzde örgüt kapsamında hemen her şey taklit edilebilir ve/ya ikame edilebilir fakat hala fark ve rekabet avantajı sağlamada en önemli kaynakların başında olan insan kaynağı bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda da en başta doğru insan kaynağını tercih edebilmek İKY profesyonellerinin öncelikli görevlerindendir. Bu çok boyutlu görev sürecinde ne kadar çeşitli yöntem kullanılırsa yanlış tercihten bulunma riski daha azalacaktır. Bunlardan yöntemlerin belki de en bilineni adaylar tarafından hazırlanan özgeçmişlerdir. Tartışmalı olmasına rağmen özgeçmişlerde bulunan fotoğraflar İKY profesyonelleri için önemli bir noktadadır. Bu çalışmada İKY profesyonellerinin işgören adayların fotoğraflarına işgören seçme sürecinde verdiği algısal önem ve ne tür özellikleri taşıyan adayların tercih edildiği yüz analizi çerçevesinde kıyafet ilmi ve fizyonomi bakış açısıyla ele alınmıştır. Adayların foto analizlerinde Face Reader Online 8.0 analiz programından yararlanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelime: Yüz Okuma, İşgören Seçme, İKY Profesyonelleri, Kıyafet İlmi, Fizyonomi. Jel Kodu: E24, O15, M54.



91

FACE READING FROM MYSTICISM TO HUMAN RESOURCES: PERCEPTIONS OF HRM PROFESSIONALS AGAINST FACE ANALYSIS IN THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS

Umut Can Öztürk1

1Dr., Isparta Applied Sciences University Isparta MYO, Human Resources Program

ABSTRACT Today, almost everything can be imitated and/or substituted within the scope of the organization, but there is still human resource, which is one of the most important resources in providing difference and competitive advantage. In this context, it is one of the primary duties of HRM professionals to choose the right human resource in the first place. The more various methods are used in this multidimensional task process, the less the risk of making the wrong choice. Perhaps the most well-known of these methods is the curriculum vitae prepared by the candidates. Despite being controversial, photos in resumes are an important point for HRM professionals. In this study, the perceptual importance that HRM professionals give to the photographs of the employee candidates in the process of employee selection and the preference of the candidates with what kind of features are discussed from the perspective of clothing science and physiognomy, within the framework of facial analysis. Face Reader Online 8.0 analysis program was used in the photo analysis of the candidates.

Keywords: Face Reading, Employee Selection, HRM Professionals, Clothing Science, Physiognomy. Jel Code: E24, O15, M54.



92

ANALYZING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SELECTED CRYPTOCURRENCIES AND THE EXCHANGE RATES

Gülcan Tosun1

1 Sapienza University of Rome/ Italy, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The advancement and widespread use of technology will change lifestyles, habits, needs and desires. Society is moving away from the use of cash and Internet commerce is on the rise. This reflection in the financial system includes the development of money, which is the main agent of this system. Because money has lost its physical existence, it has become digital. Cryptocurrencies are an important element of this digital revolution. Cryptocurrencies are relatively new compared to gold and traditional currencies that have been around for thousands of years. As a young phenomenon, the opportunities cryptocurrencies offer and the technology behind them are very exciting. Cryptocurrencies play a major role in the global economy with their high transaction speed and low transaction cost. In this study, the birth and development of money and the evolution of money to crypto money called revolution are mentioned. The relationship between the new system cryptocurrencies and traditional money exchange rates was examined. BTC / USD and ETH/USD exchange rates in the causality analysis using the data between the years 2018-2021, and the relationship between EUR/USD parity is examined. As a result, it was found that there was a unidirectional positive causality relationship from BTC/USD and ETH/USD parity to USD/EUR parity. Also, it is founded a positive medium-level correlation coefficient Bitcoin and USD/EUR which is calculated is 50.75% and Ethereum and EUR/USD have positive high-level correlation coefficient which is calculate is 78.23%.

Keywords: Cryptocurrencies, Exchange Rate, Granger Test, Correlation Test.



93

FAN-CHART APPROACH TO FORWARD LOOKING ANALYSIS OF FISCAL STABILITY IN TURKEY: 1958-2025

Cansın Kemal Can1

1 Istanbul Medeniyet University - Department of Public Finance, Turkey, [email protected]

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate the stability of fiscal posture in Turkey from a forward-looking perspective. For this purpose, we run 1000 stochastic simulations to construct a fan-chart to exhibit the potential trajectories of public debt level in the near future. The fan-chart approach enables us to monitor the worst-case scenarios and their likelihood of occurrence in a probabilistic viewpoint. In this manner, it can be deemed as an early warning mechanism for a looming potential fiscal distress. To reap the full benefits of the fan-chart approach, we estimate an autoregressive model with maximum likelihood technique using the data set which covers the 1958-2020 period, which is the longest data range used in the literature in Turkey thus far. This model serves the purpose of a data generating process for the simulations, which involves dynamic simulations with incorporated coefficient uncertainty. The data used for the baseline estimation are retrieved from the IMF database and is defined as the ratio of total public debt to GDP level for each year. The empirical findings are suggestive that in the next five years, even in the worst-case scenario, the debt/GDP ratio will not exceed the 40 % level with the probability of 90 %. This finding indicates that the debt/GDP ratio is very likely to remain in sub-Masctricht criteria levels in the next five years. Apart from that, the baseline forecast level of the public debt/DGP ratio is around 25 % which is lower than its current level. This result points to a decline in the debt ratio in the upcoming years which is a favourable posture for fiscal sustainability.

Keywords: Fiscal Stability, Fan-Chart Approach, Public Debt.



94

WTO REFORM NECESSITY, PRIORITIES, DEVELOPMENTS AND LIMITS

Corneliu George Iacob1, Emilia Iordache2, Alina Voiculeț3

1 Constantin Brâncoveanu University, Faculty of Management, Marketing in Economic Affairs, Romania, [email protected] 2Constantin Brâncoveanu University, Faculty of Management, Marketing in Economic Affairs, Romania, [email protected] 3Constantin Brâncoveanu University, Faculty of Management, Marketing in Economic Affairs, Romania, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to make an analysis of the WTO reform process, highlighting the need for WTO reform, the priorities of this reform and the developments over time. At the same time, we want to delimit the possible limits of this process. From 1995 to present, there have been various attempts and proposals to reform the WTO, as an expression of the interests of the groups of origin. The reform directions under discussion aim, in particular, at revisiting the working practices of the organization, improving transparency regarding the collection and reporting of information on relevant (contested) policies and complementing this with analysis of the spillover effects of policies,preparing the ground for negotiation of new agreements through evidence-based deliberation and support for plurilateral initiatives where no consensus exists to proceed on a multilateral basis and reforming the WTO dispute settlement system . In summary, we can say that the reform of the WTO is a multidimensional and lasting process, with profound implications on the balances of the world economy, influencing the existing power relations between countries /groups of countries. Depending on the drivers of the reform initiatives, the results of this process may deepen existing asymmetries in the current international trading system or lead to an improvement in the functioning of the WTO. As research methods used we can mention the general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, induction, logical deduction, systemic approach, historical methods), as well as specific methods, statistical-mathematical (chronological series analysis) or case study method. Regarding the research methodology , we specify that the main steps of the scientific research approach are to create a database using official sources (WTO), the formation and analysis of time series;on specific areas of analysis we will apply the case study method, the comparison method and the systemic approach method. Following this scientific approach, we expect that we will be able to highlight the possibilities of WTO reform and the limits of this process; we will estimate a time horizon for this process to take place and, last but not least, we will try to capture the implications of this WTO reform process on the international trading system.

Keywords: WTO, Reform, International Trading System.





95

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF INSURANCE COMPANIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA USING THE WINDOW DEA METHOD

Vesna Lešević1, Nikolina Mlinarević2

1 Dr Faculty of Economics Pale, University of Istočno Sarajevo, Alekse Šantića 3, 71420 Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected] 2 Dr Faculty of Economics , University of Banja Luka, Majke Jugovića 4, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected]

ABSTRACT In this paper, our goal was to assess the overall technical efficiency of insurance companies in the Republic of Serbia in the period from 2015 to 2019. The analysis was performed using the Window Data nvelopment Analysis method (Window CCR and BCC DEA) and included 16 insurance companies that were engaged exclusively in insurance business. Four companies dealt exclusively with life insurance, and six dealt exclusively with non-life insurance, and the same number dealt with a combination of life and non-life insurance. In the analysis, we defined three input and three output variables. The input data referred to the number of insurances, insurance costs and the value of equity, while the output data referred to the amount of collected premiums, gross operating result and the value of claims paid. All data were taken from the financial statements of insurance companies, published on the website of the National Bank of Serbia. According to the results of the Window analysis, with 3 windows of 3 years, DDOR and Milenijum proved to be the two most efficient insurance companies in terms of overall technical efficiency, while Sava Life Insurance achieved the

worst rating.

Keywords: Insurance, Technical Efficiency, Window Data Envelopment Method JEL Classfications: C67, G22





96

TÜRKİYE’DE İŞ KAZASI VE MESLEK HASTALIĞI İSTATİSTİKLERİ SUNUMUNUN YETERLİK AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Bülent Arpat1

1Manyas MYO, Sosyal Güvenlik Programı, Balıkesir, Türkiye, [email protected], 0000-0002-3512-9969

ÖZET İstatistik, verilerin derlenip toparlandığı, betimlendiği ve bu verilerin kullanılarak çıkarımların yapıldığı bir bilim alanıdır. İstatistiğin doğru kullanımı halinde büyük bir güce sahip olduğu ve son derece tutarlı tahminlemeler ile alanyazına önemli katkılar sağladığı, günümüzde yaygın kabul görmüş gerçeklerden biridir. Bugün dünya GSH’sının %4’üne malolan ve her yıl binlerce kişinin ölümüne, yaralanmasına ya da sakatlanmasına neden olan iş kazası ve meslek hastalıkları, tüm ekonomilerin önemli mücadele alanlarından biridir. Bu sorun ile mücadelede de istatistik biliminden faydalanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de iş kazası ve meslek hastalığı istatistikleri, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK) tarafından istatistik yıllıkları ile (yıllık periyotlarla) yayınlanmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, SGK tarafından yayınlanan yıllık istatistiklerin iş kazası ve meslek hastalıklarının mevcut durumunu tüm bileşenleriyle ortaya koyma ve tahminlemeye yönelik performansını değerlendirmektir. Araştırma nitel analiz yönteminde, durum çalışması deseninde yürütülmüştür. Veri toplama için doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre istatistiklerin yorumlanmasına olanak tanıyan iki alt birim ekonomik faaliyet sınıfı (NACE) ve il değişkenleridir. Bu değişkenler çerçevesinde verilen istatistiklerin, detaylı analizler yapılmasına olanak sağlayacak yeterlilikte sunulmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada bu yetersizliğin ortadan kaldırılmasına hizmet edecek ek modüller, değişkenler ve tarama başlıkları hakkında öneriler sunulacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İş Kazası ve Meslek Hastalığı, İş Kazası ve Meslek Hastalığı İstatistikleri, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu, İstatistik Yıllıkları. JEL Kodları: J28, K32, H55.



97

EVALUATION OF WORK ACCIDENTS AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE STATISTICS PUBLISHED IN TURKEY IN TERMS OF EFFICIENCY

Bülent Arpat1 1 Associate Professor, Bandirma 17 Eylul University, Balıkesir, Turkey, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-3512-9969

ABSTRACT Statistics is a field of science in which data is compiled, described and inferences are made using these data. It is one of the widely accepted facts today those statistics have great power when used correctly and make significant contributions to the literature with highly consistent estimations. Occupational accidents and diseases, which today cost 4% of the world's GDP and cause thousands of deaths, injuries or injuries every year, are one of the important struggle areas of all economies. Statistics is also used to combat this problem. Work accident and occupational disease statistics in Turkey are published by the Social Security Institution (SGK) with statistical annuals (annual periods). The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of the annual statistics published by the SGK to reveal and predict the current status of occupational accidents and diseases with all its components. The research was carried out in the qualitative analysis method, in the case study design. Document analysis method was used for data collection. The two sub-units that allow the interpretation of statistics according to research findings are economic activity class (NACE) and province variables. It has been determined that the statistics given within the framework of these variables are not presented sufficiently to allow detailed analysis. In the research, suggestions will be presented about additional modules, variables and scanning titles that will serve to eliminate this deficiency.

Keywords: Occupational Accident and Occupational Disease Statistics, Occupational Health and Safety, Social Security Institution, Statistical Annuals. JEL Codes: J28, K32, H55.



98

SURİYELİ SIĞINMACILARDA BAĞLANMA BİÇİMLERİNİN TRAVMA SONRASI BÜYÜME VE PSİKOLOJİK DAYANIKLILIK ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Dalia Karataştan1 1 İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Turkey, [email protected]

ÖZET Bu araştırmada, Suriyeli sığınmacılarda bağlanma biçimlerinin travma sonrası büyüme ve psikolojik dayanıklılık üzerine etkileri incelenmektedir. Göç travması yaşayan Suriyeli sığınmacılarda bağlanma biçimlerini incelemek ve buna bağlı travma sonrası büyüme ve psikolojik dayanıklılık üzerindeki etkiyi değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Amaçlara yönelik olarak Demografik Bilgi Formu, Al-Yarmouk Erişkin Bağlanma Biçimleri Ölçeği, Travma Sonrası Büyüme Envanteri ve Connor&Davidson Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma evrenini 2021 yılı Mart ayında Türkiye’de bulunan 18 yaş ve üstü Suriyeli sığınmacılar oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre güvenli bağlanma biçiminin, travma sonrası büyüme ve psikolojik dayanıklılık ile istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı pozitif bir ilişki gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Kaygılı ve kaçıngan bağlanma biçimlerinin travma sonrası büyüme ile anlamlı bir ilişkisi bulunmamıştır. Kaygılı bağlanma biçiminin psikolojik dayanıklılık ile anlamlı negatif yönlü bir ilişkisi bulunmuşken, kaçıngan bağlanma biçiminin psikolojik dayanıklılık ile pozitif yönlü bir ilişki gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Travma sonrası büyümenin psikolojik dayanıklılık ile anlamlı pozitif yönlü bir ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Güvenli bağlanma biçiminin puanını yordayan değişkenler regresyon analiziyle araştırıldığında travma sonrası büyümenin ve psikolojik dayanıklılığın pozitif yönde yordadığı tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda psikolojik dayanıklılığı travma sonrası büyümenin yordadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Savaş, Göç, Bağlanma Biçimleri, Travma Sonrası Büyüme, Psikolojik Dayanıklılık.



99

THE EFFECTS OF ATTACHMENT STYLES ON POST-TRAUMATIK GROWTH AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN SYRIAN REFUGEES

Dalia Karataştan1 1 İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Turkey, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The aim focus of this study is to examine the effects of attachment styles on post-traumatic growth and resilience in Syrian refugees. It is aimed to examine attachment styles in Syrian refugees who have experienced migration trauma and to evaluate its effect on post-traumatic growth and psychological resilience. Demographic Information Form, Al-Yarmouk Adult Attachment Styles Scale, Post Traumatic Growth Inventory and Connor & Davidson Resilience Scale were used for the purpos of this study. The participants of the research consists of Syrian refugees aged 18 and over in Turkey in March, 2021. The findings of the study of secure attachment style demonstrate a statistically significant positive correlation was found with post-traumatic growth and resilience. Anxious and avoidant attachment styles were not significantly associated with posttraumatic growth. While the anxious attachment style was found to be significantly negatively correlated with resilience, the avoidant attachment style was positively correlated with resilience. Also, a significant positive correlation was found with post-traumatic growth and resilience. When the variables that predicted the secure attachment style score were investigated by regression analysis, it was found that post-traumatic growth and psychological resilience predicted positively. At the same time, psychological resilience was found to be a predictor of post-traumatic growth.

Key Words: War, Migration, Attachment Styles, Post-Traumatic Growth, Resilience.



100

TÜRKİYE'DE SURİYELİ SIĞINMACILARININ BAŞA ÇIKMA STİLLERİNİN PSİKOLOJİK DAYANIKLILIK VE YAŞAM DOYUMU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİ İNCELEMEK

Danya Wahud1, Bilge Parlakoğlu2

1İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Başakşehir 4.Etap, 2. Kısım B12-D5, İstanbul, Türkiye, [email protected] 2İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Turkey, [email protected]

ÖZET Bu araştırma Suriye iç savaşı ve Suriyelerin göç hareketinden 10 yıl sonra Türkiye’deki Suriyeli sığınmacıların kullandıkları başa çıkma stilinin psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yaşam doyumu üzerine etkilerini incelemektedir. Ayrıca kullanan başa çıkma stilinin psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yaşam doyumunu yordayıp yordamadığı incelenmiştir. Amaçlara yönelik olarak Demografik Bilgi Formu, Başa Çıkma Stilleri-Kısa Formu (BÇS-KF), Connor-Davidson Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği (CD-PDÖ) ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği (YDÖ) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemine Mart 2021 tarihinde kartopu örnekleme tekniği yoluyla ulaşılmıştır, 18-76 (ort.= 34,27) yaşlar arasında toplam 383 Suriyeli oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların 230 (%60,1)’i kadın, 153 (%39,9)’u erkekten oluşmaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda Suriyeli sığınmacılarda aktif başa çıkma stili, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yaşam doyumu ile istatistiksel olarak pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki göstermiştir. Pasif başa çıkma stili ise psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yaşam doyumu ile negatif yönde bir ilişki göstermiştir. Destek arama başa çıkma stili, yaşam doyumu ile anlamlı düzeyde pozitif bir ilişki gösterirken, psikolojik dayanıklılık ile anlamlı düzeyde bir ilişki göstermemiştir. Ayrıca sığınmacılarda yaşam doyumu ve psikolojik dayanıklılık arasında istatistiksel olarak pozitif yönde bir ilişki görülmüştür. Yanı sıra, aktif ve pasif başa çıkma stillerinin psikolojik dayanıklılığı %32 yordama gücüne sahip olduğu, aktif, pasif ve destek arama başa çıkma stillerinin, yaşam doyumunu %9 yordama gücüne sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Göç, Zorunlu Göç, Sığınmacılık, Başa Çıkma Stilleri, Psikolojik Dayanıklılık, Yaşam Doyumu.




101

COPING STRATEGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG SYRIAN REFUGEES IN TURKEY

Danya Wahud1, Bilge Parlakoğlu2

1İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Başakşehir 4.Etap, 2. Kısım B12-D5, İstanbul, Turkey, [email protected] 2İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Turkey, [email protected]

ABSTRACT This research examined the effects of coping style used by Syrian refugees in Turkey on psychological resilience and life satisfaction 10 years after the Syrian civil war and the Syrian migration movement. In addition, it was examined whether the coping style used predicted psychological resilience and life satisfaction. Demographic Information Form, Brief COPE Scale (BCS), Connor-Davidson Psychological Resilience Scale (CD-PRS), and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) were used for the purpose of this study. The sample of the research was reached by the snowball sampling technique in March 2021, and it consists of a total of 383 Syrians between the ages of 18-76 (mean= 34.27). 230 (60.1%) of the participants were female and 153 (39.9%) were male. As a result of the research, active coping style, psychological resilience, and life satisfaction in Syrian refugees showed a statistically significant positive relationship. By contrast, passive coping style, showed a negative relationship with resilience and life satisfaction. While seeking support, coping style showed a significant positive relationship with life satisfaction. However, it did not show a significant relationship with resilience. Furthermore, a statistically positive relationship was observed between life satisfaction and psychological resilience in asylum seekers. Moreover, it was determined that active and passive coping styles had a 32% predictive power of psychological resilience. In addition, active, passive, and seeking support coping styles had a 9% predictive power of life satisfaction.

Keywords: Migration, Forced Migration, Asylum, Coping Styles, Resilience, Life Satisfaction.




102

ÇOCUKLARDA DİJİTAL BAĞIMLILIK: EBEVEYNLERLE NİCEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Mukaddes Çakır 1, Elif Kocagöz2, Fatma Nur Karakuş 3 1Yüksek Lisans Öğr., Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, S.B.E., İşletme A.B.D., Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, [email protected] ,0000-0002-0283-3175 2Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, İ.İ.B.F. İşletme Bölümü, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, [email protected], 0000-0001-9575-1664 3Doktora Öğr., Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, S.B.E. İşletme A.B.D., Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, [email protected], 0000-0001-6572-1595

ÖZET Bireylerin teknoloji kullanımı üzerinde kontrolünün kaybolması fiziksel ve psikolojik zararlar ortaya çıkarmakta, teknoloji kullanım süresi arttıkça özellikle çocuk ve gençlerde bir takım olumsuz durumlar söz konusu olabilmektedir. Bu çalışma ile ilkokul düzeyinde öğrenim görmekte olan çocukların dijital bağımlılıkları, akademik başarıları, sosyal becerileri, aile ortamı ve birlikte aktivite yapmak değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmekte, ayrıca bazı seçili değişkenler itibariyle çocukların dijital bağımlılık seviyelerinin farklılık gösterip göstermediği sorusuna yanıt aranmaktadır. Çalışmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Soruların çocukların anlam dünyasında etki bırakabilmesi ihtimali değerlendirilmiş, dolayısıyla ruhsal gelişimleri dikkate alınarak, çalışmanın çocuklarla değil ebeveynlerle yapılması kararlaştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini ilkokul seviyesinde öğrenim gören çocukları olan ebeveynler oluşturmaktadır. Örnekleme yöntemi olarak kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmış ve 443 katılımcıya ulaşılmış, 436 anket geçerli kabul edilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler SPSS 21.0 istatistik paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizler öncesinde verilerin normalliği test edilmiş, araştırmada kullanılan ölçeklerin güvenilirliği belirlenmiş ve devamında parametrik ve nonparametrik test ve analizler ve gerektiğinde post-hoc testler yapılarak, bulgular raporlanıp yorumlanmıştır. Bulgularda, ilişki analizi sonuçları incelendiğinde dijital bağımlılık ile birlikte aktivite yapmak (r =-,318, p<0,01), aile ortamı (r =-,267, p<0,01), okul başarısı (r =-,208, p<0,01) ve sosyal beceri (r =-,295, p<0,01) arasında negatif yönlü ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kız ve erkek çocukların dijital bağımlılık seviyelerinin farklılaştığı görülmüştür. Annenin yaşı ve eğitim durumuna göre ve tablet/bilgisayar sahipliğine göre de çocukların dijital bağımlılık düzeyleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılaşmaktadır. Ayrıca ev dışında (misafirlikte, restoranda vb. yerlerde) ve yaşıtlarının (arkadaşlarının, kuzenlerinin vb.) yanında tablet/telefon isteğinin sıklığına ve dijital araçlarda geçirilen süreye göre de çocuklar gruplandırıldığında, gruplar arasında dijital bağımlılık açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Dijital bağımlılık, İlkokul Öğrencileri, Akademik Başarı, Sosyal Beceri.





103

DIGITAL ADDICTION IN CHILDREN: A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH WITH PARENTS

Mukaddes Çakır1, Elif Kocagöz2, Fatma Nur Karakuş3 1 MBA Student, K.S.Ü., Inst. of Social Sciences, Dept. of Business Administration, Kahramanmaras, Turkey, [email protected], 0000-0002-0283-3175 2 PhD., Asst. Prof., K.S.Ü., F.E.A.S., Dept. of Business Administration, Kahramanmaras, Turkey, [email protected], 0000-0001-9575-1664 3 PhD. Student, K.S.Ü., Inst. of Social Sciences, Dept. of Business Administration, Kahramanmaras, Turkey, [email protected], 0000-0001-6572-1595

ABSTRACT

The loss of control over the use of technology by individuals causes physical and psychological harm, and as the time of technology use increases, there may be some negative situations, especially for children and young people. In this study, the relationships between the variables of digital addiction, academic achievement, social skills, family environment and doing activities together of children studying at primary school level are examined, and an answer is sought to the question of whether children's digital addiction levels differ in terms of some selected variables. Questionnaire technique, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the study. The possibility of the questions to have an impact on the semantic world of children was evaluated, so it was decided that the study should be done with the parents, not with the children, taking into account their spiritual development. The universe of the research consists of parents who have children studying at primary school level. Convenience sampling method was used as the sampling method and 443 participants were reached and 436 questionnaires were accepted as valid. The data obtained in the research were analyzed with the SPSS 21.0 statistical package program. Before the analyses, the normality of the data was tested, the reliability of the scales used in the research was determined, and then parametric and nonparametric tests and analyzes were performed, and when necessary, post-hoc tests were performed, and the findings were reported and interpreted. In the findings, when the results of the relationship analysis are examined, doing activities together with digital addiction (r =-.318, p<0.01), family environment (r =-.267, p<0.01), school success (r =-.208 , p<0.01) and social skills (r =-.295, p<0.01) were found to have negative and statistically significant relationships. In addition, it was observed that the digital addiction levels of girls and boys differed. Children's digital addiction levels differ statistically significantly according to the age and educational status of the mother and tablet/computer ownership. In addition, when children are grouped according to the frequency of tablet/phone requests and the time spent on digital devices, besides their peers (friends, cousins, etc.) Keywords: Digital Addiction, Primary School Students, Academic Success, Social Skills.






104

AN ANALYSIS OF THE MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF THE HOUSING MARKET IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Sadık Hüseyin Gül1

1Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance, Via Antonio Bertoloni, 29, Rome, Italy, [email protected]

ABSTRACT In this paper, I analyze the macroeconomic dynamics of the housing market in the United Kingdom using data for Household Price Index, unemployment, CPI, Industrial Production Index, mortgage rates, demographic dynamics and property taxes running from 1968 April to March 2018. I perform this task via applying more than one model because of the heterogenous structure of the data. Whilst its certain properties force me to use a VECM/Johansen cointegration framework, I(0) nature of my dependent variable entails utilization of an ARDL framework. Characteristics of residuals also forces me to account for conditional heteroskedasticity, which makes the application of an ARCH/GARCH framework necessary. After seeing these, I decided to compare explanatory power of these potent models rather than continuing with only one model so as to acknowledge both their strengths and weaknesses. However, all models agree on the direction of the effects of the variables I inserted to the models. These findings are also compatible with the literature that analyzes different contexts.

Keywords: Housing, Cointegration, ARCH/GARCH, Unemployment. JEL Classfications: C32, C40, C41.




105

VOLATILITY CLUSTERING, PREDICTABILITY AND LEVERAGE EFFECTS IN BRICS COUNTRIES STOCK MARKET INDICES, AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

Younis Ahmed Ghulam1, Bashir Ahmad Joo2

1 Research scholar in the Department of the Management Studies University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir India, [email protected] /[email protected]. 2 Professor Dr. Department of the Management Studies University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir India, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to find out the predictability and the presence of volatility clusters in BRICS countries' stock markets. This study also aims to investigate the asymmetric volatility effect of these markets. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study is based on time series stock indices data of BRICS countries for the period from Apr 1996 to Mar 2021. We applied GARCH(1,1) to check the predictability and presence of volatility clusters of these countries. Also, we employed GJR-GARCH(1,1) model to estimate the leverage effect. Findings: The results obtained by performing the GARCH(1,1) and GJR-GARCH(1,1) analysis in R software affirmed the presence of heteroscedasticity in error term and stock return predictability in all these stock indices. Also, the results of GJR-GARCH(1,1) indicated that there is a presence of the significant asymmetric effect of bad and good news on the volatility of Brazil, Russia, India, and South Africa countries stock market return implying that in BRICS countries except for China, bad news has a greater influence on stock return volatility than good news. Practical implications: These findings have practical implications for investors, institutional investors, FII's, fund managers, hedgers for investment-related decisions that they can adjust their portfolios accordingly and Risk managers can use these findings for managing the risk. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study about BRICS countries' stock returns studying the predictability and leverage effect. New studies can extend the study to other trade blocs. Paper type: Research paper. Keywords: Volatility, Volatility clustering, Asymmetric volatility, GARCH, GJR-GARCH, Leverage effect, Stock market, Emerging Markets, BRICS, Predictability. JEL Classifications: G1, F3, G32.



106

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES AND TRANSPORTATION MODALS: BUILDING A THEORETICAL MODEL THROUGHT A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Lucas Maiolini Valim1, Rodrigo Franklin Frogeri2, Nilton dos Santos Portugal3

1Centro Universitário do Sul de Minas – UNIS, Avenue Alzira Barra Gazzola 650 - Aeroporto, Varginha - MG, 37031-099, Brazil, [email protected] 2Centro Universitário do Sul de Minas – UNIS, Avenue Alzira Barra Gazzola 650 - Aeroporto, Varginha - MG, 37031-099, Brazil, [email protected] 3Centro Universitário do Sul de Minas – UNIS, Avenue Alzira Barra Gazzola 650 - Aeroporto, Varginha - MG, 37031-099, Brazil, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have become in recent decades an important strategy for economic stimulation. The SEZs are associated with regional development policies and the fight against economic stagnation. The effectiveness of a SEZ depends on the regional economic context, its potential, incentive policies and investment attraction, as well as the supply of infrastructure for productive flow. Thus, this study aims to estabilish a theoretical/hypothetical relational model that represents the influence of transport modes on the effectiveness of a regional development strategy of the SEZ type. To reach the proposed objective, an extensive systematic literature review was carried out with the help of the scientific platforms ConnectedPapers and Ryyan, aligned with research in the main academic databases. A qualitative approach, inductive logic, and interpretivist epistemology were adopted. The results of the study suggest a theoretical/hypothetical model composed of five constructs (enabling factors of SEZs, factors that compromise the effectiveness of SEZs, effectiveness of SEZs, transportation modals, and regional development), thirteen variables and four hypotheses.

Keywords: Regional Growth. Regional Development. Transport Intermodality. Export Processing Zone. Free Trade Zone. JEL Classfications: R58: Regional Development Planning and Policy. O18: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis. F63: Economic Development.






107

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN AID ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF AFGHANISTAN

Mohammad Sabir Saadat1

1Independent Researcher, Afghanistan, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to find out whether the foreign aid used efficiently in Afghanistan or not? How much foreign aid was disbursed to Afghanistan? Who used the most of foreign aid? Did foreign aid help economic growth in Afghanistan? In this paper, I tried to find out answers for these questions as well have a brief general knowledge about the foreign aid history and its definitions. In 2001 when Afghanistan faced the US led coalition forces intervention, Afghanistan once again became the focusing hub of international community. Afghanistan was pledged more than US$100 billion for the last two decades. Only 31% of the total pledged aid was disbursed to Afghanistan. Aid was channeled in two ways, on-budget aid and off-budget aid method. On-budget Aid, which is used and managed in national budget by the government of Afghanistan. Off-budget aid, is implemented and controlled by the donors. Between 2001 and 2010, 82% of total development fund bypassed the government of Afghanistan, implemented directly by the donor countries or organisations, due to lack of confident on Afghan government’s low capacity to tackle the aid and. According to the World Bank, a staggering 40% of total development aid was wasted in Afghanistan, mostly by foreign companies or contractors. As one expatriate consular cost estimated between 250000 to 500000 US$ per year. The Afghan government argues that, most of the off-budget foreign development aid implemented without the coordination and alignment of Afghan government. The engagement of several implementers of aid in each sector, have fragmented the aid process, which is considered to be one of the major cause of inefficiency of aid. Efficiency of foreign aid has always been a controversial issue amongst the researchers. Some researchers believe that, foreign aid has positive impact on economic growth, some other researchers believe that, foreign aid has negative impact on economic growth. In case of Afghanistan, in the short term, it had positive impact on economic growth as growth rate was recorded roughly 9.4% between 2003 and 2012, driven through booming aid inflows, boosted service sector and strong agricultural growth. With the withdrawal of NATO’s forces in 2014, have since then slowed down economic and social developments, with the economy growing only 2.5 percent annually between 2015-2020. It shows us that in the long run, the foreign aid has negative impact on economic growth.

Keywords: Afghanistan, Foreign Aid, Economic Development, Donors. JEL Classfications: O1, I30, O19, O10.




108

HONEY, MUGS, AND CARICATURES: ANCHORS ON PRICES OF CONSUMER GOODS ONLY HOLD HYPOTHETICALLY

Magdalena Brzozowicz1, Michał Krawczyk2 1University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Długa 44/50, 00-241 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected] 2University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Długa 44/50, 00-241 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]

ABSTRACT In our study, we investigated the interaction between hypothetical bias and anchoring effect in the context of valuation of private consumer goods. We elicited willingness to pay for different types of goods, systematically manipulating irrelevant anchors (high vs. low) and incentives to provide true valuations (hypothetical vs. real). We conducted three experiments involving a total of over 1800 participants. In each experiment, four different treatments were used in a 2x2 design: RealLow (real transactions, low anchor), RealHi (real transactions, high anchor), HypoLow (hypothetical valuation, low anchor), and HypoHi (hypothetical valuation, high anchor). Under hypothetical conditions, the technique of directly eliciting the WTP value was used, with the participants understanding that their valuation was declarative only. By contrast, the incentive-compatible BDM technique with actual transactions was used in the Real conditions. Experiment 1 was a laboratory experiment in which participants were asked to state their WTP for a voucher for a caricature or portrait. Experiments 2 and 3 were field experiments conducted in a shopping center, in which we elicited WTP for hand-painted mugs and a flavored honey. Although our three experiments involved two different settings and target populations and three different products, their results were remarkably consistent. On top of a strong hypothetical bias, we found that anchors only made a substantial, significant difference in the case of hypothetical data, the first experiments to directly document such an interaction. This finding suggests that hypothetical market research methods may deliver lower quality data. Moreover, it contributes to the discussion examining the mechanism underlying the anchoring effect, suggesting it could partly be caused by insufficient conscious efforts to drift away from the anchor. Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland [grant number: UMO-2017/27/N/HS4/02116].

Keywords: Anchoring Effect; Hypothetical Bias; WTP; Experiment. JEL Classfications: D91, C93, M31.




109

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORLD BANK LOANS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN GUINEA

Bountouraby Camara1

1General Lansana Conte University, Department of Finance, Conakry, GUINEA, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Guinea is one of West African countries, and it is among the undeveloped countries in the World. Furthermore, This paper analyzes the relationship between world Bank loans/debts and the economic growth of Guinea, by giving a brief presentation of the country, some geographical, political and social information such as population, cities, different types of ethnic groups, current political situation and different main culture. As Guinea has half of his population who are living in poverty, the World Bank Group (WBG) in their fiscal program of 2018-2023 for Guinea, financed twenty four projects for a value of $897.17 million in various sectors like energy, agriculture, education, etc (World bank). While, this paper focuses on two main questions; (1) what are the factors that influence Guinea’s economic growth? And (2) how are the World Bank loans being utilised? By analysing the growth diagnostic approach, four factors are found: (i) Absence of good infrastructure (water, roads and electricity), (ii) low access to finance, (iii) bad governance, and (iv) low Exportation. Simulation results accentuate on the need of total productivity growth for higher gross domestic product rates in medium term. The study is run during the period of 1989-2019 by using the time series data analysis method. The World Bank debts data are utilised to show the impact of globalisation on the development of Guinea. The time seri Data Methods were used to analyse the relationship between variables. However, “WBL” variables don’t have a significant statistical effect on gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Specifically, Guinea needs 1-2 percent of the total factor of productivity growth to maintain 5-7 percent of GDP growth. With 16-21 percent of foreign direct investment rate by 2020. The lower bound of the range of loan is similar to Guinea’s experience in the past decade; the upper bound is slightly superior to the country’s recent performance. This article discusses how loans or debt given to Guinea by the World Bank are managed, and proposes some suggestions to how these loans should be managed in a way that they affect the gross domestic product per capita as well as to overcome the challenge of increasing the total factor of productivity growth in Guinea and to boost development.

Keywords: GDP, GDP per Capita, DBT, Panel Data Analysis, Trade Balance, World Bank JEL Classfications: E02, F02, F13, F12




110

HERITAGE INTERPRETATION AND SUSTAINABILITY IN INDONESIAN CULTURAL TOURISM

Ajrina Diva Ghaisani1, Eva Erdelyi2, Andrea Hübner3

1Budapest Business School, Alkotmány utca 9-11, 1054 Budapest, Hungary, [email protected] 2Budapest Business School, Alkotmány utca 9-11, 1054 Budapest, Hungary, [email protected]

3Budapest Business School, Alkotmány utca 9-11, 1054 Budapest, Hungary, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The appearance of the term “cultural tourism” is one of the proof of how the linkages between tourism and culture are nowadays becoming more important in the tourism industry. The UNWTO has reaffirmed that cultural tourism is a major element of international tourism, and according to the OECD, the product of cultural tourism influences around 40% of global international trips. Indonesia is the world largest archipelago country in the world that has more than seventeen thousand islands. Having people across many islands, there are many different and unique cultures and heritage, Indonesia has more than 1300 ethnic groups. This research aims to describe the cultural tourism in Indonesia through a case study of Borobudur Temple, one of the most popular and the best cultural tourism locations in Indonesia. The authors describe this cultural destination through indicators to see what was done until now and how can it be developed if thinking of sustainability. The research was conducted in several stages. The first stage was to evaluate the theoretical basis for the heritage interpretation and the indicators of sustainable cultural tourism based on multiple electronic databases. This stage helps to understand more about cultural tourism in general as well as about the chosen cultural tourism destination, Borobudur temple. The next stage was online observation of the Borobudur temple as the chosen cultural tourism destination for the case study referring to the indicators of sustainable cultural tourism and the interpretive plan of its heritage. It was performed through the government website, tourist reviews, businesses website and sources that provide information about the conditions in the destination. The results of the research show that one of Indonesian heritage culture, Borobudur temple is not interpreted well enough in some aspects as a tourism destination, so there is a lack of some cultural tourism sustainability indicators. Based on the result explained, it is better for each stakeholder to interpret many aspects of the destination well, and that way the destination could become more sustainable. This research and its methodology can be applied for sustainability evaluation of other cultural tourism destinations in the future.

Keywords: Borobudur Temple, Cultural Tourism, Heritage, Indonesia, Sustainability JEL Classifications: O53, Q01, Z32



111

MEASUREMENT OF DESTINATION ATTRACTIVENESS IN WELLNESS TOURISM OF VIETNAM

Nguyen Phuong Thao1, Nga Nguyen Thị Thanh2, Eva Erdelyi3

1Budapest Business School, Alkotmány utca 9-11, 1054 Budapest, Hungary, [email protected] 2Hue University, School of Hospitality and Tourism, 03 Le Loi Street, Vietnam, [email protected] 3Budapest Business School, Alkotmány utca 9-11, 1054 Budapest, Hungary, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Nowadays, with the growth of society, wellness tourism has become a trend for tourists as a pursuit of a healthy life and escapism from stress. This study will focus on Vietnam, the author’s homeland, to further explore the target tourism sector and expand the current limited literature on the matter. With the tremendous potential for wellness destinations and landscapes in Vietnam, it is imperative to examine the demographics of tourists and their level of attraction to wellness and natural attributes, helping industry players invent appropriate tourism products and obtain competitive advantages effectively. Due to the need of tourism market diversification and the growing middle-class with a high demand for leisure travel, domestic tourists are the target audience of this study. The researchers will examine particularly nature-based destinations because of diverse natural and rich cultural tourism resources of Vietnam, which are beneficial the most out of the research findings. The study applies Hu and Ritchie’s (1993) theoretical framework for measuring the attractiveness of touristic destinations with an additional element of destination security, suggested by Bui (2012). There are six main categories, including (1) natural attribute; (2) social attribute; (3) historical attribute; (4) recreational and shopping facilities; (5) infrastructure, food, and shelter; and (6) destination security. Empirical quantitative research was conducted via an online anonymous questionnaire with 181 Vietnamese citizens in generation Z, who were born from 1994 to 2009. Chi-square test was used to analyze the collected data statistically. Case studies were analysed with content analyses from countries of South-East Asia to find the sustainable best practices, and to measure the possibility of applying them in Vietnam context. Results of data quantitative analyses showed a significance in terms of the amount of money spent per person per trip and length of trips. It is anticipated that the findings will be valuable for tourism stakeholders to implement effective practices for wellness tourism development in Vietnam. Regarding domestic tourists, by being aware of their attraction to specific wellness and natural attributes, they can make more sustainable choices when they travel to nature-based destinations.

Keywords: Attractiveness, Nature, Sustainability, Vietnam, Wellness Tourism JEL Classifications: C83, Q01, Z32



112

TESTING OF LINEAR AND LOG-LINEAR REGRESSION AS A METHOD FOR PROJECTION OF MORTALITY RATES FOR POPULATION OF REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

Nikolina Mlinarević1, Vesna Lešević2 1Dr Faculty of Economics, University of Banja Luka, Majke Jugovića 4, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected] 2Dr Faculty of Economics Pale, University of Istočno Sarajevo, Alekse Šantića 3, 71420 Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Mortality rates projections are the milestone for projection of life tables for any population, and these enable the economic policy makers to plan all important aspects of economic life of one country. The advanced methodologies for actuarial projection of mortality rates require for a long history of mortality data, while the case of Republic of Srpska is that data is available only from 1998. Thus, in this paper we test for a possibility of using simple methods, as linear and log-linear regression as methods for mortality rates projection. The results of a projections are compared with some developed countries mortalities and on the basis of this the conclusion on the suitability of usage of linear and log-linear regression as methods for mortality rates

projection is derived.

Keywords: Mortality Projection Methodologies, Mortality Projection Application, Linear Regression JEL Classfications: C53, G22, I15



113

THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMUM IN BANKING REGULATION

Cociug Victoria1 1 PhD., National Institute of Economic Research, I Creanga 45, Chisinau, R. Moldova, [email protected] ORCID ID 0000-0001-8114-4644

ABSTRACT All economic crises until 2020 had explicit sources, predictable to some extent, that were in the financial or commercial area. Decisions to remedy these collapses were tested in various local cataclysms, and the solutions identified were more complicated from one crisis to another. The prudential regulation of the banking system has evolved in exactly the same way. Since the last financial crisis, the prudentiality of the banking sector has become more complicated and expanded, and derived in a new concept - macroprudentiality, which unifies the requirements of financial stability for various banking systems at the level of countries, geographical areas and even on the global scale. In this context, many banking systems, in an early stage of development, were facing overregulation. It was due to the fact that over-capitalization and the need to maintain a large part of assets in liquidity conditioned the decrease in lending capacity and did not contribute properly to financing the real sector and therefore, the economic growth. But the 2020 pandemic crisis has shown that banking systems, which have reached an advanced level in the formation of capital buffers under the latest macroprudential requirements and are facing overregulation, have become a considerable support for the state in promoting a relaxing monetary policy, intended to finance the aggregate demand. The optimum in an economic relationship, according to Pareto, is a state in which the situation of one individual / group cannot be improved without damaging the situation of another. In the context of overregulation, this situation is distorted, because too high limits imposed on a banking system, with the aim of maintaining its financial stability, lead to the exact opposite effect. The inability to grant loans due to prudential excesses, for a financial bank capable of doing so, leads to the lack of financial resources intended for the real sector, vital for its development. Under these conditions, fewer and fewer businesses remain solvent, so the number of customers able to be financed by the bank decreases. But from the perspective of unpredictable problems, overregulation creates potential stability against non-financial risks and becomes an additional guarantee in promoting economic recovery policies, as in the case of the pandemic crisis. The Covid-19 experience demonstrated that the state can count on the additional resources accumulated by banks in the capital buffers only in an economy with a stable banking system. It’s also true that each supervisory authority chooses between establishing prudential rules necessary to maintain the stability of the banking system, but relaxed enough to ensure a normal financing of the economy, or damaging the potential growth by strictly enforcing international regulatory recommendations. In the latter case, any possible crisis may find a weak economy with a stable banking system, and this, in my opinion, is not an optimal situation. Regulators should make an effort to ensure that the benefits of enhanced quality of the capital base or the countercyclical buffer are not compromised by international overregulation that could undermine national authorities’ ability to pursue effective country-specific policies.

Keywords: Financial Crises, Banking System, Financial Stability, COVID 19.



114

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN INFLATION AND MONEY SUPPLY IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Murat Sadiku1, Luljeta Sadiku2 1 South East European University, Tetovo, [email protected] 2International Balkan University, Skopje, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The quantity theory of money suggests that the growth of the quantity of money is the primary determinant of the inflation rate. Thus, the purpose of this research paper is to analyse the correlation between these two variables for the case of North Macedonia using the quarterly data for the period 1997-2020. The study first employs an OLS estimation strategy and then a Vector Autoregression methodology to describe the dynamic behaviour of money supply and inflation and generate the impulse response functions. Also, a Granger Causality test is performed in order to investigate the causality between aforementioned variables. Based on the OLS fitted line there is a positive correlation between inflation and money supply as it was expected. Periods with higher money growth tend to have higher inflation. Based on Granger Causality test there is a bi-directional relationship. Keywords: Inflation, Money Supply, Correlation, VAR. JEL Classfications: C22, E31, E51.





115

COVID-19 YENİ NORMAL DÖNEMİNDE KABİN GÖREVLİLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIĞI ZORLUKLAR

Nilay Erbay1, Dilek Erdoğan2

1 Yüksek Lisans Öğrencisi, Gaziantep Üniversitesi, Gaziantep, Türkiye, [email protected] , Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6312-0662 2Dr. Öğretim Üyesi, Gaziantep Ünversitesi, Gaziantep, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-777X

ÖZET 2019 yılı sonunda Çin’in Wuhan şehrinde baş gösteren COVID-19 salgını, tüm dünyayı etkisi altına almış ve birçok sektörü olumsuz etkilemiştir. Şüphesiz havacılık sektörü salgından en çok etkilenen sektörlerin başında gelmektedir. Yolcu talebindeki benzeri görülmemiş düşüş ve dünya çapında getirilen uçuş yasaklarıyla çoğu havayolu işletmesi neredeyse tüm operasyonlarını durdurmak zorunda kalmış ve filolarını yere indirmiştir. Salgının kısmen kontrol altına alınmasıyla birlikte seyahat kısıtlamaları kaldırılmış, yurtiçi ve yurtdışı uçuşlara yeniden izin verilmiştir. Havayolu işletmeleri maliyetlerini ve giderlerini kontrol altına alabilmek için krize yanıt olarak istihdam politikalarında birtakım değişiklikler yapmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Birçok havayolu işletmesi çalışanları işten çıkarma, maaş kesintisi ya da ücretsiz izne ayırma gibi yollara başvurmuştur. Havayolu işletmelerinde yolcu ve uçuş güvenliğinden sorumlu olan kabin görevlileri mali kayıpları en aza indirmek için uygulanan istihdam politikalarından en çok etkilenen havacılık meslek gruplarından biri olmuştur. Kabin görevlileri yaptıkları işin doğası gereği hali hazırda yüksek riskli bir ortamda çalışmakta ve bulaşıcı hastalıklara yakalanma riski yüksektir. Hem Covid 19 virüsünün kabin görevlileri sağlığı üzerinde olabilecek etkileri hem de havayolu işletmelerinin krize yanıt stratejileri kabin görevlilerini birçok zorlukla karşı karşıya bırakmıştır. Bu çalışmada pandemi süresince ve yeni normal olarak adlandırılan dönemde kabin görevlilerinin yaşadığı zorlukların ve bu zorlukların işten ayrılma niyeti üzerinde olabilecek olası etkilerinin keşfedilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla bir havayolunda çalışan 12 kabin görevlisi ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler tematik analiz yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin analizi sonucunda pandemi süresince ve yeni normal döneminde kabin görevlilerinin karşılaştıkları başlıca zorlukların; bulaş kaygısı, gelir kaybı, iş güvencesizliği, ikram hizmetine başlanması, ekip sağlığını koruyacak önlemlerin geç alınması, uçuş programlarında belirsizliklerin oluşması, koruyucu ekipman kullanımı, işe adapte olma zorluğu ve maske kullanım ihlali yapan yolcunun yönetimi olduğu görülmüştür. Kabin görevlilerinin çoğunluğunun COVID-19 krizine bağlı olarak yaşadıkları tüm zorluklara rağmen işten ayrılma niyetinde olmadığı görülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kovid-19, Kabin Ekibi, Havacılık Yönetimi, Havayolu Kriz Stratejileri, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti. JEL Kodları: L93, O15, N12.


https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6312-0662

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6312-0662


https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-777X



116

THE CHALLENGES FOR CABIN CREW IN THE NEW NORMAL PERIOD OF COVID-19

Nilay Erbay1, Dilek Erdoğan2

1Master Degree Student, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey, [email protected] , Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6312-0662 2Asst. Prof., Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey, [email protected], Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-777X

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019, affected the whole world and negatively affected many sectors. Undoubtedly, the aviation sector is one of the sectors most affected by the pandemic. With the unprecedented decline in passenger demand and worldwide flight restrictions, most airlines have had to stop nearly all of their operations and have their fleets grounded. With the partial control of the pandemic, travel restrictions were lifted and domestic and international flights were allowed again. Airlines had to make some changes in their employment policies in response to the crisis in order to control their costs and expenses. Many airline companies have resorted to ways such as layoffs, salary cuts or unpaid leave. Cabin attendants, who are responsible for passenger and flight safety in airline companies, have been one of the aviation occupational groups most affected by the employment policies implemented to minimize financial losses. Due to the nature of their job, cabin attendants are already working in a high-risk environment and are at high risk of contracting infectious diseases. Both the effects of the Covid 19 virus on the cabin crew health and the crisis response strategies of airline companies have left cabin crews face to face with many difficulties. In this study, it is aimed to explore the difficulties experienced by cabin crew during the pandemic and the so-called new normal period and the possible effects of these difficulties on the intention to leave. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with 12 cabin attendants working in an airline using a semi-structured interview form. The obtained data were analyzed using thematic analysis method. As a result of the analysis of the data, the main difficulties faced by the cabin crew during the pandemic and the new normal period; Contagion anxiety, loss of income, job insecurity, starting catering service, late taking measures to protect crew health, uncertainties in flight schedules, use of protective equipment, difficulty in adapting to work, and the management of the passenger who violated the use of masks. It has been observed that the majority of cabin crew do not intend to leave their jobs despite all the difficulties they have experienced due to the COVID-19 crisis. Keywords: Covid-19, Cabin Attendants, Aviation Management, Airline Crisis Strategies, Intention to Quit. JEL Codes: L93, O15, N12.


https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6312-0662

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6312-0662


https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-777X



117

SOCIAL MEDIA USE IN MUNICIPALITIES: PUBLIC PERCEPTION IN TURKEY

Hüseyin Korkut1

1 Turkish Ministry of National Education, Turkey, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Developments in information technologies accelerated towards the end of 20th century and led to new communication opportunities through internet based connections. Applications of Web 2.0 introduced social media and social network concepts together with internet technologies. As direct contact with residents is vital for municipalities as personal connection between voters and elected officials, social media has become more and more crucial for local governments. Municipalities can use social media together with traditional communication channels to inform residents about their services, to check satisfaction level of residents from municipal services, to find out about their needs. This study aims to present the results of a survey conducted online in Turkey in April 2021 in order to find out the level of knowledge and use by public of municipal social media channels. This study finds that social media presence and penetration of the municipalities in Turkey is high among the elite and well-educated residents who have means to use social media and are using social media extensively. The study finds that majority of the contacts by public with the municipality still occurs through traditional channels like phone calls and walk-ins. However, this might be expected to change in next ten years as generations become more technology-oriented and with improved internet infrastructure. This study finds that Twitter, Instagram and Facebook are the most used social media platforms to follow municipal social media accounts, respectively. According to results of this study, residents follow municipal social media accounts mainly to be informed about news concerning their city or town, learn about the activities of the municipality and the mayor, to provide feedback, to file complaints and to request information. The share of interactive or participatory use of social media services do not constitute a significant share in the social media use of residents. Finally, the study finds that almost half of the residents of municipal areas think that the mayors should not use municipal social media accounts or their personal mayor account for politically motivated messages, especially if the political message is not directly related with their jurisdiction. Keywords: Social Media, Municipal Services, Satisfaction, Public Perception.



118

KALİTE FONKSİYON GÖÇERİMİNDE BİR UYGULAMA: BÜRO MAKİNELERİ SEKTÖRÜ

Ayşe Gamze Çiftçi Aytekin Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Balıkesir, Türkiye, [email protected],0000-0001-8562-934X

ÖZET Ulusal ve uluslararası pazarda rekabetin günden güne artması ve buna bağlı olarak da müşterilerin ne istediğinin daha çok önem kazandığı günümüzde, firmalar bu koşullarla daha iyi başa çıkabilmek için her zamankinden çok arayış içindedirler. Temelde kalitenin arttırılmasının yanında, maliyetlerin kısılması, hız, parça tedariki, güler yüzlü hizmet gibi birçok faktör tüm firmaların irdelemesi gereken konular olmuştur. Bu çalışma kapsamında, büro makineleri kullanan personelin (müşterilerin) istek ve ihtiyaçlarının en iyi şekilde nasıl karşılanacağı, bu makineleri kullananlar için en iyi şekilde nasıl tasarım yapılması gerektiği ve makinelerin kalitesinin nasıl iyileştirilebileceği Kalite Fonksiyon Göçerimi (KFG) ile işlemiştir. Müşteri istek ve ihtiyaçlarına ait önemlerin yüzdeleri hesaplanırken kullanılan çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden olan Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP), bu istek ve ihtiyaçların ikili olarak karşılaştırılıp önceliklendirilmesini sağlar. Kalite Evi oluşturulduktan sonra AHP yardımıyla müşteri gereksinimleri karşılaştırılıp önceliklendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kalite, Toplam Kalite Yönetimi, Kalite Fonksiyon Göçerimi, Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi, Büro Makineleri. JEL Kodları: L15, C4, L64.




119

AN APPLICATION IN QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT: OFFICE EQUIPMENT SECTOR

Ayşe Gamze Çiftçi Aytekin Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Balıkesir, Türkiye, [email protected],0000-0001-8562-934X

ABSTRACT Nowadays rising competition day by day in national and global marketplace and accordingly rising expectancy amongst customers leading firms to seek ways to cope with these circumstances. Reducing costs, accelerating the processes, supplying items and friendly service as well as quality enhancement has become the subjects for all firms to work on. In this study the problems including how to meet the needs and demands of customers that uses office machines and how to design best for these customers and how to improve the quality of these machines dealt with Quality Function Deployment (QFD). QFD is a methodology that is exercised by defining the needs and demans of customers and developing products and service accordingly. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions and used to calculate the percentages of priorities of customer needs and demands and accomplishes prioritization by comparing the pairs. After forming House of Quality with the help of AHP customer needs and demands have been compared and prioritized. Keywords: Quality, Total Quality Management, Quality Function Deployment, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Office Equipment JEL Classfications: L15, C4, L64




120

TÜRKİYE’DE VERGİLERİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜMEYE ETKİSİNİN EŞİK REGRESYON YÖNTEMİ İLE

ANALİZİ

Gözde Nalbant Efe1, Gülay Akgül Yılmaz2 1İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Maliye Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-4651-2007 2Marmara Üniversitesi, İktisat Fakültesi, Maliye Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0003-0677-7841

ÖZET

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de vergilerin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerini doğrusal olmayan ekonometrik analiz tekniklerinden eşikli regresyon yöntemi ile incelemektir. Literatürde yer alan ampirik çalışmaların çoğu, vergi-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin doğrusal olduğunu varsaymaktadır. Çeşitli analiz dönemlerini kapsayan bu çalışmalarda genellikle toplam vergi yükü, dolaylı vergi yükü ve dolaysız vergi yükü ile büyüme arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Birçoğunda söz konusu vergi göstergeleri ile büyüme arasında uzun dönemli ilişkilerin varlığı ortaya koyulmakla beraber, büyüme üzerinde anlamlı bir etkinin varlığına ve etkinin yönüne ilişkin bulgular örtüşmemektedir. Vergiler; bireylerin tüketim, tasarruf, emek arzı, beşeri sermaye yatırımı gibi kararları üzerinde; firmaların ise üretim, yatırım ve inovasyon gibi kararları üzerinde saptırıcı etkiler doğurmaktadır. Bu etkiler, etkinlik kaybına neden olduğundan ekonomi daha düşük bir hasıla düzeyinde dengeye gelmektedir. Diğer taraftan vergiler, kamu kesimi tarafından üretilen mal ve hizmetlerin finansmanını sağlamakta olup, özel kesimin ekonomik faaliyetleri üzerinde olumlu etki yaratarak büyümeyi teşvik etmektedir. Kamu kesiminin ekonomi içindeki payı düşük iken, kamu harcamalarının büyüme üzerindeki pozitif etkisi, vergilerin negatif etkisinden daha baskındır. Kamu kesiminin ekonomi içindeki payı yükseldikçe azalan marjinal verimler yasası gereği kamusal mal ve hizmetlerin faydası da azalmakta ve bir noktada marjinal faydası sıfıra ulaşmaktadır. Büyüme oranının maksimum noktaya ulaşacağı kamu kesimi büyüklüğünü temsil eden bu optimal noktanın ötesine geçildiğinde, vergilerin özel kesimin ekonomik kararları üzerindeki negatif etkisi, kamu harcamalarının pozitif etkisinden daha baskın hale gelmekte ve büyümeyi olumsuz etkilemeye başlamaktadır. İlk olarak Barro (1989)’nun ortaya koyduğu bu doğrusal olmayan ilişki, sonrasında diğer iktisatçıların (Armey (1995), Rahn (1996), Scully(1995)) sağladığı katkılarla birlikte literatürde BARS Eğrisi adıyla anılmaya başlamıştır. Ters-U şekline sahip BARS eğrisine göre vergi gelirleri ile büyüme arasında belli bir dereceye kadar pozitif ilişki varken, belli bir eşiği aştıktan sonra bu ilişki negatife dönmektedir. Bu çalışmada vergilerle büyüme arasındaki ilişki incelenirken de “Türkiye’de vergiler ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki doğrusal değildir.” “Vergi yükü düşük ise ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi pozitif ve/veya anlamsız iken yüksek olduğunda anlamlı ve negatif olacaktır.” hipotezleri eşikli regresyon yöntemi ile sınanmıştır. Elde edilen ampirik bulgular Türkiye’de 1965-2019 döneminde BARS eğrisinin geçerli olduğunu ve bir vergi eşik değerinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Türkiye’de vergi gelirleri düzeyinin ise optimal oranın üzerinde gerçekleştiği görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Vergi, Ekonomik Büyüme, Eşik Regresyon Modeli JEL Kodları: C24, H20, E62.

Bu bildiri, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Maliye Teorisi Bilim Dalında Gözde Nalbant Efe tarafından Prof. Dr. Gülay Akgül Yılmaz danışmanlığında hazırlanan doktora tezinden üretilmiştir.



121

THE EFFECT OF TAXES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TURKEY: A THRESHOLD REGRESSION

ANALYSIS

Gözde Nalbant Efe1, Gülay Akgül Yılmaz2 1 Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Political Sciences, Department of Public Finance, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0002-4651-2007 2 Marmara University, Faculty of Economics, Department of Public Finance, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0003-0677-7841

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine the effects of taxes on economic growth in Turkey with the threshold regression method, which is one of the nonlinear econometric analysis techniques. Most of the empirical studies in the literature assume that the tax-economic growth relationship is linear. In these studies covering various analysis periods, the relations between total tax burden, indirect tax burden and direct tax burden and growth were examined. Although the existence of long-term relationships between these tax indicators and growth is revealed in most of them, the findings regarding the existence of a significant effect on growth and the direction of the effect do not overlap. Taxes create distorting effects on the decisions of individuals such as consumption, savings, labor supply, and human capital investment and on the decisions of firms such as production, investment and innovation. As these effects cause efficiency losses, the economy comes to equilibrium at a lower output level. On the other hand, taxes provide the financing of the goods and services produced by the public sector and encourage growth by creating a positive effect on the economic activities of the private sector. While the share of the public sector in the economy is low, the positive effect of public expenditures on growth is more dominant than the negative effect of taxes. As the share of the public sector in the economy increases, the utility of public goods and services also decreases, and at some point, the marginal utility reaches zero. When this optimal point, which represents the size of the public sector at which the growth rate will reach its maximum, is exceeded, the negative effect of taxes on the economic decisions of the private sector becomes more dominant than the positive effect of public expenditures and begins to affect growth negatively. This non-linear relationship, which was first revealed by Barro (1989), began to be called “the BARS Curve” in the literature with the contributions of other economists (Armey (1995), Rahn (1996), Scully (1995)). According to the inverted-U-shaped BARS curve, while there is a positive relationship to a certain extent between tax revenues and growth, this relationship turns negative after exceeding a certain threshold. When examining the relationship between taxes and growth in this study, the hypotheses "The relationship between taxes and economic growth in Turkey is not linear." “If the tax burden is low, its effect on economic growth will be positive and/or insignificant, while when it is high, it will be significant and negative.” are tested using the threshold regression method. The empirical findings reveal that the BARS curve is valid in Turkey in the 1965-2019 period and there is a tax threshold value. It is also observed that the current level of tax revenues in Turkey is above the optimal rate.

Keywords: Turkey, Tax, Economic Growth, Threshold Regression JEL Codes: C24, H20, E62

This paper is produced from the doctoral thesis prepared by Gözde Nalbant Efe at Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Finance Theory under the supervision of Prof. Gülay Akgül Yılmaz.



122

1990-2020 YILLARI ARASINDA TÜRKİYE’NİN İNSANİ GELİŞME ENDEKSİ’NİN DEĞİŞİM SEYRİ ANALİZİ

Didem Koca1

1Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0001-5236-2677

ÖZET Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı (UNDP) tarafından yayınlanan İnsani Gelişme Raporu, 1990 yılı Mayıs ayı itibarıyla bir dizi yıllık 'küresel raporların' ilki olmayı vaat etmiştir. İnsani gelişme, ekonomik ve hatta sosyal kalkınmaya zorlu bir alternatif olarak önerilmiştir. 1990 yılından günümüze kadar söz konusu rapor İnsani Gelişme Endeksi’ni (İGE) içermektedir. Kişi başına gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYİH), bir ulusun halkın ihtiyaçlarını karşılamada kaydettiği ilerlemenin temel göstergesi olarak on yıllardır kullanılmaktadır. Ancak ülkelerin gelişmelerini gösteren tek göstergenin GSYH olması, eğitim, sağlık ve refah gibi kalkınmanın diğer yönlerinin dikkate alınmayarak dar bir biçimde ekonomik büyümeye odaklanma eğilimi göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda gelir dışı göstergelerin esas alındığı endekslerin oluşturulması çalışmaları başlatılmıştır. Özellikle Amartya Sen’in insan kapasitesi üzerinde yaptığı çalışmalar UNDP İnsani Gelişme Raporları’nda bileşik endekste kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Endeskte kullanılan bileşenler sürekli değişmekle birlikte; bireylerin istihdam edilme durumu, eğitim düzeyleri, sağlık hizmetlerine erişimleri, sosyal güvenlik hizmetleri, toplumsal faaliyet, karar alma mekanizmalarına ve temiz suya erişim sağlama söz konusu bileşenlerin temelini oluşturmaktadır. 2010 yılı itibarıyla insani gelişme endeksi bileşenlerinde yeni hesaplama yöntemleri uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda 2010 yılı öncesinde kullanılan bileşenler; doğumda beklenen yaşam beklentisi, brüt okuryazarlık oranı ve kişi başına Gayri safi Milli Gelir (GSMG) iken 2010 yılı sonrasında okuryazarlık oranı göstergelerinin okula devam etme noktasında yetersiz kaldığı belirtilerek eğitimde geçen ve geçmesi beklenen süre şeklinde değiştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada 1990-2020 yılları arasında Türkiye’nin insani gelişme seyri analiz edilmiştir. 1990 yılında Türkiye 0,717 İGE değeri ile 73. Sırada yer alırken ‘orta insani gelişme’ seyreden ülkeler kategorisinde yer almıştır. 2013 yılına gelindiğinde ise Türkiye 0,759 İGE değeri ile 187 ülke sıralamasında 69. sıraya yükselmiş ve ‘yüksek insani gelişme’ kategorisinde yer almıştır. Diğer yandan 2018 yılındaki veriler baz alınarak hazırlanan 2019 İnsani Gelişme Raporu’na göre Türkiye’nin İGE değeri 0,806’a yükselerek 189 ülke ve bölge arasında 59.cu olmuştur. Türkiye ulaşmış olduğu bu değerle bir önceki seneye göre insani gelişme kategorisini değiştirmeyi başarmış ve ilk kez ‘çok yüksek insani gelişme’ gösteren ülkeler kategorisine yükselmiştir. Bu çalışmada UNDP tarafından yayınlanan İnsani Gelişme Raporları 1990-2020 yılları kapsamında doküman analizi yöntemi ile incelenerek Türkiye’nin söz konusu yıllar içerisinde göstermiş olduğu insani gelişme aşamaları analiz edilmiş ve İGE değerinin artırılmasına yönelik atılması gereken adımlara yer verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İnsani Gelişme, İnsani Gelişme Endeksi, Sosyal Kalkınma, Refah Düzeyi, Eğitim. JEL Kodları: P16, D6, I310.




123

ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGE OF TURKEY'S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX BETWEEN 1990-2020

Didem Koca1

1 Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0001-5236-2677

ABSTRACT The Human Development Report, published by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), promised to be the first of a series of annual 'global reports' as of May 1990. Human development has been proposed as a challenging alternative to economic and even social development. From 1990 to the present, this report includes the Human Development Index (HDI). Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita has been used for decades as a key indicator of a nation's progress in meeting the needs of its people. However, the fact that GDP is the only indicator showing the development of countries tends to focus narrowly on economic growth, ignoring other aspects of development such as education, health and welfare. In this direction, studies have been initiated to create indices based on non-income indicators. Especially Amartya Sen's studies on human capacity have been used in the composite index in UNDP Human Development Reports. Although the components used in the index are constantly changing; the employment status of individuals, their education level, their access to health services, social security services, social activity, access to decision-making mechanisms and clean water constitute the basis of these components. As of 2010, new calculation methods have been started to be applied in the components of the human development index. In this context, the components used before 2010; While life expectancy at birth was gross literacy rate and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, it was changed to the time spent or expected to pass in education after 2010, stating that the literacy rate indicators were insufficient in terms of attending school. In this study, the human development course of Turkey between the years 1990-2020 has been analyzed. In 1990, Turkey was ranked 73rd with a HDI value of 0.717, and was included in the category of countries with a "medium human development" course. In 2013, Turkey rose to 69th place in the list of 187 countries with a HDI value of 0.759 and was included in the 'high human development' category. On the other hand, according to the 2019 Human Development Report, which was prepared based on data from 2018, Turkey's HDI value rose to 0.806, making it 59th among 189 countries and regions. With this value it has achieved, Turkey has succeeded in changing the human development category compared to the previous year and has been promoted to the category of countries with "very high human development" for the first time. In this study, the Human Development Reports published by UNDP for the years 1990-2020 were examined with the document analysis method, and the human development stages that Turkey showed during the said years were analyzed and the steps to be taken to increase the HDI value were included. Keywords: Human Development, Human Development Index, Social Development, Welfare Level, Education. JEL Codes: P16, D6, I310.




124

ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ’NDE HIZLI KALKINMANIN SEBEP OLDUĞU BÖLGESEL GELİR ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE YOKSULLUKLA MÜCADELE POLİTİKALARI

Esat İpek1 1Dr. Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Cinnah Caddesi No:16 Çankaya/Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0003-0440-9690

ÖZET Kurulduğu 1949 yılından itibaren uzunca bir süre komün sistem ile yönetilmiş olan Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti, bu sistemin sürdürülebilir olmadığını görüp, 1978 yılında sosyalist piyasa ekonomisine geçiş yapmıştır. Günümüze kadar inişli çıkışlı bir seyir izleyen Çin ekonomisi, özellikle son 30 yılda, dış ticaret odaklı bir şekilde hızla büyümüştür. Ekonomik açıdan başarılı kabul edilen bahse konu dönemin ardından ülkenin gayri safi yurtiçi hasılası ciddi manada büyürken, bu büyümenin halka yansıyıp refaha dönüşmesi noktasında bazı problemler yaşanmıştır. Bu durumu düzeltmek için çeşitli tedbirler almaya çalışan Çin, ekonomik büyümenin yanı sıra halkın yaşam kalitesini yükseltecek politikalara da ağırlık vermeye başlamıştır. Kırsal ve kentsel bölgelerde yaşayan bireyler arasında ortaya çıkan gelir adaletsizliği ekonomik büyüme bağlamında elde edilen başarının önüne geçmiştir. Gelir adaletsizliğinin de beslediği yoksulluk problemi, kırsal bölgelerdeki nüfus açısından hayati bir soruna dönüşmüştür. Bu doğrultuda 2013 yılında hayata geçirilen “Hedeflenen Yoksulluğun Azaltılması” (TPA) stratejisi Çin’in yoksullukla mücadele bağlamında geliştirdiği ve başarılı bir şekilde uyguladığı en önemli politikadır. TPA kapsamında, yoksulluk çeken bireylerin sadece elde ettikleri gelir üzerinden değil, eğitim ve sağlık gibi beşerî sermayeyi güçlendirecek, temel kamu hizmetlerine erişimleri açısından da desteklenmeleri ön plana çıkmaktadır. Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin uzun yıllara yayılan yoksullukla mücadele stratejisi TPA ile birlikte zirve noktasına ulaşmış, ülkede yoksulluk sorununun çözümüne dair önemli kazanımlar elde edilmiştir. Çin’in elde ettiği bu başarı, özellikle gelişmekte olan birçok ülkenin ana gündem maddesi olan yoksulluk sorununun çözümü için incelenebilecek önemli bir başarı hikayesidir. Bu çalışmada, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşundan bugüne kadar olan ekonomik gelişim süreci ve bu süreçte gerçekleştirilen hızlı kalkınma ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu hızlı kalkınma dolayısıyla ortaya çıkan bölgesel gelir adaletsizliği ve kalkınma farklılıkları da bu çalışma kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Bu sorunların ortaya çıkmasını desteklediği yoksulluk probleminin çözümü için planlanan stratejiler ve hayata geçirilen uygulamalar da çalışmanın üzerinde durduğu başlıklardan bir diğeridir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kalkınma, Gelir Adaletsizliği, Yoksullukla Mücadele. JEL Kodları: D60, F63, I30.



125

REGIONAL INCOME INJUSTICE AND FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY CAUSED BY RAPID DEVELOPMENT IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Esat Ipek1

1Dr. Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Cinnah Street No:16 Cankaya/Ankara, Turkey, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0003-0440-9690

ABSTRACT The People's Republic of China, which has been governed by a communal system for a long time since its establishment in 1949, saw that this system was not sustainable and in 1978 switched to a socialist market economy. Until now, the Chinese economy following the ups and downs, especially in the last 30 years, foreign trade has grown rapidly in a way oriented. While the gross domestic product of the country grew significantly after this period, which was considered to be economically successful, some problems were experienced at the point of reflecting this growth to the public and turning into prosperity. Trying to take various measures to correct this situation, China has started to focus on policies that will increase the quality of life of the people as well as economic growth. Income injustice emerging among individuals living in rural and urban areas has prevented the success achieved in the context of economic growth. Poverty problem, which is also fed by income inequality, has turned into a vital problem for the population in rural areas. In this direction, the "Targeted Poverty Alleviation" (TPA) strategy, which was implemented in 2013, is the most important policy that China has developed and successfully implemented in the context of combating poverty. Within the scope of TPA, it is prominent that individuals in poverty are supported not only on the income they earn, but also in terms of their access to basic public services that will strengthen human capital such as education and health. The strategy of combating poverty of the People's Republic of China, which has spread over many years, reached its peak with TPA, and important gains were achieved in solving the poverty problem in the country. This success achieved by China is an important success story that can be examined for the solution of the poverty problem, which is the main agenda item of many developing countries. In this study, the economic development process from the establishment of the People's Republic of China until today and the rapid development process realized in this process are discussed. Regional income inequality and development disparities arising due to this rapid development are also discussed within the scope of this study. Strategies planned for the solution of the poverty problem and the practices implemented, which support the emergence of these problems, are another important headings of the study.

Keywords: Development, Income Injustice, Combating Poverty. JEL Codes: D60, F63, I30



126

COVİD-19’UN TÜRKİYE İMALAT SANAYİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

İbrahim Külünk1

1Düzce Üniversitesi , 81620, Yörük/DÜZCE, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000 0002 4633 8088

ÖZET Reel ekonominin en temel göstergelerinden birisi olan imalat sanayi, genel tanımıyla malları işleyen ve kullanım amacına göre malların biçimini değiştiren, onları dönüştüren endüstrileri ifade etmektedir. Hammaddeyi işleyerek, talebe göre; yatırım malı, tüketim malı veya ara malı olarak ihtiyaca göre kullanıma hazır hale getiren, aynı zamanda üretim faktörlerinin ve endüstriyel ekipmanların da üretildiği geniş bir alanı kapsamaktadır. Maden, makine, metalürji ve savunma gibi alanlar ağır sanayi olarak adlandırılırken, sermaye-yoğun üretim dalları ve nihai tüketime yönelik endüstriler ise hafif sanayi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. İmalat sanayi üretimde kullanılan bilgi ve teknolojiler bakımından kategorize edildiğinde; İleri teknoloji, orta ileri teknoloji, orta düşük teknoloji ve düşük teknoloji olarak sınıflandırılabilir. İmalat sanayi sektörü ülkelerin ekonomik yapılarını ve politikalarını anlamada önemli göstergelerden birisidir. Dolayısıyla 1 Aralık 2019 tarihinde ilk olarak Çin’de ortaya çıkan ve etkileri hala devameden Covid-19 salgınının ülkelerin ekonomileri üzerinde yarattığı tahribatı anlamak için imalat sanayi verileri çoğu akademik çalışmada da kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye imalat sanayi sektörünün Covid-19 salgın sürecinden nasıl etkilendiği veriler ışığında incelenmiştir. Araştırma, Tüik tarafından yayınlanan Sanayi Üretim Endeksi verileri ile Covid-19 salgını sürecinde alınan sağlık, sosyal ve ekonomik alandaki tedbirler arasındaki bağıntıyı kapsamaktadır. Covid-19 salgın tedbirlerinin imalat sanayi üzerindeki etkilerine 2019/3 – 2021/1 dönemi Sanayi Üretim Endeksi verileri ışığında bakılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular Covid-19 salgın sürecinde alınan ulusal ve küresel sağlık tedbirlerinin Türkiye’de sanayi üretiminin üç temel kolu olan Madencilik, İmalat ve Enerji sektörlerini negatif etkilediği yönündedir. Salgının en yoğun yaşandığı ve buna bağlı salgın tedbirlerinin en sert uygulandığı 2020 yılı Mart – Nisan – Mayıs aylarında sanayi sektörünün tüm faaliyet kollarında en çok etkilendiği dönemdir. Söz konusu dönem içerisinde imalat sanayi sektörü ise diğer sanayi sektörlerine göre daha fazla etkilenmiştir. Kademeli normalleşmenin başladığı Haziran 2020 tarihinden itibaren imalat sanayi sektörü yeniden toparlanmaya başlamış ve Temmuz 2020’den Mart 2020’ye kadar aylık bazda bir önceki yıla göre ortalama %10’luk bir artış göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Covid-19, Sanayi, İmalat, Ekonomi, Salgın. JEL Kodları: I18, L16, L38.




127

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

Ibrahim Kulunk1

1Duzce University, 81620, Yörük/DÜZCE, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000 0002 4633 8088

ABSTRACT The manufacturing industry, which is one of the most basic indicators of the real economy, refers to the industries that process the goods and change the shape of the goods according to the purpose of use and transform them. By processing the raw material, according to the demand; It covers a wide area that makes it ready for use as investment goods, consumer goods or intermediate goods, as well as production factors and industrial equipment. While areas such as mining, machinery, metallurgy and defense are called heavy industry; capital-intensive production branches and industries for final consumption are called light industry. When the manufacturing industry is categorized in terms of information and technologies used in production; It can be classified as high technology, medium high technology, medium low technology and low technology. The manufacturing industry sector is one of the important indicators in understanding the economic structures and policies of the countries. Therefore, manufacturing industry data is also used in most academic studies to understand the damage caused by the Covid-19 epidemic, which first appeared in China on December 1, 2019 and whose effects are still ongoing, on the economies of countries. In this study, how the Turkish manufacturing industry was affected by the Covid-19 epidemic process was examined in the light of data. The research covers the correlation between the Industrial Production Index data published by TÜİK and the measures taken in the health, social and economic fields during the Covid-19 outbreak. The effects of the Covid-19 epidemic measures on the manufacturing industry were examined in the light of the Industrial Production Index data for the period 2019/3 – 2021/1. The findings obtained as a result of the study are that the national and global health measures taken during the Covid-19 epidemic process negatively affect the mining, manufacturing and energy sectors, which are the three main branches of industrial production in Turkey. It is the period in which the industrial sector was most affected in all branches of activity in March, April and May 2020, when the epidemic was most intense and the associated epidemic measures were most severely applied. During the said period, the manufacturing industry sector was affected more than other industrial sectors. As of June 2020, when the gradual normalization started, the manufacturing industry sector started to recover again and showed an average of 10% increase on a monthly basis from July 2020 to March 2020 compared to the previous year. Keywords: Covid-19, Industry, Manufacturing, Economy, Epidemic. JEL Codes: I18, L16, L38.



128

NONLINEAR APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF FISCAL POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES

Alenka Kavkler1

1University of Maribor, Faculty of Economics and Business, Razlagova 14, Maribor, Slovenia and EIPF – Economic Institute, Einspielerjeva 6, Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the primary surplus/deficit and debt for the United States of America. Temporary spending and temporary output are also added to the equation. We use annual data for the period between 1930 and 2019 obtained from Federal Reserve Bank. Nonlinear approach is applied using the smooth transition regression (STR) model which is a generalization of discrete switching models with a finite number of different regimes. In this way, we enable an infinite number of regimes with smooth transition between the two extreme regimes and allow for different values of the slope and threshold parameters. The slope parameter determines the speed of the transition between the extreme regimes while the threshold parameter specifies where the transition occurs. Several possible nonlinear smooth transition specifications are considered, including both logistic (LSTR) and exponential (ESTR) transition functions. Linearity is strongly rejected and the transition variable is chosen. The estimated nonlinear model passes the employed specification and diagnostic tests. Our analysis reveals the nonlinear relationship between the surplus/deficit and debt in the United States during the observed period. The sustainability of fiscal policy is also discussed in the paper.

Keywords: Fiscal Policy, Nonlinear Approach, Smooth Transition Regression Model, Primary Surplus, Debt. JEL Classfications: E62, C01, C24.



129

TÜRKİYE’DEKİ SOSYAL YARDIM VE İSTİHDAM BAĞLANTISI

Erdal Tanas Karagöl1, Ülkü İstiklal Ortakaya2

1Prof. Dr. Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Cinnah Cad. No:16 Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected] 2 Arş. Gör., Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Cinnah Cad. No:16 Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], 0000-0001-5906-6432

ÖZET Sosyal yardımlar, sosyoekonomik etkileri bakımından refah düzeyini artırma hedefi taşımaktadır. Sosyal yardımların yoksullukla mücadelede daha etkili olmasının bir yolu da yoksulluğu ortadan kaldırmada sürdürülebilir bir etkisinin olmasıdır. Kişilerin aldıkları sosyal yardımlar neticesinde artık içinde bulundukları koşulların destek almaksızın daha iyi bir noktada olması gerekmektedir. İstihdam da kalkınmada en etkili araçlardandır. Bu özellikleri bakımından sosyal yardımların istihdam amacı taşıyan bir yapıda olması ve doğrudan kamu eliyle yapılması, sosyal yardımları aktif istihdam politikalarından biri haline getirmektedir. Diğer yandan çalışma hayatına dahil edilmeleri, sosyal yardımların da hedeflerinden olan sosyal dışlanmanın azaltılmasında etkili politikalardandır. Buna yönelik olarak birçok refah rejiminde sosyal yardım programlarının istihdamı artırıcı bir nitelik taşıması hedeflenmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de sosyal yardım istihdam bağlantısının ne ölçüde gerçekleştiğini tespit etmek ve bu bağlantının artırılmasına yönelik politika önerileri geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla Türkiye’deki sosyal yardım istihdam alanında yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan doküman inceleme yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmada alandaki kayıt dışı istihdam, genç işsizlik ve sosyal yardım verileri birlikte ele alınarak analize dahil edilmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde Türkiye’de sosyal yardım istihdam bağlantısını güçlendirmek adına birtakım uygulamalar yapılsa da uygulamada sosyal yardımların istihdam ile ilişkisinin zayıf olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca sosyal yardımların istihdam odaklı mesleki eğitim bağlantısının ve sosyal yardım istihdam bağlantısını güçlendirecek hukuki alt yapının yetersiz olduğu çalışmanın diğer önemli bulgularındandır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kalkınma, İstihdam, Sosyal Yardım, Yoksulluk, Sosyal Refah. JEL Kodları: H53, I38, J08.




130

SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND EMPLOYMENT CONNECTION IN TURKEY

Erdal Tanas Karagöl1, Ülkü İstiklal Ortakaya2

1Prof. Dr. Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Cinnah Cad. No:16 Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected] 2Arş. Gör., Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Cinnah Cad. No:16 Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], 0000-0001-5906-6432

ABSTRACT The socio-economic effects of social assistance aim to increase the level of welfare. In order for social assistance to be more effective in the fight against poverty, it should eradicate poverty in a sustainable way. When people get social assistance, their conditions should be better than before without support. Employment is also one of the most effective means of increasing development. In terms of these features, the fact that social assistance is in a structure that has the purpose of employment and that it is made directly by the public makes social assistance one of the active employment policies. On the other hand, inclusion of people in working life is one of the effective policies in reducing social exclusion, which is also one of the goals of social assistance. In this regard, it is aimed that social assistance programs in many welfare regimes will increase employment. The aim of this study is to determine the extent of the social assistance employment connection in Turkey and to develop policy recommendations to increase this connection. For this purpose, studies in the field of social assistance and employment in Turkey were examined. In the study carried out with the document review method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, informal employment, youth unemployment and social assistance data in the field were considered together and included in the analysis. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the relationship between social assistance and employment is weak in practice, although some applications are made to strengthen the social assistance employment link in Turkey. In addition, it is another important finding of the study that the employment-oriented vocational education connection of social assistance and the legal infrastructure that will strengthen the social assistance employment connection are insufficient.

Key Words: Development, Employment, Social Assistance, Poverty, Social Welfare. Jel Codes: H53, I38, J08.




131

DOĞU AKDENİZ KRİZİ'NDE BÖLGESEL AKTÖRLER VE BEKLENTİLER

İsmail Şahin1

1 Doç. Dr. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi, İİBF, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-

0003-3144-7844.

ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı Doğu Akdeniz’de ortaya çıkan doğalgaz ve deniz yetki alanı tartışmalarını bölgesel aktörler bağlamında değerlendirmektir. Bu doğrultuda her iki anlaşmazlığa müdahil olan devletlerin genel tutumları irdelenmiştir. Özellikle Doğu Akdeniz krizinin ana aktör ülkesi Türkiye’nin politik tercihleri ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Öncelikle sorunların tarihine kısaca değinilmiştir. Ardından bölge bazında ortaya çıkan ve devletler arası ilişkileri etkileyen projelere, koalisyonlara ve anlaşmalara yer verilmiştir. Bu kapsamda olası senaryolar, iş birliği ve çatışma olasılıkları değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğu Akdeniz, Türkiye, Fransa, Yunanistan, İtalya. Jel Kodu: F5, F50, F51.



132

REGIONAL ACTORS AND EXPECTATIONS IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN CRISIS

İsmail Şahin1

1 Doç. Dr. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi, İİBF, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-

0003-3144-7844.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to evaluate the natural gas and maritime jurisdiction debates in the Eastern Mediterranean in the context of regional actors. In this context, the general attitudes of the states which involved in both conflicts were examined. In particular, the political preferences of Turkey, the main actor in the Eastern Mediterranean crisis, were highlighted. First of all, the history of the problems is briefly mentioned. Then, the projects, coalitions and agreements that emerged in the region were included. Finally, possible scenarios, cooperation models and conflict risks that may arise in the region were evaluated. Key Words: Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey, France, Greece, Italy. Jel Codes: F5, F50, F51



133

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES: HIGHLIGHTING THE ISSUE IN TURKEY

Bilal Bilalli 1 and Rui Alexandre Castanho 1,2,3

1. Faculty of Applied Sciences, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Górnicza, Poland

2. College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, South Africa

3. VALORIZA—Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300 Portalegre, Portugal

ABSTRACT The concept of sustainability has been proposed to solve the problems arising from the interaction of people with the natural environment. The concept of sustainable development permits many different perspectives to be developed regarding renewable energy sources. Accordingly, with the economic and social developments, the expansion of production volumes, and increased social demand and expectations have led to an increase in energy demand. One of the primary factors in achieving sustainable economic growth is the effective use of energy resources. In this study, the effect of renewable energy sources on sustainable development has been assessed. Contextually, it is expected that Turkey's full membership process to the EU must initiate compliance activities organized by the renewable energy sector, and projects should be implemented. Also, bureaucratic obstacles to foreign energy investors should be removed. Keywords: Renewable Energies; Sustainability; Sustainable Development.



134

COMPARISON IN RECYCLING PROCESSES AND METHODS IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A BRIEF PRELIMINARY STUDY THROUGH LITERATURE REVEW-BASED RESEARCH

Sharon Reyes González1 and Rui Alexandre Castanho 1,2,3

1. Faculty of Applied Sciences, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Górnicza, Poland.

[email protected] | [email protected]

2. College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, South Africa

3. VALORIZA—Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300 Portalegre, Portugal

ABSTRACT

In the present moment, many companies are innovating their supply chain in pro of the environment. In fact,

they use more sustainable materials and developing processes, recycling their waste, and selecting their

suppliers to preserve the environment. In this regard, the environmental pollution is one of the biggest

problems faced by countries globally, and its impact is due to the amount of waste generated daily. Thereby,

this brief preliminary study – based on the literature review – intends to provide us a short comparison of

recycling processes and methods in developed and developing countries. One of the preliminary research

outcomes shows that, in Mexico, although federal policies do not support recycling, it is carried out although

informally (mostly) but a minimal amount. Also, European and Asian countries (such as Japan) show the best

performance by establishing policies and methods to recover or recycle different types of waste.

Keywords: Emerging Countries; Environmental Issues; Comparison Studies; Recycling; Sustainable Development.

JEL Classfications: R1; Q5; Y8;



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