Interim 2 review. Meiosis- forming sex cells Process in which haploid cells are formed from diploid...
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![Page 1: Interim 2 review. Meiosis- forming sex cells Process in which haploid cells are formed from diploid cells In humans: Parent 4646 ParentDiploid (2N) Ovum2323.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bf771a28abf838c81462/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Interim 2 review
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Meiosis- forming sex cells
• Process in which haploid cells are formed from diploid cells• In humans:Parent 46 46 ParentDiploid (2N) Diploid
(2N)
Ovum 23 23 Sperm Haploid (N) Haploid (N)
Zygote 46 Diploid (2N)
Chromosome number cut in half
Fertilization
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Mitosis vs Meiosis
Characteristic
Mitosis Meiosis
Cells produced
Body cells (somatic cells)
Sex cells (gametes)
Chromosome number
Same as parent cellDiploid 2N
Half number of parent cellHaploid N
Number of divisions
1 2
Number of cells produced
2 4
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Meiosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
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Meiosis
• During meiosis I, the ______________________ chromosomes separate.– What does this do to the chromosome number?
• During meiosis II, the sister ____________________ separate.
homologous
chromatids
Cut in ½
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Meiosis I
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Meiosis II
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase & Telophase II
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Meiosis in Males and Females
• Males- results in 4 sperm cells• Females- results in one ovum (egg) and 3
polar bodies MALES FEMALES
4 Sperm cells 3 polar bodies 1 ovum
1st cell division
2nd cell division
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• If three cells undergo meiosis in males, how many sperm cells will be produced? _____________
• If four cells undergo meiosis in females, how many ova (eggs) will be produced? _____________
• How many polar bodies would be produced for the same 4 cells? __________________
12
4
12
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• If the 2N number of an organism is 32;• how many chromosomes are found in
a sperm cell? _______• how many chromosomes are found in
a diploid cell? _______• how many chromosomes are found in
an ovum? _______• how many chromosomes are found in
a haploid cell? _______• how many chromosomes are found in
a skin cell?________
16
32
16
16
32
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• Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of the species because it adds genetic _________________________ to the population.
.
variation
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Genetic variation
• Crossing Over- exchange of genetic information by non- sister chromatids during meiosis.
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Mistakes in the Meiosis Nondisjunction- failure of chromosomes to
separate properly
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Genetics Vocabulary
• ________________- the passing of traits from parents to offspring
• ________________- the study of heredity• _________________- rod-shaped structures
in the nucleus that transmits genetic information
• _________________- units of hereditary information found on the chromosomes
heredity
genetics
chromosomes
genes
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Genetics Vocabulary• __________________- a gene that masks the
expression of another gene in a pair ( Symbol- capital letter)
• __________________- a gene in a pair that is hidden by the dominant gene (Symbol- lower case letter)
• ___________________- two genes in a pair that are identical. (RR or rr)
• _____________________- individual with one dominant and one recessive gene in a pair. (Rr)
dominant
recessive
homozygous
heterozygous
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Genetics Vocabulary
• ______________________- either member of a pair of genes that determines a single trait.
• ____________________- the pair of alleles represented by the capital and lower case letters.
• ______________________- the trait that is actually expressed in an organism
allele
genotype
phenotype
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• Immunity to poison ivy is a dominant trait while those people who get poison ivy show the recessive trait. Diagram a Punnett Square for a man who is heterozygous and a woman who get poison ivy.
1. What is the man’s genotype? ___________2. What is the woman’s genotype? ____________3. What is the probability of producing a child who gets poison ivy? __________4. What is the genotypic ratio?___________
Ii
ii
50%
1:1
I i
i
i
Ii
Ii
ii
ii
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• Feather color in birds is an incomplete dominant trait. Genes for blue feathers and genes for white feathers combine to form birds with silver feathers. Diagram a cross for two silver feathered birds.
1. What is the parent’s genotype? ___________2. What is the phenotypic ratio? ____________3. What is the probability of producing bird with blue feathers? __________4. What is the probability of producing a bird with silver feathers?___________
BW
1:2:1
25%
50%
B W
B
W
BB
BW
BW
WW
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• Blood type is a codominant trait. A man with blood type AO marries a female with blood type AB. 1. What are the genotypes
in the offspring? ___________________2. What is the genotypic ratio? ____________3. What is the phenotypic ratio? __________4. What is the probability of producing a child with blood type A? _______5. What is the probability of producing a child with blood type O? ______
AA, AO, AB, BO
1:1:1:1
2:1:1
50%
A O
A
B
AA
AB
AO
BO
0
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• Eye color in canaries is a sex-linked trait. Black eyes are dominant and red eyes are recessive. A red-eyed female is crossed with a black-eyed male.
1. What is the male’s genotype? __________2. What is the female’s
genotype? _________What is the probability of
producing a 3. black-eyed female? _______4. black –eyed male? _______5. red-eyed female? ________6. red-eyed male? __________
XBY
Xb Xb
50%0
Xb Xb
XB
Y
XBXb
XbY
XBXb
XbY 050%
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• Label the three parts of the nucleotide below.
A.______________
B.______________
C.______________
phosphate
sugar
base
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In DNA, how do the bases bond?_____________ bonds with ____________
and_____________ bonds with ____________
Adenine Thymine
Cytosine Guanine
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What is the name of the process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself? __________________________Replication
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Put the steps of DNA replication below in order.• 1. Free floating nucleotides attach to complementary
bases on both sides • 2. Sugars and phosphates join together on the new
strands• 3. DNA molecule unzips• 4. Two DNA molecules are produced each made of one
new strand and one template
________→ ________→ ________→ ________
3 1 2 4
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Comparison of DNA and RNA
DNA RNA
Strands
Sugar
Base PairsLocation
2 1
deoxyribose ribose
A with T C with G
A with U C with G
nucleus Nucleus to cytoplasm
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• Protein Synthesis is divided into two processes.
• Process 1- _____________________________-mRNA is made by copying the code from a DNA molecule.
This process occurs in the __________.
• Process 2-_____________________________- a protein is assembled from amino acids.
• This process occurs in the _______________ at a _____________________.
Transcription
nucleus
Translation
cytoplasmribosome
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• Genetic information usually follows in one specific direction (Central dogma of biology). Which of the following BEST represents this flow?
• A.) DNA-->Protein-->RNA• B.) Protein-->RNA-->DNA• C.) RNA-->Protein-->DNA• D.) DNA-->RNA-->Protein
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• Three bases on the mRNA molecule that code for one amino acid is a(n)
• A.) anti-codon.• B.) codon.• C.) tRNA.• D.) protein.
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• Transcribe the section of DNA below.
G A C T T A C A G
C U G A A U G U C
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• Label parts 1 through 5 in the diagram.
• 1. _______________ 4. _______________• 2. _______________ 5. _______________• 3. _______________
1
2
5
3
4
Amino acid
ribosome
tRNA
mRNA Protein
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What is the name of the process in the picture?
_____________________
1
2
5
3
4
Translation
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• A mistake in the genetic code is called a ____________________.
• Name the type of mutation in the DNA sequences below. Use these choices
Substitution Insertion Deletion• Original strand – CTGACT• New strand CTAGACT ___________________• New strand CTGCT ___________________• New strand CTGAGT ___________________
Mutation
Insertion
Deletion
Substitution
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• ___________ ____________________ is a method used to separate and analyze DNA fragments.
• __________ ____________________ is the analysis of DNA fragments to identify an individual.
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA fingerprinting
s3cs s2s1 s5s4CS= crime scene DNAs1= suspect 1s2= suspect 2s3= suspect 3s4= suspect 4s5= suspect 5