© 2004 Wadsworth – Thomson Learning Chapter 28 Microorganisms and the Environment.
Intelligence Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning.
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Transcript of Intelligence Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning.
Intelligence
Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning
Defining Intelligence
The ability to perform varying tasks well The ability to perform tasks associated with
academic success very well
History of Intelligence Testing Galton
• Believed that intelligence was related to visual acuity and reaction time
Binet• Commissioned by the French government to
create a test that would identify students in grade school that would have difficulties performing in the classroom
• proposed the concept of “mental age”-a score obtained by comparing an individual’s performance on an intelligence test with the average score obtained by children of the same age
History of Intelligence Testing
Terman (Stanford-Binet Scale)• revised the Binet scale • created the measure we now know of as the IQ• “IQ” is determined by taking the mental age
obtained on an intelligence test and dividing it by the chronological age of the individual taking the test
• Extended the test to also assess IQ in adults• The normal distribution of intelligence scores
History of Intelligence Testing
Wechsler• Developed a more accurate test for adults• Examples of some of the test developed by
Wechsler include• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Characteristics of Tests
Validity-the ability of the test to measure what you say it will measure
Reliability-the ability of the test to measure a construct with consistency
Standardization-the use of reference scores for interpreting an individual’s performance
Extremes of Intelligence Mental Retardation
• mild (IQ scores of 50-70)• These individuals can obtain about a sixth grade education• They usually live in a supervised community• Of the mentally retarded population, about 85% of the
population fall into this category• moderate- (IQ scores of 35-50)
• These individuals can obtain about a second grade education• They are capable of jobs with simple skills but must always be
supervised• About 10% of the mentally retarded population fall into this
category• severe (IQ 20-35)
• These individuals will always require regular supervision and will demonstrate poor motor and communication skills
• About 4% of the mentally retarded population fall into this category
• profound (IQ below 20)• This group makes up about 1% of the total mentally retarded
population• These individuals have very little sensorimotor capability and
will always require supervision
Extremes of Intelligence
Mentally Gifted• Refers to individuals with well above average
IQ scores• May also be used to identify people who have
demonstrated impressive performance on specific skills (ex: someone who performs extraordinarily well on memory tests for numbers but who has an average IQ score)
Kinds of Intelligence
Spearman - “g” and “s”• He believed that intelligence was broken down
into two types• “g”-represented a general intelligence• “s”-represented excellent performance on
specific abilities
Kinds of Intelligence
Sternberg - Triarchic Theory• He believed that intelligence could be broken
down into three categories• creative intelligence-ability to solve problems with
novel solutions
• practical intelligence-”common sense”
• analytical intelligence-ability to analyze a problem into its integral components
Kinds of Intelligence
Gardner - Theory of Multiple Intelligences• He believed that intelligence could be broken
down into seven categories:
Linguistic Logical-mathematical
Musical Movement
Interpersonal Intrapersonal
Spatial Reasoning
Biological Contributions to Intelligence Hereditary
• Estimates place the heritability of intelligence at 50-60%
• Concordance rates for identical twins is about 70%
Environmental Contributions to Intelligence Enriched Environments
• Ex: providing things to touch and to look at
Prenatal Teratogen Exposure• Ex: lead poisoning