INTERAGENCY HUMANITARIAN COORDINATION IN PEACE OPERATIONS

Center of Excellence

INTERAGENCY INTERAGENCY HUMANITARIAN COORDINATION HUMANITARIAN COORDINATION

IN PEACE OPERATIONSIN PEACE OPERATIONS

Col (Ret) Peter LeentjesCenter of Excellence inDisaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance


New Realities in Complex Contingencies Increasing demand for coherence in Increasing demand for coherence in

multidimensional interventionsmultidimensional interventions Increasing donor government involvement in Increasing donor government involvement in

practical work of agencies and decision making practical work of agencies and decision making termsterms

Increased and more frequent military presence in Increased and more frequent military presence in essentially humanitarian activitiesessentially humanitarian activities

New frameworks guide the nature of the intervention New frameworks guide the nature of the intervention and the relationships between component and the relationships between component organizationsorganizations

Focus towards political and security oriented endsFocus towards political and security oriented ends Focus on sustainable peaceFocus on sustainable peace


The Requirement

Manage both the relationship and Manage both the relationship and the separateness of the political / the separateness of the political / humanitarian community.humanitarian community.

Understand the civil-military Understand the civil-military interface is extremely dynamic interface is extremely dynamic and there is no one modeland there is no one model

Realize that the coordination Realize that the coordination structures will remain context structures will remain context dependentdependent

Stuart Gordon, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, 2001Stuart Gordon, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, 2001


OUTLINE

The players in humanitarian The players in humanitarian operationsoperations

Model for civil – military operationsModel for civil – military operations Some principlesSome principles If time permits – some perception If time permits – some perception

issues and lessons learnedissues and lessons learned


SUPPORT OPERATIONS

MILITARYMILITARYOPERATIONSOPERATIONS

MIL

ITA

RM

ILIT

AR

YYC

IVIL

IAC

IVIL

IANN

CRISISCRISIS STABILISATIONSTABILISATION

ECONOMICECONOMIC& SOCIAL& SOCIAL

LIFELIFESUPPORTSUPPORT

The Players in the Complex Emergency

LIFELIFESAVINGSAVING

POLITICALPOLITICAL

10 years


SRSG – Head of SRSG – Head of Mission – a Mission – a political political diplomatic figurediplomatic figure

DSRSG – Head of DSRSG – Head of UN programs in UN programs in CountryCountry

International International Political Staff – Political Staff – support the SRSGsupport the SRSG

Election Monitors Election Monitors – drawn from – drawn from trusted observers trusted observers world-wide world-wide

The Players: Political/Diplomatic


The Players: Civilian Organizations United NationsUnited Nations

– UNOCHAUNOCHA

– UNHCRUNHCR

– UNICEFUNICEF

– WFPWFP

– WHOWHO

International/International/Non-Non-GovernmentalGovernmental– ICRCICRC

– Red Cross/Red CrescentRed Cross/Red Crescent

– CARECARE

– MSFMSF Host NationHost Nation

– GovernmentGovernment

– Regional/Local authorityRegional/Local authority

– Tribal / traditional leadersTribal / traditional leaders

– BusinessBusiness

– VictimsVictims

DonorsDonors– GovernmentsGovernments

– Foreign vs. Foreign vs. IndividualIndividual

– ReligiousReligious


United Nations: Lead Agency Autonomous and independent of the Autonomous and independent of the

Secretary General or the General AssemblySecretary General or the General Assembly

Lead agency is assigned by Secretary Lead agency is assigned by Secretary General:General: Prior to complex emergencies: Prior to complex emergencies: UNDPUNDP

Bosnia: Bosnia: UNHCRUNHCR

African drought: African drought: WFPWFP

Sudan/Kurdish Crisis: Sudan/Kurdish Crisis: UNICEFUNICEF

Angola: Angola: UNDHAUNDHA

Somalia: Somalia: no lead agencyno lead agency

Rwanda: Rwanda: UNHCRUNHCR

E. Timor: E. Timor: UNOCHA UNOCHA


United Nations: Coordination UNOCHA - designated as the UNOCHA - designated as the

coordinator for the humanitarian coordinator for the humanitarian assistance but has no assistance but has no authorityauthority over the over the agenciesagencies

– single focal point of contact for single focal point of contact for humanitarian assistance in an emergencyhumanitarian assistance in an emergency

informationinformation

fundingfunding

accreditationaccreditation

– has coordination role with NGOs/IOshas coordination role with NGOs/IOs


Non-Governmental Organizations

Broad definition:Broad definition:

Every organization in society which is not Every organization in society which is not part of government, and which operates part of government, and which operates in civil societyin civil society

Four defining characteristics:Four defining characteristics:1. Voluntary1. Voluntary

2. Independent2. Independent

3. Not-for-profit3. Not-for-profit

4. Not self-serving in aims and related 4. Not self-serving in aims and related valuesvalues


NGO Facts and Figures International orgs deliver 80 % of International orgs deliver 80 % of

all aidall aid NGOs deliver large volumes of aid NGOs deliver large volumes of aid

per year – 20 % of totalper year – 20 % of total 7500 registered NGOs / 20,000 7500 registered NGOs / 20,000

existexist 90 % of all NGO delivered aid is 90 % of all NGO delivered aid is

delivered by 30 large NGOsdelivered by 30 large NGOs


BASIC STRUCTURE PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS

Special Representative of the Secretary-General

Deputy SRSG

Force Commander

Chief Administrative Officer

Head Civilian Police Component

Head Humanitarian Assistance ComponentChief Military Observer

Head Election Component

Human Rights

Lead Agency


Policy & Coordination

Level

Field Operational

Level

JOC

CombinedForce

Battalion/Region

Battalion/Region

Battalion/Region

Battalion/Region

Civil-Military Coordination Model

CMCC

Coord/Policy

CMCC

CMCC

CMCC

CMCC

CountryAMBASSADOR

CountryAMBASSADOR

Governmental Humanitarian Support

Governmental Humanitarian Support

HOC

REGION

REGION

REGION

LEAD AGENCY

HumanitarianCoordinator

Host Nation


Humanitarians Seek From the Military

Security – environment, for personnel, Security – environment, for personnel, convoys & facilitiesconvoys & facilities

Reaction forces to assist personnel in Reaction forces to assist personnel in dangerdanger

Access to military ports, airfields and Access to military ports, airfields and facilitiesfacilities

CommunicationsCommunications Transportation assetsTransportation assets Emergency medical support & evacuationEmergency medical support & evacuation Emergency infrastructure repairsEmergency infrastructure repairs InformationInformation


Humanitarians Provide to the Military

Humanitarian work that supports the Humanitarian work that supports the achievement of the force missionachievement of the force mission

Trained and experienced personnelTrained and experienced personnel A multiplier effect which allows the A multiplier effect which allows the

Commander to use resources for other Commander to use resources for other missionsmissions

Increased security as needs of the Increased security as needs of the population are metpopulation are met

A vital source of information and contactsA vital source of information and contacts


REMEMBER!

There are those agencies and There are those agencies and NGOs that will never work with the NGOs that will never work with the Military Military

However they remain very However they remain very interested in what is happening.interested in what is happening.

They derive benefits from the They derive benefits from the established humanitarian / established humanitarian / military coordination and link military coordination and link indirectly into the system indirectly into the system establishedestablished


Principles for Provision of Support

The decision to support any The decision to support any humanitarian activity is a command humanitarian activity is a command decision based on:decision based on:– Achieving the force missionAchieving the force mission– Ensuring force protectionEnsuring force protection– Supporting end state & exit strategySupporting end state & exit strategy– Meeting political factors deriving from Meeting political factors deriving from

the mandatethe mandate– Meeting measures of effectivenessMeeting measures of effectiveness


Principles for Provision of Support

Last resort – which means all Last resort – which means all civilian / humanitarian alternatives civilian / humanitarian alternatives have been exhaustedhave been exhausted

Unique capability – which means no Unique capability – which means no appropriate civilian humanitarian appropriate civilian humanitarian resources exist which can do the taskresources exist which can do the task

Timeliness – the urgency demands Timeliness – the urgency demands immediate actionimmediate action

Maintain clear humanitarian direction Maintain clear humanitarian direction in the use of the assetsin the use of the assets


APPROVAL - REQUESTS FOR ASSISTANCE

Need to confirm legitimacy of the Need to confirm legitimacy of the demanddemand

Is the support necessary or already Is the support necessary or already being provided by someone elsebeing provided by someone else

What is the priority in relation to other What is the priority in relation to other demandsdemands

This process is best done outside the This process is best done outside the military - it does not have the capacitymilitary - it does not have the capacity

Use the UN/IO/NGO interface Use the UN/IO/NGO interface


Key Measures to Ensure Effectiveness

Clarity of MissionClarity of Mission Joint PlanningJoint Planning Establishment of a Coordinating Establishment of a Coordinating

CenterCenter Ability to adjust OrganizationsAbility to adjust Organizations Designation of Standby Designation of Standby

CapacitiesCapacities Joint Exercises and TrainingJoint Exercises and Training

PERCEPTIONS


Political/Diplomatic Civilian Administrators

– International Staff– Mission Staff– Local Employees– Contractors

NGO Personnel Humanitarians

– UN Agencies– Governmental Orgs

Human Rights– UN / Other

Civilian Police Election Officials

Military


Commanders Staff Officers

– Headquarters– Contingents

Units Military Observers International Units

– Military Police Support Structures

– Logistics– Transport– Financial

External Military– Airlift

CIVILIANS


COORDINATING ISSUES

Early Agreement on Responsibilities Familiarization with Mission and

Responsibilities Common AORs Establishing Communications

Protocols Liaison Joint Operations and Information Interagency Meetings


AABB

CC

DD

EE

FFGG

HH

JJ

IIKK

D Administrative AreaAdministrative Area

AllstanAllstan

Center of ExcellenceHumanitarian ResponsibilityHumanitarian Responsibility

AllstanAllstan


11

22

33

44

2 Military SectorsMilitary Sectors

AllstanAllstan


1122

33

44

4 Police SectorsPolice Sectors

AllstanAllstan


AllstanAllstan


LESSONS LEARNED

• Successful Civilian-Military operations must start with the same mission

• vision and goals need to be established

• the context of the mission must be understood

• Decisions are made through discussion

• military are often in a supporting role


LESSONS LEARNED - cont

• Success depends on the good will and desire of the players on the ground to make the mission work.

• developing understanding

• willingness to be educated

• quality of leadership is the key



• Develop a joint strategy to prevent being Develop a joint strategy to prevent being manipulated on the ground. manipulated on the ground.

• consensus opinion on how to proceed consensus opinion on how to proceed

• do not strip individual agencies of their do not strip individual agencies of their independence and autonomyindependence and autonomy



• The Operation will constantly changeThe Operation will constantly change• leaders collate and direct the leaders collate and direct the

changeschanges• technical experts provide inputtechnical experts provide input• establish what is doableestablish what is doable• the analysis will continue to changethe analysis will continue to change



• Agree on common operating Agree on common operating proceduresprocedures• who is in charge in certain who is in charge in certain

situationssituations• How you will pass and accept How you will pass and accept

requests for assistancerequests for assistance

INTERAGENCY HUMANITARIAN COORDINATION IN PEACE OPERATIONS

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