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Fork

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lift and

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pallet

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major types of

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Palletizers

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look at an ov

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klifts

klift (also calle

d transport m

of forklifts, bu

top deck.

ifts and Palle

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Number of

Guidelines

o Ty

o Ty

o Ty

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damaged.

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pallets only

options like

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forklift han

Some palle

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Pallet Jacks

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tation

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lets.

ed a lift truck,

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f forktines (us

s for general f

ypical tine len

ypical tine wid

ypical tine thic

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y need 2” tall

e lower profile

ith operators

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to make spee

hat interact w

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ch of these, w

nities to impr

a fork truck, o

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fts designed f

mponents an

ength / Width

adjust spacin

option for long

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forklift use:

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dths are 4 to 5

ckness is 1.5”

adboards are

bottom leadbo

areas may ne

allow more p

openings for

e pallets, 4 st

also cause m

s more durab

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with pallets are

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re given in Fig

for pallets will

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ger pallets? W

ider pallets m

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5”

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most frequen

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allet design fl

r forktines. If a

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le pallets.

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e:

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l lift with forkt

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lexibility than

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costs between

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under the

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orktine tips are

quipment. Mos

orklifts, pallet

ay be options

pment. More

s. Operators

ts.

3

o

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e

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s.

Figure 2:

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Counterbala

re 3: Side Lo

ance forklift w

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with longer t

ft with 4 forks

tines – used

s – used for

for longer p

wider pallets

pallets

s

4

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that a

lifted

hydra

the la

Figur

et Jacks

et jack usuall

are lifted with

enough to cle

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rger dimensio

re 4: Typical P

Figure 5

ly has 2 tines

a hydraulic ja

ear the floor fo

e larger dime

on the tines.

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5: Electric Rid

, and these ti

ack (Figures 4

or subsequen

ension than fo

nes – the nea

wheels in th

de On Pallet J

nes have whe

4 and 5). Whe

nt travel. Sinc

orklift tines. Th

ar one is desig

he lowered po

Jack. Note tig

eels mounted

en the wheels

e the tines ha

he more auto

gned to lift 2 p

osition.

ght fit of tines

d inside the en

s are lifted, the

ave internal w

mated the pa

pallets at onc

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wheels and

allet jack tines

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ning

5

ks

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Pallets canwheels wilover a bottdeck openEnables oncannot be Requires popportunitySmaller paThicker boCan Palletare possib

omated Gu

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s for general u

pical tine leng

ypical tine wid

ypical tine req

pace between

nnot have botl damage anytom pallet comings for thesenly two-way einserted into

pallets to be tay for low profiallets may neeottom boards t Jacks be elim

ble.

uided Vehic

Figure 6

Components

th / Width / T

stable)

use automate

gths are 42” -

dths are 8”

quires 3.5” tall

n tines – 11” in

ttom deckboay pallet bottommponent. Moe wheels. entry into a fothe 2” tall sidaller (min 3-1ile pallets. ed captive pamay need to minated from

cles

: Typical AGV

s and Oppor

Thickness)

ed pallet jacks

36 and 48 als

l pallet openin

nside to insid

ards where them deck, even ost pallets for

ur-way notche notches. /2” opening h

allets undernebe chamferedthe Supply C

V with forktine

rtunities

s:

so common

ngs

de

e front wheelsvery durablepallet jacks le

ed-stringer pa

height) for pal

eath to facilitad to facilitate

Chain? If so, lo

es to move pa

s extend to the pallets, if theeave 9” minim

allet, because

llet jack tines.

te pallet jack pallet jack usower cost pal

allets

he floor. Thesey are openedmum bottom

e the forks

. No

use. se. llet designs

6

se d

In gen

just h

quality

AGVs

Conv

The p

Fig

rolle

flow.

neral, AGVs e

ave no opera

y pallet desig

s and Pallets

If they use

Also meas

conveyor a

veyors

primary types

Roller Con

Chain Con

Skate Whe

gure 7: Roller

rs. The close

Better pallets

either carry th

ator. Since the

n.

s: Key Compo

e tines, the ab

sure how the p

at this transfe

of conveyors

nveyors (Figu

nveyors (Figu

eel Conveyors

r Conveyor. U

roller spacing

s, or bottom b

he pallets on a

ere is no drive

onents and O

bove criteria fo

pallets transfe

er (conveyors

s used with pa

re 7)

ure 8)

s (Figure 9)

Usually rollers

g on this conv

oards oriente

for sam

a flat platform

er to make tin

Opportunitie

or forklifts and

er onto and o

discussed ne

allets are:

are full palle

veyor allows

ed perpendicu

me performan

m or use forklif

e adjustment

es

d pallets jacks

off the AGV. M

ext).

t width but ca

a marginal qu

ular to rollers,

ce.

ft tines like a

ts, they will re

s will apply.

Most will use s

an be 2-3 row

uality pallet bo

would requir

forklift - they

equire a highe

some type of

ws of shorter

ottom deck to

re fewer roller

7

er

o

rs

Figu

Fig

conv

ure 8: Chain C

pa

gure 9: Skate

veyors) are s

stre

Conveyor (3 s

arallel deck flo

e Wheel Conv

imilar to a pa

etchwrap and

strand). Most

ow like here c

veyor (4 rail).

llet “rack” and

other debris

bottom deckb

can work if pa

Note that ska

d pallets will d

to interfere w

boards run pe

allet quality is

ate wheel con

deflect. Also n

with flow on th

erpendicular t

consistent.

nveyors (and m

note the poten

his conveyor.

to chains, but

many chain

ntial for loose

8

t

e

Conv

Palle

A pall

we ar

locatio

veyors and P

Roller Con

distance b

Chain Con

Skate Whe

rows of wh

other conv

Pallet defle

The bottom

the bottom

Note direc

boards are

bottom dec

Broken bo

Nails that p

sure your n

Many conv

short conv

throughout

support an

etizers

etizer is used

re interested i

on. These are

allets: Key C

nveyors – mea

etween roller

nveyors – mea

eel Conveyors

heels. Skate w

veyors.

ection greater

m deck of the

m deck is com

tion of pallet

e perpendicula

ck direction. P

ards are the w

protrude from

nail quality is

veyors are es

veyor is the cr

t the supply c

nd save ongoi

d to automatic

n the handlin

e usually som

Components

asure roller d

r support beam

asure chain w

s – measure

wheels are les

r than ½” on c

pallet is the i

patible with th

bottom deck t

ar to roller len

Perimeter bas

worst pallet q

m the bottom d

adequate for

ssentially shor

ritical design f

chain. Can tha

ing pallet cos

cally stack pa

g devices tha

me type of liftin

and Opportu

iameter, spac

ms.

width and spa

wheel diamet

ss forgiving o

conveyors ma

nterface betw

he conveyor d

travel on the

ngth, but som

se pallets roll

uality issue o

deck are anot

r the conveyo

rt term Racks

factor that inc

at short conve

ts?

ckaged produ

at move the p

ng tine or dev

unities

cing between

an between ch

ter, wheel wid

of poor quality

ay cause issu

ween pallets a

design.

conveyor. Us

me conveyors

better on con

on conveyors.

ther big proble

or design.

s. We see ma

creases the co

eyor be modif

ucts on pallet

allet into and

vice. Some ex

rollers, lengt

hains.

dth, and span

y pallets or de

ues.

and conveyor

sually works b

are more forg

nveyors.

.

em with conv

ny application

ost of a pallet

fied to increas

ts, but for pall

out of the pa

xamples are b

th of rollers,

n between

ebris than

rs. Make sure

best if pallet

giving of

veyors. Make

ns where a

t design

se pallet

et purposes

alletizer

below:

9

e

Figur

to h

cou

grea

Figur

Althou

e 10: This au

have a 6” wide

ld reduce the

ater top deck

re 11: This pa

ugh the pallet

tomatic lift us

e second boa

e ongoing pric

stresses on t

alletizer uses f

t is only here

ses 5 small fo

ard. If the pall

ce of this palle

this pallet tha

fork tines in th

a few minute

to be compa

rks that are 1

etizer forks w

et by 5% per p

n any other e

he pallet notc

s, any potent

atible with thes

0” long. Thes

were longer (o

pallet. This pa

equipment thr

ches. The spa

tial change to

se forks.

se forks requi

one time modi

articular palle

roughout the s

acing is not ea

o a pallet desig

ire every palle

ification), we

etizer creates

supply chain.

asily adjusted

gn would nee

10

et

d.

ed

Pallet

Palle

Pallet

used

Figu

fro

perp

tizers and Pa

How does

The criteria

If some fea

modified?

ongoing pa

Palletizers

requireme

et Racks

t racks are de

with pallets a

Single

Drive i

Cantile

Flow R

Push B

re 12: Single

ont and back o

pendicular to t

allets: Key C

the palletizer

a listed in tho

ature of the p

Often a one-t

allet cost.

s are automate

nts.

esigned to mo

are:

Deep / Doub

in / Drive Thr

ever Rack

Rack

Back Rack

Deep rack w

of the rack po

the blue beam

Components

r position the

ose sections w

alletizer is a l

time modifica

ed, so pallet q

ore efficiently

ble Deep

rough

ith longer pro

osition. Each p

ms. This allow

increases

and Opportu

pallet? It will

would also ap

imiting factor

ation to equipm

quality needs

store palletize

oduct. Pallet is

pallet is also s

ws more flexib

rack / pallet s

unities

use forktines

ply here.

r in the pallet

ment is often

s to be consis

ed products.

s supported b

supported by

bility in pallet

safety.

s, conveyors,

design, can t

lower cost th

tent with palle

The main typ

by rack beams

y 4 cross beam

design and p

etc. to do this

hat feature be

an a higher

etizer

pes of racks

s (blue) in the

ms (orange)

price. It is also

11

s.

e

e

o

Figu

pallet

su

Figur

string

re 13: Drive i

t deckboards

upport the lig

re 14: Cantile

ger location –

to the botto

n Racking. Pa

are supportin

hter shipping

ver Racking.

– bottom palle

om deck. Top

allet is suppo

ng the load in

pallet in this

economical

Pallet is supp

et has stringer

pallet require

orted by Angle

this rack. A c

rack. Would a

for this ware

ported by I be

rs located ove

es the bottom

e Beams on e

captive wareh

another rack

ehouse?

eams under th

er the rack ar

m boards to he

each side of th

house pallet w

/ pallet system

he bottom dec

rms and trans

elp support th

he pallet. The

was needed to

m be more

ck. Note palle

sfers no stress

he load.

12

e

o

et

s

Figu

car

Figu

ure 15: Push

rt. The last pa

re 16: Single

support

Back Rack. E

allet is loaded

differe

deep rack wi

allows the us

Each of the ca

on the track

ent rack span,

th wire deckin

se of a pallet t

arts is loaded

rails. Each pa

, since each c

ng support. In

that would no

d and pushed

allet in this ra

cart is differen

n this case, th

ot be safe on t

back starting

ack will be sup

nt.

he addition of

the beams alo

g with the top

pported by a

the wire deck

one.

13

k

Figu

F

e

autom

ure 17: Anothe

use of a

Figure 18: Hig

equipment an

mation, critica

er common s

a smaller palle

ghly Automat

nd racking. Pa

al location of p

the d

upport for bea

et, and caugh

ed Racking S

allet quality re

pallet compon

deeper rack lo

am racking. T

ht the pallet w

Systems. Thes

equirements a

nents, and saf

ocations to fix

The additiona

when the botto

se systems w

are very high d

fety issues in

x pallet issues

l cross beam

om boards fai

will have many

due to the hig

herent with p

s.

s allowed the

led.

y types of

gh level of

people enterin

14

e

ng

Racks

Tran

Trans

(Bentz

but tra

of Log

prices

reduc

The p

The in

Nelso

variab

footpr

Clarke

evalu

sizes,

intere

equip

s and Pallets

Record the

between v

Pallet Sup

On a new

Can additio

the cost of

Broken bo

Racks req

and can re

nsportation

sportation is th

z 2012), “toda

ansportation c

gistics Manag

s through 201

ce transportat

primary modes

Vans, Flat

Containers

Rail

Air Freight

nternal usable

on Tech Cente

ble, no one siz

rint, or length

e (Nelson Co

ated. In gene

, the 48x40 an

esting that the

ment.

s: Key Comp

e distance be

ertical rack co

port Mode – A

rack installati

onal support

f this one-time

ards are the w

uire higher le

esult in more c

n

he mode that

ay not only ar

costs now ex

gement (Jan 2

4. Given thes

ion costs sho

s of long dista

beds, and Cu

s

t

e dimensions

er, 2013). The

ze fits all. The

and width. Th

mpany) in 20

eral, no pallet

nd 1.0 x 1.2m

e Euro pallet s

ponents and

tween rack su

omponents th

Are pallets su

on, would a d

be added to t

e rack suppor

worst problem

vels of pallet

catastrophic r

takes our pro

re supply cha

ceed 63% of

2013) shows t

se high costs

ould be evalua

ance transpor

urtainsides

of each of th

e usable inter

e key pallet m

he chart below

001. The “fit” o

size was idea

m pallet sizes

size (0.8 x 1.2

Opportunitie

upports and r

hat might inte

upported acro

different rack

the rack syste

rt vs. ongoing

m in automate

quality (safet

results.

oducts the lon

ins more exte

total supply c

the major tran

and trends, a

ated.

rtation used to

ese modes a

rnal dimensio

measure that a

w is from a pa

of pallet sizes

al for all mode

were relative

2m) was not a

es

rack beam wid

rfere with pal

oss the width

span allow a

em (wire deck

g pallet saving

ed pallet syste

ty) since failur

nger distance

ended, global

chain costs.” A

nsportation m

anything we c

o move pallet

are listed in a

ons between t

affects transp

aper presente

s into standard

es, but of the

ly efficient ac

a good fit for m

dth. Record d

lets.

or length, or b

lower cost pa

k or cross bea

gs?

ems.

re from heigh

es. According

l, complex, an

A review of th

modes all fore

can do with th

tized loads ar

separate pap

transportation

portation “fit” i

ed by Sander

d transportati

internationall

cross the optio

most transpor

distance

both?

allet?

ams)? What i

hts are unsafe

to Accenture

nd demanding

he latest issue

casting rising

he pallet to

re:

per (Clarke,

n modes is

s the pallet

rs (IBM) and

on modes wa

ly recognized

ons. It is

rtation

15

s

e

e

g,

e

g

as

d

Below

highlig

can b

96” w

interio

variet

w we can see

ghts the adva

e loaded in th

wide. A square

or dimensions

ty of transport

the “fit” of the

antages of a r

he 40 or 48” w

e pallet, such

s of equipmen

tation equipm

e 1.0 x 1.2 m

rectangular pa

wide direction

as the comm

nt will vary, re

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