Interaction Design Projects

5/24/2018 Interaction Design Projects

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Principles ofInteraction DesignPortfolio

Palak Sanghani

201314001


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Principles of Interaction Design Palak Sanghani201314001

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Contents

Sending Email from Android Device VS Windows Laptop ............... 3Ergonomics .................................................................... 7Thermal Comfort ............................................................. 9Jacquard Looms .............................................................. 11The components of Telephone Instrument .............................. 13Steps to Tie Shoelaces ...................................................... 15Noise Vs. Harmony ........................................................... 17Sketches ....................................................................... 20Industrial Revolution ........................................................ 23Affordance .................................................................... 25Re-adjustable Chairs ........................................................ 27Barbara Tversky: Narratives of Space, Time and Life .................. 28Barbara Tversky: Tools for Thought ...................................... 29Gmail is not only about Emails.......................................... 30Microsoft Word: Less Used Yet Useful Features ......................... 32Gmelius........................................................................ 33Anthropometry ............................................................... 36Bone Structure of grip ...................................................... 39Visual Comfort ............................................................... 41Mass Customization .......................................................... 45Rolling Pin Design ............................................................ 48Portfolio Bag Design Proposal .............................................. 50


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Magic Icons ................................................................... 53Mug Handles .................................................................. 57System Design ................................................................ 64Activity Centric Design ...................................................... 69Perception, A visual system ................................................ 72Man made and Natural Fabric.............................................. 74Ten things that can be counted as common sense... .................. 78App Layout .................................................................... 79Studying textures through pictures ....................................... 81Round to Scratchy Objects ................................................. 8416 Squares .................................................................... 86Golden Proportion ........................................................... 88Perspective ................................................................... 90Limitations of Hick-Hyman Law ........................................... 92Xerox Parc .................................................................... 93Variations of Appearance - Visual Clues .................................. 96


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Assignment 1

Sending Email from Android Device VS Windows Laptop


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Assignment 2

Ergonomics

The word Ergonomics is coined by the words ergon (work) and nomoi (natural laws)

.It shows the relationship of a person with work. Ergonomics is concerned with

understanding human interactions and applying all the theoretical principles to

design. Ergonomics is used in designing and planning. It can be applied to all

human activities. It is the science of work, how to work and how to do it

efficiently. Ergonomics is used to add to our comfort. Ergonomics is used to design

services and products in such a way that they are useful and efficient.

Ergonomics is used in health, product design, transportation, nuclear weapons and

many other fields. Ergonomics is reducing discomfort of any person in the

environment. Staring at the computer screen for long hours can cause discomfort

so it is advisable to sit at a considerable distance and take frequent breaks.

Physical Ergonomics

It deals with all the physical activities. The motion, postures and moments.

Cognitive Ergonomics

It deals with the mental processes like memory and reasoning which affect the

human interactions and decision making.

Organizational Ergonomics

It deals with the optimization of systems, structure and policies.

Environmental Ergonomics

It deals with the interaction of human beings with environment and how

they react to temperature fluctuations, pressure, vibrations etc.

Ideal Measurements for Dining Table:

The table height of ideal table should be enough that there is clearance space for

knees of all the people to sit comfortably. Most of the dinner tables are around 30''

high. The width of the table should be such that one doesn't have to lean over it, it

should be have enough leg space. The shape should be based on how many people

are going to be gathered, rectangular tables are for large gatherings while oval and

round tables are for less number of people. There should be around 12' distance


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between table surface and height of chair.

DEPTH:

Most dining tables average 36" wide and vary from 30" to 48". More than 48" and it

starts to get difficult to reach across the table. Rounds tables should be 30" to

decrease the slice of pie towards the centre of the table.

HEIGHT:

Most dining tables today are 30" high. Chair height is generally 18" (from the seat

to the floor). This allows for comfortable leg room.

LIGHTING:

Proper light makes our tasks easier and makes us feel comfortable and safe.

Lights must be fixed on the focal point of the room and light fixture reflects our

personality. A pendant can be used for the general lighting which should be places

30" above the table. . Ceiling light fixtures look great in small dining rooms

because they make the area seem larger than it is. Proper layering of light can

enhance color and ambiance. Lighting should address purpose of the room.

SURFACE:

Wood is durable and take all kind of wear and tear. Sealed and laminated timbers

can keep the moisture away, look charming and yet be inexpensive. It can add to

the warmth and withstand many years.

PLACEMENT:

According to Feng Sui, table must be placed in the centre of the room and away

from main door with equal space on all four sides. The Vaastu Shashtra directs that

dining table should in the northwest or southwest corner of room and it shouldn't

touch the wall.

References:

http://www.iea.cc/01_what/What%20is%20Ergonomics.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics

http://ergonomics.about.com/od/ergonomicbasics/a/ergo101.htm
http://www.iea.cc/01_what/What%20is%20Ergonomics.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomicshttp://ergonomics.about.com/od/ergonomicbasics/a/ergo101.htmhttp://ergonomics.about.com/od/ergonomicbasics/a/ergo101.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomicshttp://www.iea.cc/01_what/What%20is%20Ergonomics.html


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Assignment 3

Thermal Comfort

Thermal Comfort is that condition of mind which expresses our satisfaction with

the thermal environment. Thermal comfort. It depends on the environment and an

individual what makes him comfortable.

Environmental Factors:

Air temperature

-Temperature of air surrounding the body

Radiant temperature

-The heat radiated by any warm object like sun. Furnaces, ovens etc.

Velocity of Air

-It is the speed of the air. Stagnant air can cause odour. Moving air causes heat

loss.

Humidity

-It is the amount of water in the atmosphere. High humidity prevents the

evaporation.

Personal Factors:

Clothing

-Clothes interfere with our ability to lose heat to the environment. Clothes

contribute to the protection level.

Metabolic Heat

-The more physical work we do, more heat we produce. It depends on a person's

physical characteristics.

Thermal comfort is important to allow us to concentrate on given task. Thermal

comfort can be checked by asking the following questions

1. Does air feel warm or hot?

2. Does temperature keep fluctuating?


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3. Is there a heat source?

4. Is the air humid or dry?

5. Is the environment cool/cold or hot?

Thermal comforts could be managed by

1. Administrative Controls.

-Administrative controls include planning and rescheduling work times and

practices and rest schedules.

2. Engineering Controls

- It is used to avoid hazards and risks.

Other solutions are heating, air movement, air cooling, etc.

References:

http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/explained.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort

http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htm
http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/explained.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comforthttp://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htmhttp://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comforthttp://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/explained.htm


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Assignment 4

Jacquard Looms

Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom in the 1804 which could weave

complex designs. Joseph was employed in a factory and used his spare time to

construct his loom which would not take long periods to produce fine woven

fabrics. Jacquard's loom mechanism is controlled by recording patterns of holes in

string of cards and weaving intricate patterns. It enables an ordinary workman to

produce beautiful patterns.

Joseph presented his invention in 1804, Paris and was awarded a medal. This

invention has helped in advancement of technology and in textile industry by

cutting down human labour and reusing the patterns stored on the card. The thick

cards had rectangular holes punched in them. The hooks and needles used in

weaving were guided by the holes in the cardboard. The hooks were held

stationary until they came in contact with punched holes. Hooks passed through

the holes with needle inserting a thread and forming the desired pattern. The

raised and lowered threads created the pattern. Cards were arranged over each

other to weave beautiful patterns. A number of threads were used to repeat the

patterns. The innovative idea of punch cards storing the information sparked the

computer revolution.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2rTHPHT1qv4/UgMml_17KqI/AAAAAAAAAn8/XCinSTcTLtE/s1600/download.jpg


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References:

http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/jacquard.htm

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_jacquard.htm

http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Jacquard_loom.html
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/jacquard.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_jacquard.htmhttp://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Jacquard_loom.htmlhttp://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Jacquard_loom.htmlhttp://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_jacquard.htmhttp://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/jacquard.htm


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Assignment 5

The components of Telephone Instrument

From the boxes in the 1960s finally we saw design oriented telephone instruments.

Telephones transmit and receive the human voice. The word telephone actually

means sending your voice at a certain distance. The basic components have

remained same over the last few years except for the addition of few facilities and

smart features like contact list, redialling, video calling, caller ID, and much more.

The basic components of telephone instrument are as follows

1. Transmitter

It is a microphone situated at the mouthpiece. It converts the voice into current.

The speech vibrations cause fluctuations in electric field which produces variation

in voltage which are amplified for transmission.

2. Receiver

It is located at the earpiece and it converts electric current into sound waves and

reproduce sound waves.

3. Ringer

Ringer alerts the user about the incoming calls. It is connected to the local loop.

Capacitor provides current to the handset.

4. Dialler

It is used to dial the number and establish connection with the person we are

calling. The dial tones are of low frequency pulses and they travel through the

telephone system. The capacitor and resistor prevent dialling signals from passing

into ringer circuit.

5. Power Source

A two wired circuit provides voltage of 48 volts. The phone is charged up when not

in use in cordless phones. The transformer charges up the base unit


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6. Hook

The hook connects the telephone with current supply. Cradle is now used to hang

the phone. Loop is broken when the phone is hanged.

7. Circuit

It performs a number of functions. It reduces the side tone. It ensures efficient

flow of current through the system.

References:

http://www.telephonymuseum.com/telephones.htm

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_parts_of_a_telephone
http://www.telephonymuseum.com/telephones.htmhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_parts_of_a_telephonehttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_parts_of_a_telephonehttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_parts_of_a_telephonehttp://www.telephonymuseum.com/telephones.htm


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Assignment 6

Steps to Tie Shoelaces

A flow chart displaying the steps to tie our shoelaces.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-34XDMCLeEYE/Ufv2XNOUleI/AAAAAAAAAng/IGvX_0Gr9_k/s1600/ShoelaceFlowchart.jpg


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Assignment 7

Noise Vs. Harmony

Contrasting Images

NOISE


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HARMONY


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Assignment 8

Sketches

If we dont want to eat aloo parantha with your hands ... We can use few of the

below shown creative instruments

1. "The magnetic Pen"

A magnetic kind of force emerges out of the pen and pulls the morsels of food

towards the tip. The pen is programmed in such a way that a certain dimension of

food is cut and sticks to the pen tip. The tip can be turned in to a spoon or fork

also.

2."Roller Coaster"

The rolling fork can be rolled out to cut the parantha and the spoon can be used to

eat it. The structure is such that the fork doesnt hurt while one is using the

spoon.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SukiyxVZ1A4/UfnY3ZSH0oI/AAAAAAAAAjg/lLn7LsS6e6c/s1600/IMG_20130731_221130.jpg


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3."Tripple Treacle"The three in one collection of fork, knife and spoon can be used to eat the

parantha whether we want to cut it, dip it or savour it.

4. "Twizzlers"

The twizzler of a spoon and a fork forms a clipper to hold the food and eat

effectively after dipping it on to the sauce.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v9W44_8KZC0/UfnY57ESaEI/AAAAAAAAAl4/qmNy1L0Q5h0/s1600/IMG_20130731_221215.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uuWsxzX6SBc/UfnY5wbfdDI/AAAAAAAAAmA/MYktM5ZXIzk/s1600/IMG_20130731_221158.jpg


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http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3qAQYkHj-yo/UfnX7_CFM-I/AAAAAAAAAjU/PSrfsAUV_zg/s1600/IMG_20130731_221043.jpg


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Assignment 9

Industrial Revolution

With the use of machines and new discoveries, industrial revolution lead to mass

production. The prezi shows how things were manufactured earlier and at what

rate they are produced now. It shows the automation and the improvement in

quality and speed. Click on the following link to view the prezi :

Industrial Revolution
http://prezi.com/hwrwqtjdncgq/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0sharehttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZJmfvXdp84Y/UfoesxbhKqI/AAAAAAAAAmM/STjrVk33tOc/s1600/download.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OKD51CBBuO4/UfoeWQVu7TI/AAAAAAAAAmE/h6Zp5nAIyTo/s1600/images+(30).jpghttp://prezi.com/hwrwqtjdncgq/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0share


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Presentation:

http://prezi.com/hwrwqtjdncgq/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex

0share
http://prezi.com/hwrwqtjdncgq/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0sharehttp://prezi.com/hwrwqtjdncgq/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0sharehttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x5fc8IimrXo/Ufoes7cpcEI/AAAAAAAAAmQ/uDyvYbpkfAA/s1600/images.jpghttp://prezi.com/hwrwqtjdncgq/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0sharehttp://prezi.com/hwrwqtjdncgq/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0share


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Assignment 10

Affordance

An affordance is the design aspect of an object which suggest how the object

should be used; a visual clue to its function and use. Affordance is something of

the actual and the perceived properties of the object. Gibson says that affordance

is relation between the individual and the object he is interacting with. Thus

affordance is quality of an object which allows it to have an action relationship

with an actor. The actor has to discover the affordance between himself and the

entities. Design should be such that the user feels that some interaction is

possible. The user should find some logical action which should be performed with

the object.

An object can have an affordance which is hidden. Symbolic communication is used

to encourage users to understand the affordance. Affordance is not dependent on

the culture, prior knowledge or expectation. Our brain works in such a manner

that we always try to find the simplicity and put in the missing puzzles in any

jigsaw puzzle. Affordance is our guiding path in how to interact with the object

even if we are seeing the object for the first time. It gives us clues how we should

operate the object even if we are seeing it for the first time.

We have to deal with the constraints and conventions while using affordances.

Physical Constraint: It is about relation of affordance with physical reality

and the limitations

Logical Constraint: It is about the alternate options available.

Cultural Constraint: It is about what people will think and how they will

behave.

We can create a good affordance by observing people. Data of

peoplesbehaviour should be collected to deal with all the conventions and

building a design with good affordance. If we create a new affordance, people may

take time to accept and understand it because of the social conventions.


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We can put across a good design by keeping in mind the following criteria

We should never build a design which is violating the conventions

We can use words to explain the action or some convincing graphic or should

highlight the object

We should keep it simple and clear. It is advisable to build the design upon

some model.

References:

http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~goguen/courses/271sp03/jnd.html

http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/affordances.html

http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances_and.html
http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~goguen/courses/271sp03/jnd.htmlhttp://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/affordances.htmlhttp://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances_and.htmlhttp://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances_and.htmlhttp://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/affordances.htmlhttp://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~goguen/courses/271sp03/jnd.html


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Assignment 11

Re-adjustable Chairs

Chairs nowadays are re-adjustable to add to the comfort of the users. There is a

gas cylinder that has an internal piston that compresses a gas to a higher pressure

when weight is put on it. A friction clamp is present to hold the piston's rod in a

set position. This clamp acts like the height selector. A soft spring gives a bit of

cushion when a person sits on the chair. If the chair is too low, a lever releases the

friction clamp, letting the piston come up, raising the chair against the chair's

weight. If a person is sitting in the chair at that time, the gas pressure against the

piston is not enough, and the chair goes down.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Vhq1ApGxUV8/Ugo5DlnTsWI/AAAAAAAAAq0/72EuvO1HmvA/s1600/download.jpg


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Assignment 12

Barbara Tversky: Narratives of Space, Time and Life

Narratives of Space, Time and Life

Main Idea:

Mind Constructs stories from chaos.

Our mind creates objects in space and actions in time. We conjure up scenarios in

our mind. Some people want the narratives to include character, emotion or have

the narrative voice.

Space and Perspective.

Space surrounds us. Narratives are linear and one thing comes up after another.

We need consistency of perspective to construct a mental framework to place the

object. Speakers describe environment from stationary viewpoint. Landmarks are

located with some reference. Environment is experienced from a height using the

survey perspective. Gaze perspective is obtained a single viewpoint, it can be used

when entire scene can be viewed from one position. Route perspective is a

representation of two events linked in a time.

Organization of Spatial Mental Models

Descriptions take survey and route perspectives and switched between

perspectives. A consistent perspective is not required to establish mental spatial

framework.


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Assignment 13

Barbara Tversky: Tools for Thought

Language and Bilingual Cognition

Some people find it unacceptable that our language affects our thinking while

other think that this is indeed worth a thought !

Effect of language has shown for time, space, color, shape and object.

More than words there are relations and features of things. People usually describe

accomplished goals and focus on features which are easy to describe. Things are

categorized through language. Language uses labels and names to categorize

things. Language lets us establish relationship between different categories. We

are affected by the language we speak and the language we hear.

Language has longer term off line effects which encourage people to give attention

to some things and ignoring the other associations and aspects. We would

implement whatever we heard as toddlers.

Language has many delicately interwoven communicative strands.

Language affects our gestures. Language can help or hinder our thoughts.

Language emphasizes on some meanings and relations and doesn't transform the

others. It often organizes the useful things but sometimes it may ignore the

essential things.


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Assignment 14

Gmail is not only about Emails

With Gmail you can do so much more than sending and receiving emails. Its a

versatile tool, which can be adapted to your needs. If there is an insane or

creative use you can think of, there will be ways to make it happen.

Undo Send

We can cancel a mail a short while after we have sent it. We have to activate the

undo send for this to work.

Using Gmail Offline

If we install google gears then we can use Gmail in online, offline and flaky

connection mode.

Gmail Driving Directions

Gmail detects addresses automatically and creates link to map it. Gmail even

keeps a track of our activity. The last access time and other details are displayed

at the right corner.

Gmail Labs

It has a task list, game, mail goggles and many other features which are in

experimental mode.

Gmail Themes

We can change the themes and play with the backgrounds and the colours. We can

even change the sound that plays when a new mail is received.

Free POP and IMAP mail

We can integrate outlook and other email clients for free. We can even import our

emails and messages and contacts to Gmail.

Google Apps

We can convert our domain into Gmail account. We can forward mails from any

account to our Gmail address

Creating Aliases

You can manage multiple email accounts and apply advanced filters. Finding and

archiving mails is very easy.


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Auto Forwarding and Auto Answering

We can save few responses apply them to particular labels and auto forward the

canned response. We can even set up email templates.


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Assignment 15

Microsoft Word: Less Used Yet Useful Features

Document Comparison

Open two files side by side and compare documents. We can even collapse and

expand another document.

Custom Paste

You can format the pasted content by custom paste options.

Removing Hidden Data

We can inspect a document and prepare it for sharing. The comments and tracking

personal details should be erased.

Auto text Feature

Apart from auto correct, word ensures we have to type less through the auto text

entries and increase our productivity. Even frequently used images can be kept as

templates.

Apps

We have an entire app library at our command in word now. The sticky notes app

is fairly useful.

Online

We can not only save our documents online, we can present and share online. We

can now start editing from where we left. We can integrate images and videos

present online.

PDFs

We can edit PDFs and save the word documents as PDF documents.

References:

http://office.microsoft.com/en-in/word-help/top-tips-for-word-HA001096381.aspx

http://www.techradar.com/news/software/applications/10-cool-microsoft-word-tips-and-

tricks-905849
http://office.microsoft.com/en-in/word-help/top-tips-for-word-HA001096381.aspxhttp://www.techradar.com/news/software/applications/10-cool-microsoft-word-tips-and-tricks-905849http://www.techradar.com/news/software/applications/10-cool-microsoft-word-tips-and-tricks-905849http://www.techradar.com/news/software/applications/10-cool-microsoft-word-tips-and-tricks-905849http://www.techradar.com/news/software/applications/10-cool-microsoft-word-tips-and-tricks-905849http://office.microsoft.com/en-in/word-help/top-tips-for-word-HA001096381.aspx


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Assignment 16

Gmelius

Experience Gmail without ads

Focus only on your emails and wipe out the noise added to your inbox by Gmail

ads. Gmelius gives you the possibility (i.e. option) to remove all the ads present in

Gmail (top, right and bottom). Gmelius does not deactivate the automatic Gmail

filtering and scanning system which allows Google to parse for keywords in your

emails and then match and serve targeted ads when you browse the Web.

Make Gmail header auto-expandable

Make the Gmail header, that is the logo and search block, auto-expandable on

demand and prioritize so the content of your inbox. If you enable this feature,

Gmelius will add a "Search and Share" button in the top navigation bar that will

display/hide the header and auto-focus the search input. This feature includes a

keyboard shortcut for Chrome users (experimental).

Remove the "People Widget"

You don't use the so-called "People widget" or contact box appearing at the right of

your emails? Remove it from Gmail and enjoy a larger space to read and browse

your messages. You will need to disable the ads first for this feature to work

properly. Fully compatible with the Preview Pane Gmail lab.

Customize Gmail navigation icons

The native Gmail navigation icons can look a bit confusing. While you have the

possibility to choose either buttons with icons or buttons with text, Gmelius gives

you the option to have buttons with icons and text. Moreover, you can also

colourize the navigation icons to make them even more intuitive.

Add a subtle row highlight

Make the navigation through your Gmail inbox more eye-pleasing by adding a

subtle row highlight when the mouse goes over a message. Gmelius features a row


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highlight whose colour is customizable in order to suit best your theme. This

feature is also compatible with the Preview Pane Gmail lab.

Homogenize the appearance of your incoming emails

Not a big fan of those emails sent with an exotic font (e.g. Comic) and catchy

colours? Enable this feature and Gmelius will homogenize the look and feel of your

incoming emails based on the default settings of your Gmail theme.

Add attachment Icons

In your Gmail inbox, attachments are indicated by a paperclip. What if different

icons were shown depending on the type of file attached to your emails? Gmelius

exactly does this by offering type dependent attachment icons, either in colour or

in black and white (Chrome only). More than 40 types of files are currently

supported from the standard .doc|.pdf|.xls to the less frequent .php|.svg|.ogg.

Disable "Consider including"

SomeGmail users were not happy with the activation by default of the "consider

including" feature when composing their emails. You too? Just disable it with

Gmelius.

Make the Google logo clickable

Remember the days when one simple click on the Gmail logo in the header was

magically refreshing and sending you back to your inbox. Gmelius revives this nice

feature.

Auto-Scroll to the top of your inbox la Google+

Hand cramps scrolling continuously up and down in your Gmail inbox? Relax and

enjoy a smooth auto-scroll to top functionality by simply clicking on the top-dark

grey bar, like in Google+. Your fingers will say thank you :)

Move emails labels from the left to the right of your inbox

In Gmail, labels are placed at the very left of emails subjects. This has for main

consequence to decrease the visibility of the content of your emails. Gmelius gives
http://productforums.google.com/forum/#!category-topic/gmail/composing-and-sending-messages/JXMXhPdDAnchttp://productforums.google.com/forum/#!category-topic/gmail/composing-and-sending-messages/JXMXhPdDAnc


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you the possibility to move labels from the left to the right of your inbox, making

then easier to read the subject of your emails at first glance.

Move attachment icons from the right to the left of your inbox

In Gmail, attachment icons are placed at the very right of emails subjects. With

Gmelius, you can move those icons from the right to the left of your inbox, making

then easier to see the type of attachment an email has. Note that such a feature

was available in the Gmail Lab but has beenretired in early May 2012.

Gmelius revives it ...

Automatic De-obfuscation of email addresses

Gmelius de-obfuscates automatically any email addresses you copy and paste from

a website, making so your life a bit easier. Currently available for Gmelius Chrome

and Gmelius Firefox.

Regain some space in your inbox

The new Gmail is great but can sometimes look a bit cluttered. Gmelius gives you

the possibility to regain some space and to clean your inbox by removing diverse

elements such as chat statuses, chat and footer.

References:

http://gmelius.com/
http://gmailblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/say-hello-or-ola-or-halo-or-salam-to.htmlhttp://gmelius.com/http://gmelius.com/http://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=7404432154993107704&postID=6302096761372148846&target=emailhttp://gmailblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/say-hello-or-ola-or-halo-or-salam-to.html


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Assignment 17

Anthropometry

Anthropometry is the measuring of man, any individuals morphology is measured

through certain tasks performed by him. All the physical aspects of the body are

measured. Anthropometry even includes measuring the length from elbow to tip

of finger. Anthropometry even measures the range of motion, thickness of girth.

The comfort, health, safety and productivity of any device can be improved

through Anthropometry.

All this data is used to gather a statistical data of large population, then

extrapolating the data and using the knowledge to design new products with

proper ergonomics. The more the accuracy of the data, the better the design is.

When any new product is being designed one should know how the design should

be so that maximum people are more comfortable in using it. For example a chair,

its height width... And other details.

Anthropometric data is just not used for designing products but even measuring

the health, checking if a child is growing properly. It can be used to design newsystems. Anthropometry can be used in cloth design, industrial design, etc.
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These days the computerized 3D human shapes are used for anthropometric

analysis. Equipment design has just got better and easier since then. We should

consider several things like if we are designing car wheels, they are bound to use

in the heat, rain and cold. The grips should be sturdy and long lasting. A remote

control should have labels readable by all age groups. I designed a phone for the

elderly people and I had to consider several factors like the keys should be large

enough, the ring should be loud enough and the battery should last longer.

When we are designing a new equipment we have to take care the object is easily

reachable, there shouldn't be any unwanted contact, the posture should remain

comfortable and safe, operating the equipment should be easy and for this we

have consider the length and width of arms, hands, fingers, elbows, shoulders and

even check the grip and its strength. All this has to be considered while designing

objects as simple as bottle tops, handles, switches to complicated gadgets and

automobiles. Anthropometry is used in day to day life and has several applications.
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References:

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/

http://ergonomics.about.com/od/ergonomicbasics/f/What-Is-Anthropometry.htm

http://www.ergonomics4schools.com/lzone/anthropometry.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/http://ergonomics.about.com/od/ergonomicbasics/f/What-Is-Anthropometry.htmhttp://www.ergonomics4schools.com/lzone/anthropometry.htmhttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_s5w-KfxufA/UhjpuE3WgnI/AAAAAAAACfs/kxtwu1eJN9s/s1600/images.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6ZglTPAaE_w/UhjpuKf8obI/AAAAAAAACfc/puo3qYThoAA/s1600/download.jpghttp://www.ergonomics4schools.com/lzone/anthropometry.htmhttp://ergonomics.about.com/od/ergonomicbasics/f/What-Is-Anthropometry.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/


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Assignment 18

Bone Structure of grip

Trying to show how the bone structure adapts to particular grips
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Assignment 19

Visual Comfort

Visual Comfort is used to rate the lighting scenes. It is the percentage of light

required so that people will feel comfortable with regards to visual glare. It tries

to understand the human interactions and visual processes. The visual comfort and

safety is very important.

Human beings can easily adapt to the environment. Light is the key element is our

capacity to see so we should appreciate the form, colour and perspective of the

objects we see around us. Most of the information we obtain is through sight. The

lighting even affects our mind and thought processes. The correct design of

illumination system offers visual comfort. The distribution of the luminance, the

efficiency of the illumination and the spectral composition affects the visual

comfort.

Visual comfort affects the productivity and physiological well-being of any worker

that is why proper colours of walls and furniture are chosen with great efforts

while designing any workplace. The combination of illumination, the contrast of
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the luminance, the colour of light, reproduction of colour and selection of the

colours are different elements which affect visual comfort.

Factors affecting visual comfort

The factors that affect visual comfort are uniform illumination, optimal luminance,

lack of glare, adequate contrast conditions, correct colours and the absence of

intermittent light. Light should not only be considered by quantitative criteria but

also by qualitative criteria.

Each activity requires a specific level of illumination in the area where the activity

takes place. In general, the higher the difficulty for visual perception, the higher

the average level of illumination should be as well. Level of Illumination is

affected by the nature of the work, reflectance of the object and of the

immediate surroundings differences with natural light and the need for daytime

illumination and the workers age.

The degree of safety with which a task is executed depends, in large part, on the

quality of illumination and on visual capacities. The visibility of an object can be

altered in many ways. One of the most important is the contrast of luminance due

to reflection factors, to shadows, or to colours of the object itself, and to the

reflection factors of colour. What the eye really perceives are the differences of

luminance between an object and its surroundings, or between different parts of

the same object. The luminance of an object, of its surroundings, and of the work

area influence the ease with which an object is seen. It is therefore of key

importance that the area where the visual task is performed, and its surroundings,

be carefully analysed.

Factors that affect Vision

Key factors in the conditions that affect vision are the distribution of light and the

contrast of luminances. In so far as the distribution of light is concerned, it is

preferable to have good general illumination instead of localized illumination in

order to avoid glare. For this reason, electrical accessories should be distributed as

uniformly as possible in order to avoid differences in luminous intensity. Constant


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shuttling through zones that are not uniformly illuminated causes eye fatigue, and

with time this can lead to reduced visual output.

Glare

Glare is produced when a brilliant source of light is present in the visual field; the

result is a diminution in the capacity to distinguish objects. Workers who suffer the

effects of glare constantly and successively can suffer from eye strain as well as

from functional disorders, even though in many cases they are not aware of it.

Glare can be direct when its origin is bright sources of light directly in the line of

vision, or by reflection when light is reflected on surfaces with high reflectance.

Distribution of luminance among different objects and surfaces: The greater the

differences in luminance are among the objects within the field of vision, the

greater will be the glare created and the greater will be the deterioration in the

capacity to see due to the effects on the adaptive processes of sight.
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Assignment 20

Mass Customization

Mass customization allows firms to produce only things their customers want. This

approach, make-to-order, brings many benefits to firms in terms of cost and profit

because of lower inventory levels, maximum sales, elimination of material waste,

flexible production and, most of all, customer satisfaction. However, masscustomization may not be the panacea for all organizations. While some companies

are very successful with mass customization, others are not.

The process of delivering wide-market goods and services that are modified to

satisfy a specific customer need. Mass customization is a marketing and

manufacturing technique that combines the flexibility and personalization of

"custom-made" with the low unit costs associated with mass production. Many

applications of mass customization include software-based product configurations

that allow end-users to add and/or change certain functionalities of a core

product. Sometimes called "made to order" or "built to order.

Mass Customization calls for flexibility and quick responsiveness. In an ever-

changing environment, people, processes, units, and technology reconfigure to

give customers exactly what they want. Managers coordinate independent capable
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individuals, and an efficient linkage system is crucial. Result: low cost, high

quality, customized goods and services.

Mass customization requires the operating network have to be flexible or dynamic

because the original purpose of mass customization is to adapt one-to-one; its goal

is to allow customers to design needed products themselves. With that goal, the

demands of customers become predictable. To be flexible, operations should be a

system of units or modules; each of them is typically a task or process.

Quick responsiveness is a broad concept that is evaluated by some criteria such as

capability of offering exactly the features that customers need, delivering on time

as promised, supplying the quantity as contracted, etc. Very importantly, mass

customization demands that besides satisfying at most customers demands,

operation cost (thus price) and the quality of products must be improved. It is

unacceptable if mass customization results in a big additional cost that is out of

acceptable price.

Advantages of Mass Customization

Maximized market share by maximizing customers satisfaction and number of

customers.

Cut cost of inventory and material waste: materials and inputs are pushed into

production just in time. Also, very low inventory of finished products because of

production to orders, not produce to stock.

Increase cash flow: Lower inventories, prepayment (thus lower receivables)...

increase cash flow.

Shorten time of responsiveness (accumulative time from receiving orders to

delivering): organization structure and flexible manufacturing in mass

customization allows the company to adapt to different demands rapidly.


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Ability to supply a full line of products or service with lower costs: the purpose of

mass customization is to differentiate products to particular demands, resulting in

broader product lines of the company and a much lower risk of obsolete

inventory.
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Assignment 21

Rolling Pin Design

I feel that the wooden rolling pins that we currently use work best for rolling

chapatis. They arenttoo heavy and we dontneed to exert too much of pressure.

They turn the dough into smooth flat paranthas. They are tried and tested and are

working extremely well!!
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Assignment 22

Portfolio Bag Design Proposal

The Portfolio files available in market right now are not very easy to carry and

comfortable to use.

Our task is to design a new portfolio back such that

1. It is easy to carry.

2. Paper can be easily preserved from curling and tearing up.

3. The bag should be light weight and durable.

I have sketched a few back packs to represent my solution:

The backpack has several compartments...

The biggest at the end is for the large sheets, it is made of thick material to

support the sheets properly and preserve them properly.

There is a compartment which opens like a folder file where in sheets of A4 size

and smaller papers can be kept....
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The bag has an external net to hold a big chart paper container, long enough to

hold the imperial size sheets if folded horizontally.
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There is a compartment, with inbuilt chart paper holders for the large sheets of

paper. It is easy and comfortable to place the chart papers. This being a cloth bag

is light weight and durable.

The bag should be made of water proof and crease proof material. The material

should be thick and durable but the weight should be minimum. The size of the

bag should be such that it is comfortable in carrying.
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Assignment 23

Magic Icons


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Assignment 24

Mug Handles
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User Centric Designs concentrate on the needs of users and translate the needs

into goals. Designers need to find out what the users knows best. Through user

participation and user data designers attach their personal experience and create

designs. The following are different sizes and patterns of mug handles for people

of different age groups based on the content of the mug and comfort levels.

I talked with people of different age groups and found out that the babies or the

kids mostly enjoy the mugs with either two handles or they prefer mugs having

creative cartooned handles and they even handle such mugs with great care.
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As the age increases the children prefer mugs which can hold less milk but look

deeper and the handles should be longer and they also like mugs with different

attractive patterns

The teens seemed to prefer mugs with different messages and wide handles which

could be easily carried and coffee could be sipped slowly for ages.
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The elderly people and the working class wanted to have their tea and coffee

quickly and they preferred the cups with small narrow handles and they liked the

small mugs and the durable ones.
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Assignment 25

System Design

System Design focuses on the components of a system. User set goals of the

system. Designers ensure all the parts of the system are organised and interrelated

to achieve the objectives.

Library Management System

Library is regarded as the brain of any institute; many institutes understand the

importance of the library to the growth of the institute and their esteem users.

LMS support the general requirement of the library like acquisition, cataloguing,

circulation. Library project system should offer many flexible and convenient

features, allowing librarians and library users to maximize time and efficiency.

Library System gives the all detailed information about students, staff and books.
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Functional component and assumption:

Register user: New user can register.

Book issue: Here the books will issue to the user.

Book return: Here the books are returned.

Search/view book details: It is used to search and view the books.

Update book details: Here the details of the books will be updated.

Payment: Here payment should be done in manual.
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Description of component:

Function component 1:

Registration: New user can register.Input: user details.

Process definition: Processing information and stored in the database.

Output: User details updated in the database.


Book issue: Here the books will issue to the user.

Input: Book ID.

Process definition: Searching books.Output: Search and retrieving book information.


Book return: Here the books will return.

Input: Book ID.

Process definition: Checking book details.

Output: Book is returned.


Search/view book details: It is used to search and view the details of the book.
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Input: Book ID.

Process definition: Searching books.

Output: Details of the book will be shown.


Update book details: New book entry can be added.

Input: Book ID.

Process definition: Processing the information.

Output: Update in database


Payment: Here payment is done.

Input: User ID.

Process definition: Checking user account details.

Output: Book will be issued.
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Assignment 26

Activity Centric Design

Activity Centric Design focuses on tasks and activities that need to be performed.

Users perform these tasks. Designers have to create tools for actions. Activity

centric design relies on research about the behaviour rather than goals. The

complex activity is broken up into simpler tasks. It allows the users to focus on

tasks.

As an exercise for the activity centric design we were asked to send something

interesting. I am attaching a video of txtweb. Txtweb service lets us use internet

from a simple mobile device free of cost

I decided to send a video of txtweb, txtweb enables one to use internet with SMS

from a black and white simple phone.

1. I clicked on the browser icon.

2. I clicked on the Gmail bookmark.

3. I clicked on the compose button

4.I wrote the to address : [email protected]

5. I wrote the subject: Activity Centric Design Exercise

6. I composed the mail:

"Respected sir,

As an exercise for the activity centric design we were asked to send something

interesting. I am attaching a video of txtweb. Txtweb service lets us use internet

from a simple mobile device free of cost"

7. I clicked on the attaching file icon.

8. I had to click thrice to navigate to the folder where I had kept the video.

9. I pressed the send button.

The entire activity took 9 simple steps


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Assignment 27

Perception, A visual system

Psychologists typically make a distinction

between sensation and perception. Sensations are uninterested sensory

impressions created by the detection of environmental stimuli, whereas perception

refers to the set of processes whereby we make sense of these sensations.

Perception enables us to literally navigate through the world, avoiding danger,

making decisions, and preparing for action. Visual perception has received the

most attention from researchers, and then speech.

Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory

information in order to represent and understand the environment. The perceptual

process allows us to experience the world around us. Take a moment to think of all

the things you perceive on a daily basis. At any given moment, you might see

familiar objects in your environment, feel the touch of objects and people against

your skin, smell the aroma of a home-cooked meal and hear the sound of music

playing in your next door neighbours apartment. All of these things help make up

our conscious experience and allow us to interact with the people and objects

around us.

Visual perception

The problem of visual perception

At the back of the eye is an area called the retina, consisting of light-sensitive

neurons. However, the retina is not light sensitive at the point where the optic

nerve leaves the eye and this results in a blind spot in our visual field. However,

most of the time we are unaware of the existence of the blind spots associated

with each eye, except where a special procedure helps draw it to our attention

(see here, for example). It seems that our brains perform a "best guess" operation

and try to use context to fill in the gap.


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Light from an object is inverted as it falls on the retina. The same pattern of light

could be caused by an infinite number of different objects, yet our brains usually

manage to make the correct interpretation. This is known as the inverse projection

problem. How do we make sense of visual sensations? How do we distinguish one

object from another? How do we perceive depth from the array of light stimuli

that strike our retinas? The transformative nature of perceptual processes is also

suggested by the existence of perceptual illusions.

Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the

recognition of environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli.

Through the perceptual process, we gain information about properties and

elements of the environment that are critical to our survival. Perception not only

creates our experience of the world around us; it allows us to act within our

environment.

Perception includes the five senses; touch, sight, taste smell and taste. It also

includes what is known as proprioception, a set of senses involving the ability to

detect changes in body positions and movements. It also involves the cognitive

processes required to process information, such as recognizing the face of a friend

or detecting a familiar scent.

References:

http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/perceptproc.htm
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Assignment 28

Man made and Natural Fabric

All clothing is made of fibres. There are many different kinds of fibres. Each kind

of fibre has its own characteristics. Fibres are either NATURAL or MANMADE.

Different Types of Fabric:

Woven fabric Fabric formed by interlacing yarns at right angles

(Warp- lengthwise yarns; Filling- crosswise yarns)

Plain weave- evenly woven, like the strings of a tennis racket; strongest weave

Twill weave- woven to form a diagonal pattern in the fabric

Satin weave- woven with float yarns to make fabric with a shiny surface

Knit fabric Fabric made by interlocking loops of yarn

Can stretch and recover (return to original shape)

Doesnt wrinkle easily

Doesntfray

May run if snagged

Non-woven fabric Fabric made by matting or binding fibres together

Edges do not fray or unravel when cut

Fabrics from Natural Fibres:

COTTON from cotton plants

Advantages: soft, durable, comfortable, absorbent, strong, washable

Disadvantages: wrinkles, shrinks

LINEN

Advantages: durable, comfortable, absorbent, washable

Disadvantages: wrinkles, shrinks

WOOL comes mainly from sheep


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Advantages: warm; resists wrinkles

Disadvantages: shrinks; can be damaged by moths; may have to dry clean

SILK comes from a silkworms cocoon

Advantages: lightweight; flexible; strong; luster

Disadvantages: damaged by perspiration & sunlight; may have to be dry cleaned

Fabrics from Man-made Fibres:

ACETATE

Advantages: soft; drapes well; looks like silk

Disadvantages: wrinkles, fades, heat-sensitive, loses strength when wet; poor

abrasion resistance; keep away from perfume & nail polish remover (dissolves in

acetone); dry clean

ACRYLIC

Advantages: soft, lightweight, warm, resists wrinkles; blends well with other

fabrics; non-allergenic; often resembles wool Disadvantages: may pill with

abrasion; sensitive to heat

NYLON

Advantages: STRONG; holds shape well; washable; dries quickly Disadvantages:

does not absorb moisture; sensitive to heat; can pick up dyes when washed with

colored items; static electricity

POLYESTER

Advantages: resists wrinkles; blends well with other fibres; washable; dries

quickly

Disadvantages: holds oily stains

RAYON

Advantages: soft; comfortable; highly absorbent


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Disadvantages: wrinkles easily; loses strength when wet; usually dry cleaned

SPANDEX

Advantages: high degree of stretch and recovery; combines well with other fibres

Disadvantages: weakened by chlorine bleach

Specialty Fabrics:

BURLAP

A loose weave material

Blend of thick and thin yarns woven together to get a rough look

CALICO

Small print usually on cotton woven fabric

CORDUROY

A pile fabric of plain or twill weave

May have wide or narrow cords or ribs

DENIM

Strong, coarse, washable twill weave fabric

FLANNEL

Plain or twill weave fabric with a soft brushed surface

FLEECE

Pile fabric

Soft and warm

Knit fabric

GINGHAM

Warp and filling threads dyed different colors to create a check design


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LACE

A fine open-work fabric with patterns of twisted, knotted or looped threads on a

background of mesh or net

TERRY CLOTH

A woven or knit fabric with loop pile on one or both sides

Absorbent (towel fabric)

VELVET

A pile fabric with short, closely-woven cut pile (Usually made of silk or rayon)


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Assignment 29

Ten things that can be counted as common sense...

1. Common sense is to know not to touch fire.

2. Common sense is not to jump from the terrace of a building

3. Common sense is not to wear sweater in summer

4. Common sense is eating food with hands and not feet.

5. Common sense is not to walk in front of a truck coming at full speed.

6. Common sense is not to laugh in a funeral.

7. Common sense is not to put sugar in tea

8. Common sense is to sit on the chair and not under it

9. Common sense is not to drink gutter water

10.Common sense is not slapping strangers on the road


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Assignment 30

App Layout

App which ensures communication continues

LAZY LAD!!

Many husbands don't have the right thing to say when their wife ask them the same

questions now and then ... if she is looking good, if she is fat, if he loves her. This

app provides ready-made answers to make her smile. There are certain

compliments set which can be sent at regular time intervals. Some cheesy lines

Pre-recorded answers for kids to send to parents ... we can record phrases with

our own voice. Now we can hang out with friends while the app answers for us!
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-85WZtkg3wGA/UjXHljGxD3I/AAAAAAAADVA/fh-h8w77ojE/s1600/unnamed.webphttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GgexX4I70RU/UjXHkFvBfFI/AAAAAAAADUo/jDtEw3ykYmw/s1600/unnamed+(1).webp


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When husband or kids keep asking wives to do something for them, they'll be

ready. Use pre-recorded answers like Yes, Dear and You can go out with your

friends or record them with your own voice.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5fPKrgJ3_6Y/UjXZKGFap-I/AAAAAAAADVs/zIv-ZNHJ9vg/s1600/unnamed+(6).webphttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2DtdJ_Tpf2k/UjXZKADC2LI/AAAAAAAADVo/7ml0NITOo6Y/s1600/unnamed+(7).webphttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wNOLid0jBR0/UjXHkBzRi3I/AAAAAAAADUw/E1F8bjLqcnU/s1600/unnamed+(3).webphttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NslMXKNqMyI/UjXHlG5cOPI/AAAAAAAADVE/AqctU_QdvA4/s1600/unnamed+(4).webp


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Assignment 31

Studying textures through pictures

Smooth

Rough

Sturdy
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pdyFTyRyZMA/UjXbRBt0xKI/AAAAAAAADWI/2G8CzTd5tWI/s1600/download+(6).jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GT0DNcaG9BU/UjXbQ8j-t5I/AAAAAAAADV8/emS3gG9akTc/s1600/download+(5).jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-urhSDXHtKgc/UjXbQrDdDXI/AAAAAAAADV4/_26dQJXu3Rw/s1600/download+(4).jpg


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Fragile

Hard

Smooth
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-n5SKrMwEx74/UjXbSVNZEmI/AAAAAAAADWg/ixhkAix2TWo/s1600/images+(12).jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PAL8FoyBOrY/UjXbRtlFmnI/AAAAAAAADWM/tBgDzzQIAFU/s1600/images+(10).jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-i424r0tpz_o/UjXbTItj_tI/AAAAAAAADWs/5NNkJmoehSY/s1600/images+(9).jpg


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Soft
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BP06efP-Xlk/UjXbTH6OC-I/AAAAAAAADWo/BwP70kLY0f0/s1600/images+(13).jpg


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Assignment 32

Round to Scratchy Objects

These objects convey clues about how they could behave. We can study sound

through graphics....
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OD71kmiCWFk/UjXdBgYW-sI/AAAAAAAADW8/IdA9Z0rH4pE/s1600/download+(7).jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rp80BIyQeIM/UjXdCgGHw8I/AAAAAAAADXU/zw8HD8cn7BM/s1600/images+(14).jpg


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http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r9C-E_oJjSo/UjXdBiaSStI/AAAAAAAADXI/kE7Hhp_XA8g/s1600/download+(8).jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZjmWb6fCR1M/UjXdBlTU96I/AAAAAAAADXE/_tNfa-36nwQ/s1600/download+(9).jpg


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Assignment 33

16 Squares

These images show how 16 squares can be arranges in distinct ways...
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6SAYmuuQed8/UjXd2gUE2mI/AAAAAAAADXg/F1QLPISS2Ok/s1600/Square2.pnghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Eodkh1D4q0I/UjXd2nuqe1I/AAAAAAAADXk/19BF8hs7BsY/s1600/Square1.png


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http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FXWHcyv6QF0/UjXd2axJAnI/AAAAAAAADXc/S2uB9s4fb4E/s1600/Square3.png


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Assignment 34

Golden Proportion

If you divide a line into two parts so that: the longer part divided by the smaller

part is also equal to the whole length divided by the longer part then you will have

the golden ratio. Golden proportion is related to beauty. It is an unexpected

dimension of beauty which affects our lives at every turn. Proportion implies a

relationship between a larger and a smaller. It appears many times in geometry,

art, architecture and other areas. Golden Ration makes any shape more pleasing

and beautiful.

Golden proportion is also known as the golden ratio, golden number, golden mean

and golden section. It is the precise way of dividing a line, music or anything. It is

aesthetically the most pleasing proportion. Mathematician Mark Barr proposed

using the first letter in the name of Greek sculptor Phidias, phi, to symbolize the

golden ratio. Usually, the lowercase form () is used. We shall use Phi for the

closely related value 1.6180339887...

The Golden Proportion, phi, has been observed to evoke emotion or aesthetic

feelings within us. The ancient Egyptians used it in the construction of the great

pyramids and in the design of hieroglyphs found on tomb walls. Plato in his

Timaeus considered it the most binding of all mathematical relations and makes it

the key to the physics of the cosmos. During the Renaissance, phi served as the

"hermetic" structure on which great masterpieces were composed. Renowned

artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci made use of it for

they knew of its appealing qualities. Evidence suggests that classical music
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W_o75V2w-0M/UjaC-kjaKLI/AAAAAAAADYA/mHVKvk_0tN8/s1600/images+(15).jpg


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composed by Mozart, Beethoven, and Bach embraces phi.

Some sources claim that the golden ratio is commonly used in everyday design, for

example in the shapes of postcards, playing cards, posters, wide-screen

televisions, photographs, light switch plates and cars

References:

http://milan.milanovic.org/math/english/golden/golden1.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio

http://www.goldenmeangauge.co.uk/

http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/golden-ratio.html
http://milan.milanovic.org/math/english/golden/golden1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratiohttp://www.goldenmeangauge.co.uk/http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/golden-ratio.htmlhttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QcyfB-VKklQ/UjaC-nz7HsI/AAAAAAAADYE/L0gsKjzomIU/s1600/download+(10).jpghttp://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/golden-ratio.htmlhttp://www.goldenmeangauge.co.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratiohttp://milan.milanovic.org/math/english/golden/golden1.html


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Assignment 35

Perspective

Perspective is the visual system that attempts to represent 3 dimensional space on

a flat surface. Perspective is like a visual illusion. Artists conducted careful

observations of nature and tried to understand the world. In 15th century

florentine artist and engineer named Flippo Brunelleschi developed a

mathematical theory of perspective through optical experiments. Brunelleschi was

able to understand science behind perspective by analysing and experimenting

with the visual lines and points of perception.

The first known picture to make use of linear perspective was created by the

Florentine architect Fillipo Brunelleshi (1377-1446). Painted in 1415, it depicted

the Baptistery in Florence from the front gate of the unfinished cathedral. The

linear perspective system projected the illusion of depth onto a two dimensional

plane by use of vanishing points to which all lines converged, at eye level, on the

horizon. Soon after Brunelleshis painting, the concept caught on and many Italian

artists started to use linear perspective in their paintings.

Masaccio (1401 1428) the first great painter of the early Renaissance period, was

the first artist who demonstrated full command of the new rules of perspective;

the figures in his paintings have volume and the buildings and landscapes

realistically recede into the distance. Masaccio is seen now as being the initiator of

the new style of Florentine Realism.

When a young artist named Raphael was hired to paint a fresco on a wall of the

library at St. Peters Church in Rome, he was excited to show off this technique.

From our point of view, when we look at School of Athens (above, right) it is hard

to tell where the real architecture ends and the painted arches begin. It is as if we

are looking through the wall it is painted on and into the next room. In that room


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are some of the great thinkers of history who inspired Raphael, including the Greek

philosophers Plato and Aristotle in the center.

Raphael used one-point perspective to compose this work. The lines on the floor

tiles and the pillars converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon line. It is

between Platos and Aristotles heads (see diagram). The converging lines also

draw our attention to the two figures. Even though they are painted smaller and

with less detail than the figures in the foreground (the closest area to the viewer),

we can still tell they are the most important.

School of Athens is considered one of the best examples of linear perspective. For

more than 500 years, artists have continued to use the techniques developed

during the Renaissance.

Reference:

http://www.msichicago.org/scrapbook/scrapbook_exhibits/reverspective/history.html

http://www.op-art.co.uk/history/perspective/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)

http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3757092
http://www.msichicago.org/scrapbook/scrapbook_exhibits/reverspective/history.htmlhttp://www.op-art.co.uk/history/perspective/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3757092http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3757092http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-m4dkFXz30RM/UjaW-AGAGyI/AAAAAAAADYY/oiJQq3aMxKU/s1600/ART_032312_hdr.jpghttp://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3757092http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)http://www.op-art.co.uk/history/perspective/http://www.msichicago.org/scrapbook/scrapbook_exhibits/reverspective/history.html


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Assignment 36

Limitations of Hick-Hyman Law

"Hick-Hyman" law, which describes the time it takes for a person to make a

decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has; That is, increasing the

number of choices will increase the decision time logarithmically.

For example, to find a given word (e.g. the name of a command) in a randomly

ordered word list (e.g. a menu), scanning of each word in the list is required,

consuming linear time, so Hick's law does not apply. However, if the list is

alphabetical and the user knows the name of the command, he or she may be able

to use a subdividing strategy that works in logarithmic time.

Hicks law refer to stimuli recognition rather than searching. Recognition processes

work at cognitive level, so people are right saying about cognitive decision time.

This processes rather simple, as it is pointed in the papers. In complex situations

decision involves not only cognitive processes but takes long-term memory,

reasoning etc. This is out of Hicks law.

Hick's law works only for simple decision making situations as oppose to difficult

ones such as solving a multiple choice question in an exam. Actually my four

examples are all rather simple ones that require small cognitive load.

The key aspect of Hicks law is that the decisions be significantly non-obvious.

For example, if I'm at the grocery store and have to choose from 10 brands of

peanut butter, that's going to take time for a lot of people as there is no obvious

one choice. They need to study labels, prices, sizes, etc.

References:

http://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/42323/confusions-about-applying-hick-hyman-law-in-user-

interface-design

http://www.slideshare.net/lrizoli/fitts-law-basics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hick's_law
http://www.palak.pw/2013/09/limitations-of-hick-hyman-law.htmlhttp://www.palak.pw/2013/09/limitations-of-hick-hyman-law.htmlhttp://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/42323/confusions-about-applying-hick-hyman-law-in-user-interface-designhttp://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/42323/confusions-about-applying-hick-hyman-law-in-user-interface-designhttp://www.slideshare.net/lrizoli/fitts-law-basicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickhttp://www.slideshare.net/lrizoli/fitts-law-basicshttp://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/42323/confusions-about-applying-hick-hyman-law-in-user-interface-designhttp://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/42323/confusions-about-applying-hick-hyman-law-in-user-interface-designhttp://www.palak.pw/2013/09/limitations-of-hick-hyman-law.html


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Assignment 37

Xerox Parc

The mouse was conceived by the computer scientist Douglas Engelbart, developed

by Xerox PARC, and made marketable by Apple.

In late 1979, a twenty-four-year-old entrepreneur paid a visit to a research centre

in Silicon Valley called Xerox PARC. He was the co-founder of a small computer

start-up down the road, in Cupertino. His name was Steve Jobs.

Xerox PARCwas the innovation arm of the Xerox Corporation. It was, and remains,

on Coyote Hill Road, in Palo Alto, nestled in the foothills on the edge of town, in a

long, low concrete building, with enormous terraces looking out over the jewels of

Silicon Valley. To the northwest was Stanford Universitys Hoover Tower. To the

north was Hewlett-Packards sprawling campus. All around were scores of the

other chip designers, software firms, venture capitalists, and hardware-makers. A

visitor to PARC, taking in that view, could easily imagine that it was the computer

worlds castle, lording over the valley belowand, at the time, this wasnt far

from the truth. In 1970, Xerox had assembled the worlds greatest computer

engineers and programmers, and for the next ten years they had an unparalleled

run of innovation and invention. If you were obsessed with the future in the

seventies, you were obsessed with Xerox PARCwhich was why the young Steve

Jobs had driven to Coyote Hill Road.

Apple was already one of the hottest tech firms in the country. Everyone in the

Valley wanted a piece of it. So Jobs proposed a deal: he would allow Xerox to buy

a hundred thousand shares of his company for a million dollarsits highly

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