Section 1Section 1

Introduction to several Introduction to several parts of a computerparts of a computer

Cabinet

SMPS

CPU Heat Sink & Fan

Random Access Memory

SD (Synchronous Dynamic) RAM

Mother B

oard

BIOS/ROM

Basic Input Output System

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)

DVD Drive

CD Writer

AGP Card

LAN Card

Cabinet

Power Switch

Reset SwitchHDD LED

Power LED

SMPS Case

Mother Board Ports

case

ADD ON Cards Cases

System Fan Case

Speaker

Hard disk and floppy disk cabin

CD drive/DVD Drive cabin

SYSTEM CABINET : A system case is a metal and plastic case that houses the main components of the computer. it protects the computer hardware from heat ,light ,temperature .

The system case provides a rigid structural framework to the components which ensures that every thing fits together and works in a well organized manner

it also protects inside of the system from physical damage and electrical interference

It also provides cooling to the vital components it also provides information inside the box the user by using lights or LED’S

SMPS:The power supply / SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) is a transformer and a voltage control device in a computer . It transfers power to all the electronic components by converting the AC (Alternating current /high power current) to DC (Direct current / Low power) supply.

The power supply also contains the main fan that controls the flow of air through the system case. This fan is major component in pc cooling system.

SMPS

230 V AC Input

230 V AC Output

SMPS Fan

Switching Mode Power Supply

ATX Power Connector

Purple(P) +5V Stand By

Blue(Blu) -12V

Green(G) Power Supply On

White(W) -5V

Red(R) +5V

Yellow(Y) +12V

Orange(O) 3.3V

Grey(Gr) Power Good

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

O O B R B R B Gr P Y

O Blu B G B B B W R R

Peripheral Power Connector

12V 5V

GND

Floppy Power Connector

12V 5VGND

ATX 12V Connector

12V

ATX Auxiliary Connector

5VGND

3.3V

(P6)

PROCESSOR: processor often called CPU ,is the central component of the computer it is also called as the brain of the computer . Every work that is done by the user on the computer is done either directly or indirectly by the processor. Processor executes the instructions given by the user.

speed of the processor is measured in Hertz. Speed of the processor is calculated by calculating the no of instructions it can execute in one second 1Hz=1cycle/second [ cycle means executing an instruction] 1MHz=1million cycles/second1 GHz=1Billion cycles/second1.6Ghz=1.6 Billion cycles/ second [ it is capable of executing 1.6 Billion instructions in one second]

INTEL (Integrated Electronics) and AMD (Advanced Micro Device) are the companies manufacturing processors .Intel releasing processors with the name of p series (p-1,p-2,p-3,p-4) AMD releasing processors with the name Athlon ( Athlon,AthlonXP)

Pin 1 Indication

Clock Speed L2 Cache

FSB Speed

P – IV CPU Top View

Core Voltage

Pin 1 Indication

L2 Cache

CPU Heat Sink & Fan

Locking Levers

12VGND

Fan

MAIN MEMORY: Main Memory is the place where the computer holds the programs and data that are currently in use .It is also called as RAM(Random Access Memory)Ram is volatile memory that means temporary memory it requires power supply any thins that is stored in the ram is erased when the power is off

For Main Memory two types of memory chips are used SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module):only pins on onside, less speed DIMM(Dual inline Memory Module) :pins on both side, high speed

RAM ‘s are of four types

SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic) : it contains two notches (DIMM Type) and it is of 64 bit and contains 168 pins and speed is 66MHz/100MHz/133MHz

DDR (Dual Data Rate): it contains only one notch (DIMM Type) . It is of 64 bit and contains 184 pins and speed is 166MHz/200MHz/233MHz/333MHz/400MHz

DDR2:looks same like DDR , in DDR2 notch is exactly at middle (DIMM Type). It is of 64 bit and contains 240 pins and speed is 66MHz/400MHz/677MHz/800MHz

Random Access Memory

SD (Synchronous Dynamic) RAM

72 pin SIMM type Ram

DDR RAM

Diff b/w DDR, DDR2, DDR3

Mother Board: Mother Board also known as system board , is a large multi layered printed circuit board inside a computer . The Mother Board contains the CPU ,the BIOS/ROM chip ,and the CMOS setup information .it has expansion slots for installing different adapter cards like video card, sound card, NIC card ,modem ,this circuit board provides a connector for connecting All the peripheral components like mouse , keyboard ,printer , vdu …it also contains slots for placing processors.

Mother B

oard

Socket 478

Mother B

oard

North Bridge

Mother B

oard

South Bridge

Mother B

oardCMOS Battery

Mother B

oardPrimary & Secondary

Mother B

oard

Ports

Mother B

oard

RAM Slots

DD

R R

AM

S

lots

SD

RA

M

Slots

Mother B

oard

AGP Slot

Mother B

oard

PCI Slots

Mother B

oard

CNR Slot

Mother B

oardBIOS

Mother B

oard

ATX Power Connector

Mother B

oard

Floppy Drive Connector

Socket 478

No

rth

Brid

ge

DD

R R

AM

S

lots

SD

RA

M

Slots

South Bridge

PCI Slots

AGP Slot

BIOS

ATX Power Connector

Floppy Drive Connector

Primary Secondary

CMOS Battery

Ports

Socket 478

Locking Lever

CPU Heat sink and

Fan Retention Module

Socket 478 Close Up

Pin 1 Indication

Socket Name

Locking Lever

North Bridge

Mother B

oard

North Bridge

Socket 478

DD

R R

AM

S

lots

SD

RA

M

Slots

AGP Slot

Controls the high speed devices

South Bridge

Socket 478

No

rth

Brid

ge

DD

R R

AM

S

lots

SD

RA

M

Slots

South Bridge

PCI Slots

AGP Slot

BIOS

ATX Power Connector

Floppy Drive Connector

Primary Secondary

CMOS Battery

Ports

BIOS/ROM

Basic Input Output System

ROM: It is a non volatile memory means permanent storage device it is used to store BIOS

BIOS (Basic Input Output System): BIOS is an interface between hardware and the software .FIRMWARE is the technical term for BIOS.It is present inside the ROM .It consists of several routines and startup instructions . It runs as soon as the machine is switched on and it checks the computer what hardware is connected and conducts simple test called post (power on self test) if all the tests are passed then it determines the device(harddisk / cd) to boot the machine. In most of the pc’s booting device is set to primary harddisk

CMOS Battery

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) : motherboard includes a separate block of memory which needs very less power called CMOS . This chip is always on by using a battery even when the power is off.

The function of the CMOS chip is to store basic information about the pc ex:configuration number, type of hard and floppy drives, memory capacity

The other important data which is kept in CMOS memory is system time and dateThe clock ,CMOS chip, batteries all combined in to a single chip

Secondary

Primary

CMOS Jumper

System Fan Connector

Socket 478

No

rth

Brid

ge

DR

RA

M S

lots

SD

RA

M

Slots

South Bridge

PCI Slots

AGP Slot

BIOS

Ports

Ports (Back View)

Ports (Front View)

Mouse Port

Keyboard Port

Ethernet Port

USB Ports

Parallel Port

Serial Port VGA Port

Game Port

Sound Ports

PS/2 ports: it is a standard serial port connector used to plug computer mouse and keyboard. It consists of 6 pins in small and round shape socket.

Serial ports : it is general purpose communication port through which data is sent serially , that is one bit at a time. these ports are used for transmitting data over longer distances. Because of its slow speed these computers are used for computer mouse and modem

Parallel port: it is an interface on a computer, which supports transmission of multiple bits of data at the same time .it is faster and is exclusively used for connecting printers.

USB port:(Universal Serial Bus) is a plug and play hardware interface for connecting peripherals such as mouse,joystick,pendrives. It has the capability to connect up to 127 devices. these are replacement of parallel and serial ports

VGA port: used for connecting monitorGame ports: these are used for connecting joysticksSound port:used for connecting speakers/headsetEthernet port: used for connecting our system to a network /other computer

No

rth

Brid

ge

DD

R R

AM

S

lots

SD

RA

M

Slots

DDR RAM & SD RAM Slots

133 MHz

266 MHz

No

rth

Brid

ge

PCI Slots

AGP Slot

BIOS

Ports

AGP Slot

66MHz

Accelerated Graphics Port

PCI Slots

33MHz

Peripheral Component Interconnect

CNR Slot

Communications and Networking Raiser

CNR, PCI, AGP Slots

CNR Slot

PCI Slots

AGP Slot

Socket 478

No

rth

Brid

ge

DD

R R

AM

S

lots

SD

RA

M

Slots

South Bridge

PCI Slots

AGP Slot

BIOS

ATX Power Connector

Floppy Drive Connector

Primary Secondary

CMOS Battery

Ports

ATX Power Connector

Floppy Drive Connector

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

IDE ConnectorPower

Connector

Jumper Pins

IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics

HD

D T

op View

Hard disk Inner view

Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)

Eject ButtonAccess LED

FDD Back View

Data Cable ConnectorPower Connector

CD Writer

Vendor Name

Volume Control

Access LED

Head Phones Jack

Pin Hole

Open / Close ButtonAccess LED

Write Speed Read Speed

Re Write Speed

CDD Connectors Specifications

ESPANSION CARDS:

Sound cards: an expansion card that allows the computer to output sound through connected speakers , to record sound from a microphone input sound card is used

Video cards: video cards are used for editing digital videos' these are used for designing graphics

Network Interface card: NIC card is a computer circuit board that is fixed in a computer so that it can be connected to other systems of the network

Modem(Modulation and Demodulation): it is used for connecting our computer to internet using ordinary phone lines.

CD Writer Rear View

IDE Connector

Power ConnectorCD Audio Connectors

Jumper Pins

AGP Card

AGP Card top view

LAN Card

RJ 45 Jack

CablesFloppy Drive Cable IDE Cables

40 Conductor

Cable

80 Conductor

Cable

Low Speed High Speed

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