INTERNATIONAL CENTREFOR ADVANCED MEDITERRANEANAGRONOMIC STUDIES

INSTITUT AGRONOMIQUE MEDITERRANEEN DE MONTPELLIER

WP3: WP3: Data on Environmentally Friendly Data on Environmentally Friendly

Production Systems Production Systems

Franck Schmitt, IAM, MontpellierFranck Schmitt, IAM, Montpellier

33rdrd CAP-STRAT meeting CAP-STRAT meeting

ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITA' DI BOLOGNADipartimento di Protezione e Valorizzazione

Agro-alimentare (DIPROVAL) Sezione Economia

IntroductionIntroduction

What are “Environmentally Friendly” Production What are “Environmentally Friendly” Production Systems?Systems? Degradation of natural ressources?Degradation of natural ressources?

Soil erosionSoil erosion Soil and/or water salinisationSoil and/or water salinisation

Based on active chemicals?Based on active chemicals? Based on pollution runoff?Based on pollution runoff? Is there a relation with geographical distribution? Is there a relation with geographical distribution? It’s all about practices…It’s all about practices…

Available modelsAvailable models

There are models from OECD or the European There are models from OECD or the European Environment AgencyEnvironment Agency PSR PSR DPSIR DPSIR

There is no official European synthetic There is no official European synthetic indicator that is sufficiently disaggregated to indicator that is sufficiently disaggregated to respond to pedoclimatic data and agricultural respond to pedoclimatic data and agricultural practices, ie “Environmentally Friendly” practices, ie “Environmentally Friendly” Production Systems.Production Systems.

ObjectivesObjectives

Define and estimate indicators for the Define and estimate indicators for the impact of phytosanitary products on the impact of phytosanitary products on the environment for all NUTS2 regions andenvironment for all NUTS2 regions and CONVentional, CONVentional, INTEgrated, INTEgrated, ORGAnicORGAnic

production systems.production systems.

DefinitionsDefinitions

Conventional agricultureConventional agriculture Agriculture as a dominant practice.Agriculture as a dominant practice.

Integrated agricultureIntegrated agriculture Heterogeneous definitions by crop and by country.Heterogeneous definitions by crop and by country. Integrated pest managementIntegrated pest management Scientifically “sound” practicesScientifically “sound” practices

Organic agricultureOrganic agriculture Use of synthetic products is forbidden.Use of synthetic products is forbidden. Ideology plays a roleIdeology plays a role Specifications are more or less equivalent in EU15 Specifications are more or less equivalent in EU15

and quiet stringent.and quiet stringent.

The I-PHY approach (INRA-Colmar)The I-PHY approach (INRA-Colmar)

Risk estimation per module Risk estimation per module

Ground water Surfacewater

Air Dosage

Global risk estimator = Indicator for eachactive molecule (I-phyma)

Global risk estimator = Indicator for eachactive molecule (I-phyma)

Indicateur (I-PHY) pour le programme de traitements

Indicator (I-PHY) for the treatment schedule

ACTIVE MOLECULE 1 ACTIVE MOLECULE n

Ground water Surfacewater

Air Dosage

For each crop, in each region, for the 3 production systems there is a recommended/preferred treatment schedule:

MethodologyMethodology

For each region:For each region: 10 year average (+/- stdv.) temperature and 10 year average (+/- stdv.) temperature and

rain fall (1 station per region)rain fall (1 station per region) 1 dominant soil type1 dominant soil type 5 dominant crops for a total of 9 crops5 dominant crops for a total of 9 crops Expert opinion for the chemical active Expert opinion for the chemical active

materials and/or trademarksmaterials and/or trademarks ““Grey” literatureGrey” literature ““I-PHY” FL Expert System.I-PHY” FL Expert System.

IndicatorsIndicators

CONVENTIONAL INTEGRATED ORGANIC

SWHE 0.2 0.5 1

DWHE 0.2 0.45 1

COLZ 0 0.3 0.85

• The indicators are relative grades with 1 as a reference for organic soft wheat.

• They express the potential environmental risk related to the use of pesticides.

• They have been calculated for 9 crops for every region where soil types and meteorological data, practices and product documentation was available.

• Example: FR620

ExampleExample

FR300 HA c CONV I-PHY INTE I-PHY ORGA I-PHY

SWHE 275.88 0.49 0.20 0.10 0.50 0.24 1.00 0.49BARL 69.94 0.12 0.10 0.01 0.30 0.04 0.95 0.12FMAI 56.82 0.10 0.50 0.05 0.70 0.07 1.00 0.10SUGB 64.65 0.11 X n/a X n/a X n/aGRAE 99.85 0.18 X n/a X n/a X n/aTOTAL 567.14 0.16 0.35 0.70

Specifics: Conventional agriculture Specifics: Conventional agriculture There is a significant difference between winter There is a significant difference between winter

cultures (cereals with straw and colza for example) and cultures (cereals with straw and colza for example) and spring cultures (corn, sunflower...). spring cultures (corn, sunflower...). The first, remaining longer in the field, require in general The first, remaining longer in the field, require in general

phytosanitary protection (in particular weedkillers and phytosanitary protection (in particular weedkillers and insecticides). insecticides).

The seconds have a shorter vegetative cycle requiring fewer The seconds have a shorter vegetative cycle requiring fewer chemical interventions. chemical interventions.

This is amplified in the areas with rainy winters (the This is amplified in the areas with rainy winters (the United Kingdom, Ireland, Brittany) because the fields United Kingdom, Ireland, Brittany) because the fields must be cleaned early on with root based weedkillers, must be cleaned early on with root based weedkillers, which are persistent in the soil. which are persistent in the soil.

Northern Europe is an exception because the climatic Northern Europe is an exception because the climatic conditions are such that there are no winter crops but conditions are such that there are no winter crops but only spring cultures with a shorter vegetative cycle.only spring cultures with a shorter vegetative cycle.

Specifics: Conventional agriculture...Specifics: Conventional agriculture...

We can distinguish certain European regions by their We can distinguish certain European regions by their different levels of productivity. The traditional NORTH-different levels of productivity. The traditional NORTH-SOUTH distinction however is NOT significant with SOUTH distinction however is NOT significant with regard to the impact of the phytosanitary products on regard to the impact of the phytosanitary products on the environment because different kinds of products the environment because different kinds of products are used.are used.

Due to soil or climate conditions there are sometimes Due to soil or climate conditions there are sometimes limited yields because of more extensive techniques. In limited yields because of more extensive techniques. In this case, the reduction of the input costs is generally this case, the reduction of the input costs is generally done by choosing older, less expensive phytosanitary done by choosing older, less expensive phytosanitary products, with definitely less favorable toxicological and products, with definitely less favorable toxicological and eco-toxicological profiles eco-toxicological profiles

Specifics: Conventional agriculture...Specifics: Conventional agriculture...

It is interesting to note that, in general, the “grades" It is interesting to note that, in general, the “grades" attributed to cereals and corn are much better than attributed to cereals and corn are much better than those of oil crops like colza, the sunflower or soya. those of oil crops like colza, the sunflower or soya.

The shear size of the wheat acreage is such that The shear size of the wheat acreage is such that commercial research (agrochemicals) privileged this commercial research (agrochemicals) privileged this market. market.

With more homologations and technological With more homologations and technological innovations, the phytosanitary products for cereals in innovations, the phytosanitary products for cereals in general have a lesser environmental impact compared general have a lesser environmental impact compared to the older products used for oil crops. to the older products used for oil crops.

Specifics: Integrated agriculture Specifics: Integrated agriculture At the European level, the definition for these At the European level, the definition for these

agricultural practices has nowhere the same agricultural practices has nowhere the same significance (neither the same technical constraints), significance (neither the same technical constraints), not even for the same cultures. not even for the same cultures.

Germany and Austria, as well as the countries of the Germany and Austria, as well as the countries of the North of Europe have strict standards (OILB, 1993). North of Europe have strict standards (OILB, 1993).

In France, the emergent concept of Reasoned In France, the emergent concept of Reasoned Agriculture does not have a tangible impact on the use Agriculture does not have a tangible impact on the use of phytosanitary products (VEREIJKEN and VIAUX, of phytosanitary products (VEREIJKEN and VIAUX, 1990 - GIRARDIN, 1993). 1990 - GIRARDIN, 1993).

In the Mediterranean countries, only the perennial In the Mediterranean countries, only the perennial cultures (arboriculture and wine grapes) have true cultures (arboriculture and wine grapes) have true technical norms (PI, Iso 14000...) but they have not technical norms (PI, Iso 14000...) but they have not been taken into account.been taken into account.

Specifics: Integrated agriculture…Specifics: Integrated agriculture…

We dispose only of little technical documentation for We dispose only of little technical documentation for this (this (intermediate)intermediate) way between conventional way between conventional agriculture and organic agriculture. agriculture and organic agriculture.

As there is a lack of information for certain NUTS II As there is a lack of information for certain NUTS II regions, we had to extrapolated some results from regions, we had to extrapolated some results from surrounding regions. surrounding regions.

In general, the results obtained are better than those of In general, the results obtained are better than those of the conventional agriculture as the chemical treatment the conventional agriculture as the chemical treatment is being applied as a last resort only, when all the is being applied as a last resort only, when all the "preventive" measures failed (crop rotation, the use of "preventive" measures failed (crop rotation, the use of natural auxiliaries, pheromones, or mechanical natural auxiliaries, pheromones, or mechanical weeding). weeding).

The mentioned observations about the differences in The mentioned observations about the differences in scores between cultures or regions are the same as scores between cultures or regions are the same as with conventional techniques.with conventional techniques.

Specifics: Organic agriculture Specifics: Organic agriculture We find little variability between NUTSII We find little variability between NUTSII

regions. regions. This is sometimes due to the lack of data This is sometimes due to the lack of data

requiring the extrapolation from surrounding requiring the extrapolation from surrounding regions, regions,

and sometimes due to the fact that the and sometimes due to the fact that the practices follow strict national norms rather practices follow strict national norms rather than being technically linked to local than being technically linked to local pedoclimatic conditions. pedoclimatic conditions.

Specifics: Organic agriculture… Specifics: Organic agriculture… The results obtained are very good, and are essentially The results obtained are very good, and are essentially

based on the techniques used:based on the techniques used: There is no chemical treatment of the seeds for the majority of There is no chemical treatment of the seeds for the majority of

cereals cultivated in organic agriculture as for now. cereals cultivated in organic agriculture as for now. However, the impacts on the soil (in particular on the microfauna However, the impacts on the soil (in particular on the microfauna

and the flora of the soil) are not taken into account in the and the flora of the soil) are not taken into account in the construction of the indicator, by lack of scientific field knowledge construction of the indicator, by lack of scientific field knowledge (yet possible at the field level); (yet possible at the field level);

The treatments containing sulphur and/or copper, frequently used The treatments containing sulphur and/or copper, frequently used in biological agriculture, do not have an incidence here. Besides in biological agriculture, do not have an incidence here. Besides they relate to more arboriculture, wine grapes and field crops. they relate to more arboriculture, wine grapes and field crops.

In fact, only some foliar treatments, in particular insecticides, In fact, only some foliar treatments, in particular insecticides, natural but nonetheless toxic (pyrethrums, rotenone...), explain natural but nonetheless toxic (pyrethrums, rotenone...), explain the differences between cultures, disadvantaging the oil crops the differences between cultures, disadvantaging the oil crops again, and in particular winter colza.again, and in particular winter colza.

Follow upsFollow ups

These indicators, as well as the water balances These indicators, as well as the water balances could be integrated ex-post in the CAPRI could be integrated ex-post in the CAPRI system in the following way:system in the following way: After finishing the simulation the annual cropping After finishing the simulation the annual cropping

pattern file could be linked to the I-PHY file via pattern file could be linked to the I-PHY file via NUTS2 region code and crop code.NUTS2 region code and crop code.

This could also be displayed with the map tool using This could also be displayed with the map tool using color intensities to display the danger level.color intensities to display the danger level.