Interdisciplinary research for carbon cycling in Interdisciplinary research for carbon cycling in a forest ecosystem and scaling to a mountainous a forest ecosystem and scaling to a mountainous

landscape in landscape in TakayamaTakayama, central Japan., central Japan.-- Scaling from plot to landscape by Scaling from plot to landscape by ““Satellite EcologySatellite Ecology”” --

Hiroyuki MURAOKAHiroyuki MURAOKADirector of 21Director of 21stst Century COE Program Century COE Program ““Satellite EcologySatellite Ecology””,,

Institute for Basin Ecosystem Studies, Gifu University, JapanInstitute for Basin Ecosystem Studies, Gifu University, Japan

Asia-Pacific Workshop on Carbon Cycle Observations (March 17 – 19, 2008)

Revealing carbon cycle processes and scalingRevealing carbon cycle processes and scaling

forested catchment including Takayama site

Landscape level Regional level

National levelEast Asia

Carbon cycling in plot, landscape, regional, continental and global……

In mountainous landscapes, scaling should be done carefully from a canopy to ecosystems, landscape, regional…,

… If we donIf we don’’t want to miss the consequences of the processes t want to miss the consequences of the processes ……

Spatial resolution must be tested carefullySpatial resolution must be tested carefully

0.001º (100 m)

0.01º (1 km) …… MOD15, MOD17

0.0001º (10 m)

20km600m a.s.l 1500m a.s.l

Vegetation and land-use type distributionin a forested catchment of TakayamaTakayama sitesite

(2-10m resolution by CASI-III, ALOS, QuickBird)

High spatial resolution provides:

(1) consequences of ecosystem structure/function – meteorology – topography interactions

(2) accurate estimate of spatial patterns of ecosystem functions

(3) application to ecosystem management policy

COCO22 cycling research: scale and methodscycling research: scale and methods

Simulation modelsCO2 flux / meteorologicalobservation

Ecological process research

Satellite remote sensing

TopicsTopics

Introduction

Carbon cycling study in a coolCarbon cycling study in a cool--temperate forest.temperate forest.- Combining ecological process research and CO2 flux obs.

in “Takayama site”, central Japan.

Scaling carbon budget processes from plot to landscape.Scaling carbon budget processes from plot to landscape.- “Satellite Ecology”: an interdisciplinary approch forfine- spatial and temporal resolution estimates.

Networking for future research and education.Networking for future research and education.

TopicsTopics

Introduction

Carbon cycling study in a coolCarbon cycling study in a cool--temperate forest.temperate forest.- Combining ecological process research and CO2 flux obs.

in “Takayama site”, central Japan.

Scaling carbon budget processes from plot to landscape.- “Satellite Ecology”: an interdisciplinary approch forfine- spatial and temporal resolution estimates.

Networking for future research and education.

TakayamaTakayama supersuper--site to bridge research communitiessite to bridge research communities

http://www.asiaflux.net/

JapanFluxJapanFlux

JaLTERJaLTER

FLUXNETFLUXNET

LTERLTER(Long Term Ecological Research network)

TakayamaTakayama supersuper--sitesiteEvergreen coniferous

forest (TKC)Deciduous broadleaf

Forest (TKY)

Temp

Prec

TKY

TKC

Interdisciplinary approach for carbon cycling studyInterdisciplinary approach for carbon cycling study

Interdisciplinary approach

< Tower observation >Continuous measurements in high temporal resolution- ecosystem scale response

to climatic conditions -

< Ecological process study >Revealing the processes of carbon flow and pools- ecological mechanisms of

the ecosystem reponse -

COCO22 flux by tower measurementsflux by tower measurements

CO2uptake

release

CO2 flux: seasonal change

NEP: Net Ecosystem Production

CO2 flux: diurnal change

CO2 flux: yearly change

Carbon pools and flows by ecological researchCarbon pools and flows by ecological research

Carbon pools Carbon flows

Yearly NEP and its ecological determinants in TKYYearly NEP and its ecological determinants in TKY

-2

0

2

4

6

8

NE

P (

gCm

-2da

y-1 )

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002～

GPP （Gross Primary Production）NPP （Net Primary Production）Re （Ecosystem Respiration）Rs （Soil Respiration）NEP （Net Ecosystem Production）Ra （Aboveground Respiration）

Yearly GPP depends on LAI and leaf photosynthesisYearly GPP depends on LAI and leaf photosynthesisLA

I (m

2m

-2)

Leaf photosynthesisLeaf Area Index

DOY

Process-base model

•

1-D process-based•

Hourly outputs•

Sun/shade partitioning•

FvCB

+ BWB calculation

Vcm

ax25

(μm

olm

-2s-

1 )

2004 20052202.2

(gC m-2 y-1)2115.7

(gC m-2 y-1)Canopy GPP

UnderstoryGPP

20032075.4

(gC m-2 y-1)

snow

GP

P (m

mol

CO

2m

-2da

y-1 )

TopicsTopics

Introduction

Carbon cycling study in a cool-temperate forest.- Combining ecological process research and CO2 flux obs.

in “Takayama site”, central Japan.

Scaling carbon budget processes from plot to landscape.Scaling carbon budget processes from plot to landscape.- “Satellite Ecology”: an interdisciplinary approch forfine- spatial and temporal resolution estimates.

Networking for future research and education.

COCO22 flux estimates by remote sensingflux estimates by remote sensing

MODIS GPP estimation (MOD17) at Takayama site

Satellite remote sensing is useful, but still needs careful tests considering the spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem structure and complexity in topography and micro-climatic conditions.

Linking ecosystem ecology, remote sensing, micrometeorology and modeling for studying ecosystem structure and function in complex landscape.

Satellite Ecology(SATECO)

2121stst Century COE Program Century COE Program ““Satellite EcologySatellite Ecology”” in Gifu Univ.in Gifu Univ.

Ecological Process ResearchVegetation structure, plant growth,

plant ecophysiology, soil respiration, etc...

Remote Sensing AnalysisDistribution of various ecosystems and their components (leaf area, biomass), etc...

Meteorological Obs. and Modelling

Measurements of CO2 and heat fluxes, simulation models

Study plots around Study plots around TakayamaTakayama sitesite

Takayama city

600m asl 1500m asl

deciduous coniferousforest (50-yr)

deciduous broadleavedforest (20-yr)

field station

evergreen coniferousforest (50-yr) TKC

deciduous broadleavedforest (50-yr) TKY

Takayama

Gifu

Land use (ecosystem type) mapsRS indexmeasurements for

leaf area indexcrown densityforest understory vegetaiton

Plot scale researchtree densityleaf areabiomass

CO2 flux obs.

Climate model

Ecosystem model

vegetation typebiomassLAIphotosynthesis

Plant growth(CO2 uptake)

Canopy spectral reflectance

Spatial and temporal analyses on the structure and function of regional ecosystems

• Carbon budget• Hydrology• Vegetation dynamics• Influence of human activity

Spatial distributionTemporal change

Ecology –Remote sensing

Ecology –MicrometeorologyLeaf physiology

biochemistryoptical propoerty

EcologyRemote sensingMicrometeorology

Linking processes and integrationLinking processes and integration

ReRe--classify vegetation types to classify vegetation types to ‘‘functional typesfunctional types’’detailed vegetation/land-use type map

ecosystem ‘functional type’ map

Spatial and seasonal distribution of LAISpatial and seasonal distribution of LAI

Re-check of quality-controlled MODIS data

LAI at Takayama siteNDVI

LAI

DOY 321-329

DOY 225-233

DOY 129-137

Original map of LAI(100m resolution)

re-checked

MOD15

SATECOmodelSATECOmodel outputs (early Aug, 2002)outputs (early Aug, 2002)

LAI (m2 m-2)

GPP (mmol CO2 m-2 s-1)Tair (K)

Radiation (W m-2)

(100m resolution, every 1-hr)

SATECOmodelSATECOmodel outputsoutputs

LAI（leaf area index）

GPP（gross photosynthesis）

Rsoil（soil respiration）

Mar.

May

Jul.

Sep.

(m2 m-2) (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1)

Mar.

May

Jul.

Sep.

Mar.

May

Jul.

Sep.

SATECOmodelSATECOmodel vs. MOD17vs. MOD17

Ecosystem, landscape and regional scale photosynthesis should be estimated carefully, considering the spatinal and temporal variations in the processes.

MOD17 (2006 DOY177) 1 km resolution

Vegetation / land-use distribution

SATECO (2002 DOY184) 100m resolution

(μmolCO2 /m2/s)

SATECOmodelSATECOmodel for central Japanfor central Japan

(3km resolution, every 1-hr)

TopicsTopics

Introduction

Carbon cycling study in a cool-temperate forest.- Combining ecological process research and CO2 flux obs.

in “Takayama site”, central Japan.

Scaling carbon budget processes from plot to landscape.- “Satellite Ecology”: an interdisciplinary approch forfine- spatial and temporal resolution estimates.

Networking for future research and education.Networking for future research and education.

Synthesis of ecosystem observation concepts, systems, etc.- why and how do we try and proceed? (Concepts)- how can we achieve? (Methodology)- how do we continue? (Education and Fund)- where do we proceed? (Super-site concept)

Collaborations with international networks- FLUXNET- LTER (Long Term Ecological Research Network)- and other plans

Sharing knowledge with other research communities- Manipulating experiments (FACE, etc.)- Plant and soil microbial physiology- Environmental engineering- Environmental economy

Toward more integration and progress in ecosystem scienceToward more integration and progress in ecosystem science

TakayamaTakayama supersuper--site to bridge research communitiessite to bridge research communities

http://www.asiaflux.net/

JapanFluxJapanFlux

JaLTERJaLTER

FLUXNETFLUXNET

LTERLTER(Long Term Ecological Research network)

A3 Foresight Program (JSPS, NSFC, KOSEF)A3 Foresight Program (JSPS, NSFC, KOSEF)““Quantifying and predicting terrestrial carbon sinks in East AsiaQuantifying and predicting terrestrial carbon sinks in East Asia: :

toward a network of climate change researchtoward a network of climate change research””

【Common research theme and responsibility sharing】

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

T.M. SaitohT.M. Saitoh11, J. Yoshino, J. Yoshino22, S. Nagai, S. Nagai11, M. Ishihara, M. Ishihara11, K.N. Nasahara, K.N. Nasahara1,31,3, , T. OhtsukaT. Ohtsuka11, A.M. Kishimoto, A.M. Kishimoto44, M, M--S. LeeS. Lee11, N. Saigusa, N. Saigusa55, S. Murayama, S. Murayama55, H. Kondo, H. Kondo55,,H. NodaH. Noda11, T. Kojima, T. Kojima11, I. Tamagawa, I. Tamagawa11, T. Akiyama, T. Akiyama11, T. Yasuda, T. Yasuda22, S. Yamamoto, S. Yamamoto66, , H. KoizumiH. Koizumi7 7 and other students in Gifu Univ. and Univ. Tsukubaand other students in Gifu Univ. and Univ. Tsukuba

1 River Basin Research Center, Gifu University2 Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University3 Institute of Agricultural and Forest Engineering, University of Tsukuba4 National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences5 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST)6 Okayama University7 Department of Biology, Waseda University

Activities in Activities in TakayamaTakayama site have been funded bysite have been funded byGlobal Environmental Research Fund SGlobal Environmental Research Fund S--1 (Ministry of the Environment)1 (Ministry of the Environment)2121stst Century COE Program Century COE Program ““Satellite EcologySatellite Ecology”” (JSPS, Gifu University)(JSPS, Gifu University)A3 Foresight Program (JSPS, NSFC and KOSEF)A3 Foresight Program (JSPS, NSFC and KOSEF)