Intern Survival Series Lecture #6 - The Wright Center...Shaping the Future of Healthcare | A Brief...
Transcript of Intern Survival Series Lecture #6 - The Wright Center...Shaping the Future of Healthcare | A Brief...
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Intern Survival Series Lecture #6
Most Common Medical Diagnosis: Pneumonia and CHF
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Objectives
– Be familiar with the most common primary and secondary diagnosis encountered in medicine
– Be able to appropriately work up and treat various types of pneumonia
– Be able to identify and appropriately treat CHF
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A Brief Note • This lecture series is not meant to be all inclusive
or totally comprehensive to all of medicine • It is not meant to supersede clinical judgment • It is not meant to replace daily reading or bedside
teaching • It is meant to act as a starting point for which to
grow from as new primary care physicians • It is a tool to help you survive the your new job
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Most Frequent Primary Care, Inpatient Diagnosis
• 1)Pneumonia • 2)Congestive Heart Failure • 3)Osteoarthritis • 4)Coronary Artery Disease • 5)Septicemia • 6)Cardiac Dysrhythmias • 7)Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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Fastest Growing Inpatient Diagnosis in Medicine
• 1)Acute Renal Failure • 2)Anemia • 3)Diabetes Mellitus • 4)Malaise and Fatigue • 5)Pulmonary Heart Disease
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Most Common Secondary Diagnosis
• 1)Hypertension • 2)Hyperlipidemia • 3)Fluid and electrolyte disorders • 4)Coronary Atherosclerosis • 5)Diabetes Mellitus • 6)Anemia • 7)Cardiac Dysrhythmias • 8)Esophageal Disorders
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Pneumonia
• 2 Broad Categories – Community Acquired Pneumonia – Health Care Acquired/HA Pneumonia
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Community Acquired Pneumonia • Common and potentially serious illness • associated with considerable morbidity and mortality
– particularly in elderly patients and those with significant comorbidities
• There is seasonal variation • Prevalence is greater during the winter months.
• Rates of pneumonia are higher for men than for women
• Bacterial vs Viral • Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most
common cause of pneumonia worldwide
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Community Acquired Pneumonia • Diagnostic Approach
– clinical evaluation • Cough • Fever • Pleuritic chest pain • Dyspnea • Sputum production
– chest radiograph – +/- microbiologic testing
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Community Acquired Pneumonia
• RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION – The presence of an infiltrate on plain chest radiograph is
considered the gold standard – A chest radiograph should be obtained in patients with
suspected pneumonia when possible – demonstrable infiltrate by chest radiograph or other
imaging technique is required for the diagnosis of pneumonia
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Community Acquired Pneumonia
• Radiologic Evidence
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CAP • If the clinical evaluation does not support pneumonia
in a patient with an abnormal chest x-ray, other causes for the radiographic abnormalities must be considered – Malignancy – Hemorrhage – Pulmonary edema – Pulmonary embolism – Inflammation secondary to noninfectious causes
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Community Acquired Pneumonia
• Obtaining Microbial Evidence • For outpatients with CAP, routine diagnostic tests are
optional • Hospitalized patients with specific indications should have
blood cultures and sputum Gram stain and culture • Patients with severe CAP requiring ICU admission should
have blood cultures, Legionella/pneumococcus urinary antigen tests, and sputum culture – +/- viral panels (rapid infuenza a&b)
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Community Acquired Pneumonia Initial Treatment of non hospitalized patients
with out any significant comorbidities – Empiric treatment is the normal – North American Guidelines Recommend
macrolides or doxycylcline • azithromycin 500mg PO x 1 day then 250mg PO x 4 days • clarithromycin 500mg PO BID x 5-10 days • doxycycline 100mg PO BID x 5-10 days
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Community Acquired Pneumonia For non-hospitalized patients with comorbidities
or recent antibiotic use – fluoroquinolone as monotherapy – combination therapy with a beta-lactam plus a
macrolide or doxycycline
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Community Acquired Pneumonia For hospitalized patients not requiring intensive care unit admission • Monotherapy with a respiratory fluoroquinolone
• Levaquin most commonly used
• Combination Tx w/ an anti-pneumococcal beta-lactam + macrolide – Cetriaxone, cefotamime, unasyn – PLUS – azithromycin, clarithromycin
• Coverage for drug-resistant pathogens, such as Pseudomonas or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), should be included in patients with risk factors
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Community Acquired Pneumonia
Hospitalized patients requiring ICU care – combination therapy with an anti-pneumococcal
beta-lactam – plus either IV azithromycin or a respiratory
fluoroquinolone – plus, if MRSA is suspected, linezolid or vancomycin
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Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP)
• Pneumonia that occurs in a non-hospitalized patient with extensive healthcare contact: – Intravenous therapy, wound care, or intravenous
chemotherapy within the prior 30 days – Residence in a nursing home or other long-term care
facility – Hospitalization in an acute care hospital for two or more
days within the prior 90 days – Attendance at a hospital or hemodialysis clinic within the
prior 30 days
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Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
• Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission
• did not appear to be incubating at the time of admission.
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HCAP/HAP
• Workup – Very Similar to CAP
• Clinical Picture • Radiographic evidence • Blood Culture • Urinary Antigens
– Pneumococcal and legionella
• CBC, RFP, virus panels, etc
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HCAP/HAP Treatment • Antimicrobial selection should be based upon
risk factors for multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens – recent antibiotic therapy (if any) – the resident flora in the hospital – the presence of underlying diseases – available culture data
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HCAP/HAP
• For patients with risk factors for multi drug resistant pathogens, empiric broad-spectrum, multidrug therapy is recommended.
• Once the results of pre-therapy cultures are available, therapy should be narrowed based upon the susceptibility pattern of the pathogens identified
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HCAP/HAP • Commonly Used Intravenous antibiotic regimens
– levofloxacin 750mg IV daily – piperacillin/tazobactam 4.5 g IV q 6 hrs
• If severely PCN allergic, Aztreonam often substituted
– vancomycin 15-20mg/kg IV q 12 • Can use linezolid in place of vanco if needed
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Duration of therapy • De-escalation of therapy should be considered
after 48 to 72 hours • De-escalation should be based upon the
results of initial cultures and the clinical response of the patient
• A short duration of therapy (7 days) is sufficient for most patients with uncomplicated HAP/HCAP who have had a good clinical response
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CHF: A Brief Overview
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NYHA CHF Classification
• The New York Heart Association (NYHA). • This system assigns patients to one of four
functional classes Class I — symptoms of HF only at activity levels that
would limit normal individuals Class II — symptoms of HF with ordinary exertion Class III — symptoms of HF with less than ordinary
exertion Class IV — symptoms of HF at rest
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Evolution of CHF (ACC/AHA)
• Stage A — High risk for HF, without structural heart disease or symptoms
• Stage B — Heart disease with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction
• Stage C — Prior or current symptoms of HF
• Stage D — Refractory end stage HF
Stages in the development of HF
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Etiology • Systolic dysfunction
– Most common causes: – coronary (ischemic) heart disease – idiopathic dilated
cardiomyopathy (DCM) – hypertension – valvular disease
• Diastolic dysfunction – Most common causes: – Hypertension – ischemic heart disease – hypertrophic obstructive
cardiomyopathy – restrictive cardiomyopathy
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Initial Testing #1: H&P for Clinical Signs & Symptoms, followed by……. • EKG:
– Identify evidence of previous MI, structural heart disease
– Identifies any underlying arrhythmias • CXR
– Look for cardiomegally, pulmonary congestion, pleural effusions
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Initial Testing • BNP
– useful in distinguishing HF due to systolic/ diastolic dysfunction from other causes of dyspnea
– Most dyspneic patients with HF have values above 400 pg/mL, while values below 100 pg/mL have a very high negative predictive value
– Can also be elevated in pulmonary embolism, A-fib, LV dysfunction without exacerbation, and cor pulmonale
– http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa031681 • RFP, CBC, LFTs • Echo
– Appropriate in patients with symptoms or when additional studies point towards cardiac disease
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ACEI Treatment ACE INHIBITORS • CONSENSUS TRIAL (1987)
– First trial to demonstrate a mortality benefit of ACEI in CHF.
– All pts were Class IV & ½ were on spironlactone at time of enrollment.
– http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198706043162301
• SOLVD Trial (1991) – 16% reduction of risk of death in pts w/ EF<35% – http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM1991080132
50501
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BB Treatment
Beta Blockers • U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study(1996)
– 1st trial to demonstrate a mortality benefit with betablockade in treatment of CHF
– Treatment with Carvedilol led to 65% lower risk of death compared w/ placebo.
– http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199605233342101
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Diuretic Treatment DIURESIS STATEGY • DOSE(2011): Study designed to compare intermittent high dose bolus vs
continuous infusion of diuretics. Study found no significant difference. • Did illustrate TX strategies commonly used in acute CHF(initial 2x patients
normal PO dose at home. If unsuccessful w/ intermittent bolus, change patients to continuous infusion)
• http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1005419
Aldosterone Blockers • RALES (1999)
Showed mortality benefit in patients with stage III/VI CHF – Of note severe hyperkalemia occured in only 2% of patients – http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199909023411001
• EMPHASIS-HF (2010) – Demonstrates a 34% risk reduction in the risk of death in patients w CV causes in
patients with NYHA Class II – http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1009492
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ICD Treatment
ICD Implantation: • MADIT Trial (1996)/MADIT II(2002)
– I)Showed mortality benefit w ICDs vs medical Tx – II)Showed pts w/ prior MI(>3months) &
LVEF<30%, should receive an ICD to reduce mortality.
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Common Treatments of CHF • Beta Blockers
– carvedilol – metoprolol
• ACE Inhibitors – lisinopril – enalapril
• Diuretics – Lasix (furosemide), demadex (torsemide) – spironolactone
• ICD Implantation
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• Questions?