Internal structure and development of snow cover on ... · Internal structure and development of...
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Internal structure and development of snow cover on Internal structure and development of snow cover on S S valbard valbard glaciers (Hansbreen and Vestfonna) derived glaciers (Hansbreen and Vestfonna) derived from high frequency GPR and classical methods from high frequency GPR and classical methods Mariusz Grabiec 1 , Dariusz Puczko 2 , Tomasz Budzik 1 1 Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland 2 Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland Gdynia Gdynia 8-10 October 2010 8-10 October 2010
Transcript of Internal structure and development of snow cover on ... · Internal structure and development of...
Internal structure and development of snow cover on Internal structure and development of snow cover on SSvalbardvalbard glaciers (Hansbreen and Vestfonna) derived glaciers (Hansbreen and Vestfonna) derived
from high frequency GPR and classical methodsfrom high frequency GPR and classical methods
Mariusz Grabiec1, Dariusz Puczko2, Tomasz Budzik1
1 Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland2 Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
GdyniaGdynia8-10 October 20108-10 October 2010
ObjectivesObjectives
• Estimation of snow dynamics and phases of formation on selected Svalbard glaciers in accumulation seasons by analysis of snow depth changes, internal structure of snow cover and available meteorological data
• Analysis of snow dynamics and internal structure of snow cover in remote polar areas basing on minimum input data
12 July 2002Terra/MODIS© NASA “Visible Earth”
Ny Aalesund
Longyearbyen
Polish Polar StationHORNSUND
SVALBARD
Spitsbergen
Kinnvika Station
HansbreenAccumulation season 2007/2008
VestfonnaAccumulation season 2008/2009
Previous work on snow and Previous work on snow and accumulationaccumulation
Hansbreen:Hansbreen:
• permanent stakes monitoring and snow pits analysis since 1988• ultrasonic snow depth sounding since 2006• dense snow probing with classical method 1989, 2003, 2005 (Grabiec 2006)• studies on snow cover formation (Leszkiewicz & Pulina 1999)
Snow pit Hansbreen April 2008Snow pit Hansbreen April 2008340m a.s.l.340m a.s.l.
Vestfonna:Vestfonna:
• Snow stratification studies (Ahlmann 1933, Glen 1939, Schytt 1964, Palosuo 1987) and accumulation distribution (Schytt 1964)• snow chemistry studies related to Kinnvika IPY projects (Beaudon & Moore 2009, Mantila, Luks)
ERS-2 SAR4 May 2009Schytt 1964
Ahlmann StationAhlmann Station
Methods:Methods:
• Classical stake readings and snow probe monitoringClassical stake readings and snow probe monitoring• Automatic snow depth records (sonic ranger)Automatic snow depth records (sonic ranger)• SSnow pits for physical snow properties and internal structure analysisnow pits for physical snow properties and internal structure analysis• High frequency radio echo-sounding for snow depth, SWE and High frequency radio echo-sounding for snow depth, SWE and internal internal structurestructure• On-site meteorological data and meteorological re-analysisOn-site meteorological data and meteorological re-analysis • Simple snow dynamics modelSimple snow dynamics model
Model of snow cover changes (scc model)Model of snow cover changes (scc model)
Snow accumulation (B)
P - precipitationT – air temperature
CTPB °<= ∑ 0;
Prognostic snow density(Douville et al. 1995; Verseghy 1991; White 2002)
ρst+1 – next step snow density
ρ*s – current snow densityρmax – maximum snow densityτf - coefficient for exponential decrease of snow densityτf - length of day
( ) max1
max1 exp* ρ
ττρρρ +
∆−−=+ tfs
ts
Surface melting (M)
M – surface meltingTi – average daily temperaturea – melting factor
CTaTM ii °>= 0;
Drift index (DI) (Liston & Sturm 1998; Lehninf & Fiertz 2008)
Qs – snow flux in way of saltationsl – coefficient of slope length
ρa – density of airg – acceleration due to gravityu* - friction velocityu*th – threshold friction velocity
l
s
sQ
DI =
( )2*
2*
*
*68.0 ththa
s uuguu
Q −=ρ
Snow depth at Hornsund station OCT 2007 – MAY 2008Snow depth at Hornsund station OCT 2007 – MAY 2008
Observed data and results of scc modelObserved data and results of scc model
10/1/07 10/31/07 11/30/07 12/30/07 1/29/08 2/28/08 3/29/08 4/28/08 5/28/08date
0
100
200
300
400
500
snow
dep
th [m
m]
observedcalculatedcalculated wind drift included
www.kinnvika.net10/1/07 10/31/07 11/30/07 12/30/07 1/29/08 2/28/08 3/29/08 4/28/08 5/28/08
date
-30
-20
-10
0
10
air t
empe
ratu
re (o C
)
0
10
20
30
win
d sp
eed
[m/s
]
air temperatureaverage wind speed
0
Meteorological conditions Meteorological conditions Hornsund and VestfonnaHornsund and Vestfonna
Hornsund (OCT 2007 - MAY 2008)Hornsund (OCT 2007 - MAY 2008)
Vestfonna (AUG 2007 - JUL 2008)Vestfonna (AUG 2007 - JUL 2008)
510000 512000 514000 516000 518000
8546000
8548000
8550000
8552000
8554000
8556000
8558000
8560000
8562000
0 2 4 6 8 [km]
4. 0
3. 5
3. 0
2. 5
2. 0
1. 5
1. 0
Snow depth [m]
-250-200-150-100-50050100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800850900
Elevation [m a.s.l.]
Spatial distribution of snow coverSpatial distribution of snow coverHansbreen 2008Hansbreen 2008
510000 512000 514000 516000 518000
8546000
8548000
8550000
8552000
8554000
8556000
8558000
8560000
8562000
0 2 4 6 8 [km]
-250-200-150-100-50050100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800850900
Elevation [m a.s.l.]
Average snow depth: 2,84mAverage snow depth: 2,84mSnow depth gradient: 0,45 m/100 m of elevationSnow depth gradient: 0,45 m/100 m of elevation
Spatial distribution of snow coverSpatial distribution of snow coverVestfonna 2009Vestfonna 2009
0 4 8 12 16 20distance from W [km]
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2sn
ow d
epth
[m]
0
200
400
600
Ele
vatio
n [m
a.s
.l.]
lack of datalack of data
ASTER image17 August 2000
Average snow depth: 1,2mAverage snow depth: 1,2mSnow depth gradient: 0,23 m/100 m of elevationSnow depth gradient: 0,23 m/100 m of elevation
9/6/05 5/22/06 2/7/07 1/26/08 9/18/08 4/28/09 1/2/10date
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
rela
tive
high
t [cm
]
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0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Snow
dep
th [m
]
-20
-10
0
10
20 0
4
8
12
16
20
daily
pre
cipi
tatio
n [m
m]
win
d sp
eed
[m/s
]
10/1/07 10/31/07 11/30/07 12/30/07 1/29/08 2/28/08 3/29/08 4/28/08 5/28/08
snow depthrain events at Hornsundwind speed (Hornsund)positive max T
Snow cover development on Snow cover development on Hansbreen Hansbreen
184 m a.s.l.184 m a.s.l.
510000 512000 514000 516000 5180008546000
8548000
8550000
8552000
8554000
8556000
8558000
8560000
8562000
10/1/07 10/31/07 11/30/07 12/30/07 1/29/08 2/28/08 3/29/08 4/28/08 5/28/08date
0
1000
2000
3000
snow
dep
th [c
m]
snow depth observedsnow depth calculated
Snow cover developement Snow cover developement observations and modellingobservations and modelling
Hansbreen Hansbreen (OCT 2007 - MAY 2008)(OCT 2007 - MAY 2008)
510000 512000 514000 516000 5180008546000
8548000
8550000
8552000
8554000
8556000
8558000
8560000
8562000
100 200 300 400 500 600density [kg/m3]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
snow
hei
ght [
mm
]
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
snow
hei
ght [
mm
]
Snow pit analysis v. results of snow devlopement modelSnow pit analysis v. results of snow devlopement model
Internal snow structureInternal snow structure Snow densitySnow density
Hansbreen Hansbreen (OCT 2007 - MAY 2008) 186 m a.s.l.(OCT 2007 - MAY 2008) 186 m a.s.l.
Scc modelScc model Scc modelScc modelSnow pitSnow pit
22.1022.10
27.1027.10
16.1216.12
1.011.0114.0114.0128.0128.01
22.0222.028.048.04
26.0426.04
Snow cover internal structureSnow cover internal structure
Hansbreen T04 April 2008Hansbreen T04 April 2008
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
snow
hei
ght [
mm
]
Snow cover internal structure Snow cover internal structure Wavelet analysisWavelet analysis
Hansbreen T04 April 2008Hansbreen T04 April 2008
Amplitude
- +
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
snow
hei
ght [
mm
]
10/1/07 10/31/07 11/30/07 12/30/07 1/29/08 2/28/08 3/29/08 4/28/08 5/28/08date
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Tem
pera
ture
[o C]
0
4
8
12
16
20
Prec
ipita
tion
[mm
]
0
4
8
12
16
20
Win
d sp
eed
[m/s
]
HornsundERA Interim
Hornsund meteorological data and ERA Interim re-analysisHornsund meteorological data and ERA Interim re-analysis(OCT 2007 - MAY 2008)(OCT 2007 - MAY 2008)
ERA Interim gridsERA Interim grids
r=0.99r=0.99
r=0.65r=0.65
r=0.61r=0.61
Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1983Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1983
10/1/07 10/31/07 11/30/07 12/30/07 1/29/08 2/28/08 3/29/08 4/28/08 5/28/08date
0
1000
2000
3000
snow
dep
th [m
m]
observedcalculated on Hornsund datacalculated on ERA Interim data
Reconstruction of snow cover developement Reconstruction of snow cover developement on Hornsund meteorological data and ERA Inteim re-analysison Hornsund meteorological data and ERA Inteim re-analysis
Hansbreen Hansbreen (OCT 2007 - MAY 2008) 186 m a.s.l.(OCT 2007 - MAY 2008) 186 m a.s.l.
100 200 300 400 500 600snow density [kg/m3]
0
400
800
1200
snow
hei
ght [
mm
]
10/1 10/31 11/30 12/30 1/29 2/28 3/30 4/29 5/29date
0
400
800
1200
1600
snow
dep
th [m
m]ERA Interim gridsERA Interim grids
Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1983Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1983
ERS-2 SAR4 May 2009
Snow cover developement and density Snow cover developement and density calculated on ERA Interim datacalculated on ERA Interim data
Vestfonna (Ahlmann Summit)Vestfonna (Ahlmann Summit)(OCT 2008 - MAY 2009) (OCT 2008 - MAY 2009)
0
400
800
1200
Sno
w h
eigh
t [m
m]
Internal structure of snow cover on Vestfonna (Ahlmann Summit)Internal structure of snow cover on Vestfonna (Ahlmann Summit)
scc modelscc model Snow pitSnow pit
1.111.11
24.1224.12
02.0202.02
22.0222.02
12.0412.0419.0519.05
ConclusionsConclusions
The snow cover development on Svalbard glaciers can be recreate The snow cover development on Svalbard glaciers can be recreate relatively easy by analysis of meteorological data and physical processes relatively easy by analysis of meteorological data and physical processes
within snow cover. within snow cover.
Simple one-dimensional model of snow cover changes (scc) was Simple one-dimensional model of snow cover changes (scc) was developed. The model satisfactorily reconstructs snow cover development developed. The model satisfactorily reconstructs snow cover development
on glaciers (Hansbreen as an example). SCC model approximates also on glaciers (Hansbreen as an example). SCC model approximates also variability of snow density in vertical profile and separates basic internal variability of snow density in vertical profile and separates basic internal boundaries as an effect of short term warming and redeposition period.boundaries as an effect of short term warming and redeposition period.
Climatic re-analysis data were successfully Climatic re-analysis data were successfully appliedapplied for analysis of snow for analysis of snow cover cover development in remote Arctic areasdevelopment in remote Arctic areas. . ERA Interim re-analysis data ERA Interim re-analysis data
were used to run scc model for snow cover study of Hansbreen and were used to run scc model for snow cover study of Hansbreen and VestfoVestfonnna.na.
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAuthors would like to thank the Institute of Geophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts for granting access to meteorological data and re-analysis. We also would like to express our thanks to Dr. Andrzej Araźny for making AWS data available and Hornsund/Kinnvika crew for field support. This research has been supported from finance for scientific research in 2007 - 2010 provided in research
grants from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (IPY/269/2006 and IPY/279/2006) and continued within the confines of the ESF Project – SvalGlac (NCBiR/PolarCLIMATE–2009/2-1/2010)
financed by the National Centre of Research and Development
Thank you !
