Interdisciplinary Study of the Stone Mould for Double Axe from Ada Tepe PETIA PENKOVA Laboratory for...
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Transcript of Interdisciplinary Study of the Stone Mould for Double Axe from Ada Tepe PETIA PENKOVA Laboratory for...
Interdisciplinary Study of the Stone Mould for Double Axe from Ada Tepe
PETIA PENKOVA Laboratory for Analysis, Conservation and Restoration, National Institute of Archaeology with MuseumBulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Three Types Double Axes from the Territory of Bulgaria During the Late Bronze Age
THRAKIEN
Axes
Moulds
The Mould from Ada Tepe
The Mould from Breznik
(after Chernih 1978)
Moulds form Early Bronze Age
Moulds From Middle and Late Bronze Age
Summary of Metals and Moulds Techniques Used in the Copper and Bronze Ages
Period. Moulding Material Metal
Copper Age Stone Cu (1850-1650 B.C.) Cu/As
Early Bronze Age Stone Cu/Sn(1650-1400 B.C.) (Cu/As)
Middle Bronze Age Stone Cu/Sn(1400-850 B.C.) (Some Bronze and clay)
Late Bronze Age Clay Cu/Sn/Pb(850-400 B.C.) (Some stone and bronzes)
(after Tylecote 1962)
The investigations of E. Chernih
Chemical groups Bi Ag Sn As Ni Co
X ≥ 0,002 0,003-0,5 0,01-3 0,03-2 0,01-1 0,03-0,2 XI ≤ 0,002 0,0001-0,03 0,005-2 0,01-3 0,03-1 0,003-0,2 XII ≤ 0,001 0-0,001 0-0,05 ≤0,3 ≤ 0,03 ≤ 0,01
Analysis on double axes from Late Bronze Age
Cu Sn Pb Zn Bi Ag Sb As Fe Ni Co Mn AuAxe fromSemerdjievo base 2 0,005 - ? 0,0001 0,004 0,1 0,05 0,006 0,004 - -Axe fromKalugerovo base 3,5 0,012 - - 0,0005 0,005 0,2 0,02 0,017 0,006 0,02 0,001 Axe from Kirkovo base 0,07 0,05 - - 0,0005 0,018 0,8 0,4 0,09 - 0,01 ?
(after Chernih 1978)
Analysis of the crucible from Mucking
Reaction Free Energy kJ/moleO2)
4Cu + O2 → 2Cu2O 1362Cu + O2 → 2CuO 65.32Pb + O2 → 2PbO 183Sn + O2 → SnO2 293
Free energies for formation of oxides (from Reed 1971).
metal Vapour pressure (mm Hg)
lead 4.91copper 3.5 x 10 -4
tin 8.7 x 10 -4
Vapour pressure for different metallic elements at 1000º C (after Brandes 1983).
Analysis of the crucible from Mucking
X-Ray Image of the Mould from Ada Tepe
The Mould from Breznik
The Results of the Analysis
Results from the EDXRF analysis on the mould from Ada Tepe
Results from the EDXRF analysis on the mould from Ada Tepe
Comparative Diagram of the Results from the Moulds of Ada Tepe and Breznik
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10
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Si Fe S Cr Ca Ni Cu Ti K Mn Sn Pb
Ada Tepe
Breznik
References
I. Panayotov. 1980. Bronze Rapiers, Swords and Double Axes from Bulgaria. – Thracia, V, 173-198. Е.
R. Tylecote. 1962. Metallurgy in Archaeology. London.Черных. 1978. Горное дело и металлургия в
древнейшей Болгарии. София.D. Dungworth. 2000. A Note on the Analysis of Crusibles and moulds. –
Historical Metallurgy, 34 (2), 83-86.Barnes I nd. The analysis and Recreation of Bronze and Brass Mould
Residues. - The Laboratory of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland 2, 40-44
J. Bayley. 1989. Non-metallic evidences for metalworking. – Archaeometry. Proceedings of the 25 nd International Symposium, 293-303 (Amsterdam)
Thank you for your attention