International Co-operation and Defence Policies

InternationalCo-operationandDefencePolicies

Master’sofPoliticsofInternationalCo-operationAutumn2020,Session1

SamuelB.H.FaureAssociateProfessorofPoliticalScience

Outline

• I. Your expectation

• II. The Syllabus

• III. Session 1

I. What do you know about this topic?What do you expect from the seminar?

II. The Syllabus: Some opening remarks

• 1) Topic

• 2) Aim

• 3) Assessment

• 4) General reminders

• 5) Programme & Guests

• 6) References

2)Topic

InternationalCo-operationandDefence

Policies

Stateandits allies

CSDP(EU)

NATOWomeninpower

China PuzzleSovereignty

‘Europeanstrategicautonomy’

ContextCovid-19crisis

‘Great’powers areback

2)Topic

GlobalIssues(migration,climatechange,defence)

Interdependence(alliances,

partnerships)

Dilemmas(military,political,

econ,etc.)

2)Aim

• Complementary to ‘Arms, Business and Politics’ seminar atthe crossroads of political economy and sociology of elites…• ... Inter-state military partnerships based on Europeanstudies and strategic studies (IR theories)

• Complementary to your other seminars this year:International co-operation in… the arena of defence policy,mainly in Europe

• Sharing knowledge with you, working on your practicalskillsà empowerment

3) Assessment

• i) One individual exercise (30%)• Oral participation in sessions 1 to 5

• ii) One collective exercise (70%)• Drafting of a paper and its oral presentation in session 6

• iii) Getting bonus points

i)Oralparticipation(30%)

• Students are considered as young professionals andeach seminar is thought of as a working meeting

• Must read carefully the compulsory readings andshould read some of the elective readings for eachsession

• Reading these papers is not an end in itself, but anopportunity to understand deeper the content and beactive in your learning process

i)Oralparticipation(30%)

• Two criteria of evaluation:

• The quality of the speeches and not their number (onecan make a lot of noise without saying anything)

• The regularity of your participation by being active ateach session

ii)Collectiveexercise (70%)

• What are the main features of this exercise?

• How will the international conference (session 6) beorganised?

• How shall you prepare the international conference?

• What are the main interests of this exercise for a Gradstudent?


• What are the main features of thisexercise?

• The students are divided into six groups offour people: young experts specialised inmilitary policy and international alliances

• Each group represents a task force basedin a capital city: Berlin, DC, Madrid,London, Paris, and Warsaw

• The instructor decides the composition ofthe groups at random



Berlin DC Madrid London Paris Warsaw

JadeA.AlexiaD.SixtineL.

BenjaminP.

SarahBT.FélixDL.SaloméM.Ludivine P.

LauraB.CamilleF.Eric M.GaëlleP.

Haykel C.Elina G.

AmbreML.CômeUJ.

Claire DT.Laure-AnneJ.AndreaM.EliottV.

TiphaineDT.Alexandre J.ClémenceO.HélèneV.



• Taking part in an ideas competitionrecently launched by the EuropeanCommission. Ursula von der Leyen: a'geopolitical Commission' role.

• It is the EU's politico-military position onthe international stage in the 21st centuryand the international governance ofdefence policies that are being questionedthrough the lens of sovereignty andEuropean strategic autonomy



• In order to achieve this ambitious goal,institutional/political/military/etc.changesmust be made, but... how?

• How can the European Commissionbecome a geopolitical player and theEuropean Union clarify its role on theinternational stage? Answering thisquestion is your mission



• Your goal: Working on a proposal/idea (nottwo, not three) that you are going to defendto President von der Leyen

• It has to be innovative/different/creative (i.e.thinking out of the box)

• Each task force has to answer this question:Can our proposal/idea make adifference/shake the world? If so, then youare on the right track


• How will the international conference (session 6) beorganised?

• Each group/task force will present its results/researchduring the final session (3 December) of the seminarthat will take the form of an ‘international conference’

• The professor will play the role of the President of theEuropean Commission


• How will the international conference (session 6) be organised?

• Each group will have 24 minutes to convince the President :

• 8min of oral presentation developing the interest(s) of your proposalto make the Commission a geopolitical actor in the military field andthus strengthen the position of the EU on the international scene

• 8min of Q&A w/the other experts: pointing out the limits of yourproposal.• Each student shall work with his/her team from the beginning of the term,but… avoiding communication with the other groups of experts

• 8min of Q&A w/the President: pointing out the weaknesses of yourproposal


• How shall you prepare the international conference?

• Deadline: 23 November, i.e. 10 days after the last workingsession (session 5) and 10 days before the internationalconference (session 6)

• Each hour of delay will result in a penalty of one point

• Then, all the policy papers will be sent on the same day (23November) to all so that the Q/A sessions can be preparedin advance of the international conference


• What are the main interests of this exercise for a Gradstudent?

• Working with the same team for two full months

• Working on change in IR and policy-making: complementaryto other simulations that focus on negotiation skills

• May be useful for your next work experience and hopefully,it will be fun!

iii)Gettingbonuspoints

• To improve your oral participation grade: Making avideo (not more than 3min)

• To improve your policy paper grade: Drafting of an op-ed of 800 words (in English or in French)

• One bonus point on your grade (oral participationand/or policy paper) if you do a good job and twobonus points if you do a terrific job

4)Generalreminders

• Activate the ‘silent’ mode ofyour phone

• Five-minute break every 55minutes

• The act of plagiarizing is heavilysanctioned

• Dress code

5)Programme&Guests

InternationalCo-operationandDefence

Policies

1.Stateanditsallies

2.CSDP(EU)

3.NATO

4.Womeninpower

5.China

6.Conference

Christelle CALMELS,SciencesPoParisAmélie ZIMA,

UniversityofWarsaw

PierreHAROCHE,IRSEM

HugoMEIJER,SciencesPoParis

JohannaMöhringENSParis&WIISFrance

III. Session 1

• The State and its allies. What are the varieties ofdefence co-operation?

• FAURE, SAMUEL B.H. Varieties of international co-operation: France’s ‘flexilateral’ policy in the context ofBrexit. French Politics, vol 17, no 1, p. 1-25.

• LE GLEUT, Ronan, CONWAY-MOURET Hélène, Défenseeuropéenne: le défi de l'autonomie stratégique. Sénat.2019, Information report 626.

Reference1

• FAURE, SAMUEL B.H. Varieties of international co-operation: France’s ‘flexilateral’ policy in the context ofBrexit. French Politics, vol 17, no 1, p. 1-25.

Four questions to analyse a paper

• Puzzle/question

• Argument/explanation

• Casestudy/studies (comparativeanalysis ornot)

• Contribution(could be theoretical and/orempirical)

Puzzle

• What types of international co-operation do States useto acquire armaments ?

• How can this set of international co-operation beconceptualised?

Argument

• The concept of ‘flexilateralism’

• This neologism defines:• ‘the policy whereby a State simultaneously mobilizes differenttypes of international co-operation to respond to a publicproblem’ such as the acquisition of armaments, climatechange or refugee crises.

Argument

• Four forms of international co-operation:• 1) Unilateralism (no cooperation)• 2) Bilateralism (cooperation between two States)• 3) Minilateralism (cooperation between a group of exclusiveStates)• 4) Multilateralism (cooperation between a group of inclusiveStates)

• Two levels:• 1) European• 2) Transatlantic (or global)

ArgumentUnilateralism•Brexit

Bilateralism• FR-GE• FR-BR• BR-GE• FR-SP• FR-US

Minilateralism• E2I• EuroDrone•Nordevco• Visegrad

Multilateralism•NATO• EU

InternationalCo-operation

Argument

Unilateralism Multilateralism

European

Transatlantic/Global

NATO

EU-CSDPE2IEuroDroneNordevcoVisegrad

Franco-GermanPartnership

Brexit

FiveEyesSpecial Relationshipw/theUK

Bilateralism Minilateralism

Trump’s DecisionAboutIran

Casestudy

• The development ofFrance’s armamentspolicy, in the context ofBrexit negotiations

• Differentiated EuropeanIntegration

Contributions

• The concept of flexilateralism contributes to theliterature relating to:

• The varieties of liberal militarism (Joana, Mérand) andthe industrial capitalism of defence (Moravcsik, deVore,Weiss)

• Differentiated integration (‘from below’) and thedisintegration of the European Union

Contribution

• Thanks to this concept, it is clear international co-operationdoes not have a single model but a few varieties• As a result, it does not make any sense to ask if the internationalco-operation in the military field would be ruled either in and byNATO or CSDP-EU

• Then, the question is:• How articulate the different forms (allies)• and levels (European/Transatlantic) of international co-operation• to do what (goals)• and when (political context, i.e. window ofopportunity/constraint)?

Reference2

• LE GLEUT, Ronan, CONWAY-MOURET Hélène, Défenseeuropéenne: le défi de l'autonomie stratégique. Sénat.2019, Information report 626.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=845&v=oL7VGZyX6pA&feature=emb_logo

Any questions,any comments?

• Problem: NATO is not enough (US support is decling) to deal withand to fix global issues in the military field (threats are increasing)

• Argument: Strategic autonomy does not refer to independencefrom NATO but to its complementarity

• She also talked about:• ‘We first listened to our partners (which surprised them)’• ‘National’ and then ‘European’ sovereignty: what does it mean?• ‘Defending our own interests’: what does it mean?• Varieties of actors and arenas: NATO, EU, European Commission, DGDEFIS, PESCO, EDA, EDF, France, Germany, Spain, UK

• ‘Political will’àmy definition: level of agency• Methodology: interviews… like a researcher/expert

What other information is includedin the report?• No collective defence of Europe without the US

• ‘It is clear that the defence of Europe is today essentiallyassured by NATO, in other words, in practice, by the US’

• ‘The defence of Europe is essentially provided by the UnitedStates, which alone accounts for two thirds of the totalmilitary spending of NATO countries’

• ‘Defending Europe without the United States would costEuropeans 300 billion euros’

What other information is includedin the report?

What other information is includedin the report?• ‘The strategic autonomy wanted by France’, many of ourinterlocutors told us, ‘nobody knows what it is’

• ‘The terms ‘strategic autonomy’ or ‘European army’should not be used lightly: these terms are a source ofconcern for France's partners’

• ‘The debate on strategic autonomy is therefore first andforemost a debate on our capability shortfalls’

What other information is includedin the report?• Definition of Strategic autonomy:

• ‘In the implementation of this (Global EU) Strategy, France is particularlyattached to the consolidation of strategic autonomy, conceived as agreater autonomy of decision, appreciation and action of the Union,necessary to enable Europeans to be the actors of their own security, tocontribute to a better sharing of the burden and to cooperate on anequal footing with our partners’

• Definition of European defence:• ‘All the military assets that can be deployed jointly or in a coordinatedmanner by the countries of the continent, within or outside theframework of the European Union’

• What do you think of the 12 proposals?

International Co-operation and Defence Policies

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