FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11‐16 April 2010  1

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY FIXING AND THE ROLES OF INDONESIAN SURVEYORS

by: Dr. Sobar Sutisna Sora Lokita

Badan Koordinasi Survei dan Pemetaan Nasional ( B A K O S U R T A N A L ) The National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping I N D O N E S I A

FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010

OUTLINE

I. INTRODUCTION

II. THE BOUNDARY MAKING AND LOSC

III. THE TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BOUNDARY MAKING & TALOS

IV. THE ROLE OF INDONESIAN SURVEYORS

V. CONCLUSION

FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11‐16 April 2010  2

Introduction

I. The roles of geodetic surveyor in Indonesia’s international boundary fixings have formally been recognised since 1969.

II. From only as a boundary map drawer in maritime delimitation and as land border demarcation surveyors.

III. Their current role as boundary engineers, boundary managers and boundary designers, both in land boundaries and maritime boundary delimitations

Introduction continues

4

10 countries

Introduction: Indonesia and Its Neighboring Countries

FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11‐16 April 2010  3

TZMKO 1939

©BAKOSURTANAL, INDONESIA

6

Source: Bakosurtanal, 2008

Indonesian Maritime Boundaries

FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11‐16 April 2010  4

-Economic

-Soc/Cult

-Infrastr

-Enviro

-Defence

-Security

allocation

Uti Posideti Juris

Geneva Convention

delimitation

JMCM Negoti: JDC, JTT, JWG

Agreement/ Treaty

Tribunal/ ICJ / Arbitration

Annex Maps (General maps)

Demarcation

Border problems?

JTC JDS; Agreement; MOU; etc

Annex maps (more detail maps)

Admin/Mgmt:

Adapted from: Stephen B. Jones (1945): A Handbook for Statesmen, Treaty Editors and Boundary Commissioners

JBC: Agreement; MOU

SubComm: Sectoral/Regio

Maps

Political Decision Diplomacy

TALOS and Survey

Mapping

Development and maintanance of border area

Mapping

NBC

SS.03.09.07

Boundary Disputes

Unresolved

Agrmt Bilateral Cooperation

The Correlation between the Theory of Boundary Making and Indonesian Border Diplomacy

The Technical Aspects of Boundary Making 1. Alocation: technical opinions related to general boundary description maps,

reliable and accurate related data bases for the purpose of negotiations in delimitation process, etc.

2. Delimitation: Boundary definition, Verbal treaty formulation, Treaty map construction, Geodetic datum, etc.

3. Demarcation: treaty interpretation, Border pillars erection, coordinate fixing, watershed mapping, thalweg mapping, offset surveys, border monument reconstruction, Border joint mapping, point positioning, traversing, staking out, minutes plan, different coordinate systems problem-solving, etc.

4. Administration: joint border mapping, frontier area mapping, spatial planning maps, border markers meantenance, and the establisment of boundary data base and information system, etc.

LOSC TALOS

FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11‐16 April 2010  5

Indonesian Surveyors in Boundary Making

1. The technical issues are the main competence of surveyors.

2. Such as treaty interpretation, border monument erections, coordinat fixing, watershed mapping, thalweg mapping, offset surveys, borderline reconnaissances, joint boundary mapping, point positioning, traversing, staking out, minutes plans, different coordinate systems problem-solving, territorial seas, eez and continental shelfs projections in accordance to relevance legal references.

3. In boundary delimitation, surveyors play a role as boundary engineers which contribute technical suggestion and or support to the chief negotiators.

Indonesian Surveyors in Boundary Making

3. Surveyors also provide: reliable geospatial data (base maps, photogrammetric imageries, satellite emageries, digital terrain model, etc.), land border definition, maritime delienation methods, identification of boundary geographical features elements, method of proportionality principles, boundary dispute setlement, expertise in boundary negotiation.

4. Trusted as the leader in the forums of joint border mapping, frontier area mapping, spatial planning maps, border markers meantenance, border crossing. And also members of joint boundary commission.

FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11‐16 April 2010  6

Example: Border demarcation (Indonesia – Timor Leste)

The Result: Provisional Agreement 2005

FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11‐16 April 2010  7

Indonesian Surveyors in Boundary Making

Conclusion

1. Indonesian surveyors play significant role in every stages of Indonesian international boundary making.

2. Indonesian surveyors contribute far forward from being only surveyors in the past into a boundary designers and engginers.

3. Indonesian surveyors develop their knowleged and skill from time to time.

FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11‐16 April 2010  8

THANK YOU