Internal Forces of Change Types of Boundaries Convergent –Come together Divergent –Pull apart ...
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Internal Forces of Internal Forces of ChangeChange
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Types of BoundariesTypes of Boundaries ConvergentConvergent
– Come togetherCome together
DivergentDivergent– Pull apartPull apart
TransformTransform– Slide past each Slide past each
otherother
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates1.html
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/animations/ch2.htm#9
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Convergent BoundariesConvergent Boundaries SubductionSubduction
– One plate dives beneath anotherOne plate dives beneath another– Forms volcanic mountainsForms volcanic mountains
AccretionAccretion– As one plate slides beneath another, a trench As one plate slides beneath another, a trench
is formedis formed– Overriding plate scrapes off the subducted Overriding plate scrapes off the subducted
plate, leveling off undersea mountains and plate, leveling off undersea mountains and ridgesridges
FoldingFolding– Two continental plates collide, forming Two continental plates collide, forming
mountainsmountainshttp://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module04swf.swf
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/animations/ch2.htm#9
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Divergent BoundariesDivergent Boundaries
SpreadingSpreading– Two sea plates pull apartTwo sea plates pull apart– Magma rises, creating ridges or Magma rises, creating ridges or
undersea mountain ranges (“new” land)undersea mountain ranges (“new” land)
http://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module04swf.swf
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/animations/ch2.htm#9
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Transform BoundariesTransform Boundaries
FaultFault– Crack in earth’s surface Crack in earth’s surface
where two plates can slide where two plates can slide past one anotherpast one another
– When plates make a When plates make a sudden, violent shift, sudden, violent shift, earthquake!earthquake!
http://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module04swf.swf
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/animations/ch2.htm#9
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External Forces of External Forces of ChangeChange
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WeatheringWeathering
Definition: Definition: The breaking The breaking down of rocks down of rocks on the earth’s on the earth’s surface into surface into smaller pieces.smaller pieces.
Different from Different from erosion!erosion!
NoNo movement movement
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Physical WeatheringPhysical Weathering
Caused by heat, water, ice, or Caused by heat, water, ice, or pressurepressure
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Frost WedgingFrost Wedging
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Frost HeavingFrost Heaving
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Plant RootsPlant Roots
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Burrowing of AnimalsBurrowing of Animals
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Temperature ChangesTemperature Changes
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Chemical WeatheringChemical Weathering
•Caused by Caused by chemical chemical reactions.reactions.•Can be Can be caused by caused by water, carbon water, carbon dioxide, dioxide, oxygen, acid oxygen, acid rainrain 1908 to 1969
Acid rain has eaten away this limestone statue.
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WaterWater
Water weathers rock by dissolving itWater weathers rock by dissolving it
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OxygenOxygen Iron combines Iron combines
with oxygen in the with oxygen in the presence of water presence of water in a processes in a processes called oxidationcalled oxidation
The product of The product of oxidation is rustoxidation is rust
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Acid RainAcid Rain Burning coal, oil and gas react Burning coal, oil and gas react
chemically with water forming acids.chemically with water forming acids. Acid rain causes very rapid chemical Acid rain causes very rapid chemical
weatheringweathering
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animation
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ErosionErosion Definition: Definition: The The
process by process by which water, which water, ice, wind or ice, wind or gravity moves gravity moves pieces of rock pieces of rock and soiland soil
Different from Different from weathering!weathering!
MovementMovement
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Caused by fast-Caused by fast-moving water such moving water such as rain, rivers, as rain, rivers, streams and streams and oceans. Can oceans. Can eventually form a eventually form a canyon or cliff canyon or cliff (ocean).(ocean).– Ex. Grand Ex. Grand
CanyonCanyon
Water ErosionWater Erosion
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Water ErosionWater Erosion
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Caused by the Caused by the movement of movement of dust, sand and dust, sand and soil. Can create soil. Can create loessloess, a fertile , a fertile soil carried by soil carried by wind.wind.– Ex. Great Ex. Great
PlainsPlains
Wind ErosionWind Erosion
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Wind ErosionWind Erosion
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Caused by large Caused by large pieces of ice moving pieces of ice moving across the earth’s across the earth’s surface. Can leave surface. Can leave behind behind morainesmoraines (large piles of rock (large piles of rock and debris). and debris). – Ex. Rocky Ex. Rocky
MountainsMountains
Glacial (Ice) ErosionGlacial (Ice) Erosion
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Glacial ErosionGlacial Erosion
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http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/oceansci/animations.asp
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Water CycleWater Cycle
Constant movement of water on Constant movement of water on earth.earth.
Evaporation, condensation, Evaporation, condensation, precipitationprecipitation
Amount of water on earth really Amount of water on earth really never changes!never changes!
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/index.html