Intelligence

Language and LabelingExceptional Students- students who have abilities or problems that they require special

education or other services to reach their full potential.

• Labeling a student is a controversial issueLabel does not tell which methods to useLabels can become self-fulfilling propheciesLabel as a stigma that cannot be changedLabels are mistaken for explanationsFor younger student may lead to a protective response

from society

•Person-first LanguageStudents with learning

disabilitiesNOT Learning disabled students

Students receiving special education

NOT Special education students

A person with epilepsy NOT An epileptic

A child with a physical disability

NOT A crippled child

Children diagnosed with autism

NOT Autistic children or autistics

IntelligenceGeneral definition: ability/abilities to acquire and use knowledge

for solving problems and adapting to the world.Early theories about intelligence• The capacity to learn• Total knowledge a person has acquired• Ability to adapt to new situations and to the environment in

general.Recent definition states that intelligence involves abstract reasoning, problem-solving and decision making

Varying Theories about Intelligence• Charles Spearman– described a concept he referred to as general intelligence, or

the g factor. – a general factor in cognitive ability that is related in varying

degrees to performance on all mental tests.• Cattell and Horn

Fluid Intelligence- mental efficiency, nonverbal abilities grounded in brain development

Crystallized Intelligence- ability to apply culturally approved problem solving methods

• Carroll-identifies one general ability, a few broad abilities and at least 70 specific abilities.

• Howard GardnerMultiple Intelligence- According to his theory, we are all able to know the world

through language, logical-mathematical analysis, spatial representation, musical thinking, the use of the body to solve problems or to make things, an understanding of other individuals, and an understanding of ourselves. He concluded that there are several separate mental abilities, and developed his now famous Theory of Multiple Intelligences that describes at least eight separate intelligences.- He believes that intelligence has a biological base. It is a “biopsychological potential to process information in certain ways in order solve problems or create products that are valued in at least one culture or community”

•Six Entry PointsA better way to use Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory is focusing on the six entry points.

Narrative Logical-quantitative Aesthetic Experiential Interpersonal Existential/Foundational

Nine IntelligencesIntelligence End States Core Components

Logical-mathematical Scientist, mathematician Sensitivity to, and capacity to discern, logical or numerical patterns; ability to handle

Linguistic Poet, Journalist Sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words; sensitivity

to the different functions of language

Musical Composer, Violinist Abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre;

appreciation of the forms of musical expressiveness

Spatial Navigator, Sculptor Capacities to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately and to

perform transformations on one’s initial perceptions

Bodily-kinesthetic Dancer, Athlete Abilities to control one’s body movements and to handle objects skillfully

Intelligence End States Core Components

Interpersonal Therapist, Salesman Capacities to discern and respond appropriately to the moods,

temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people

Intrapersonal Person with detailed, accurate self-knowledge

Access to one’s own feelings and the ability to discriminate among them and draw on them to guide

behavior; knowledge of one’s own strengths, weaknesses, desires,

and intelligenceNaturalist Botanist, Farmer, Hunter Abilities to recognize plants and

animals, to make distinctions in the natural world, to understand

systems and define categories (perhaps even categories of

intelligenceExistentialist Religious moralist, agnostic

relativist, an amoral atheistSensitivity and capacity to tackle

deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did

we get here.

• Robert Sternberg- he formulated the triarchic theory of successful intelligence, a three-part description of the mental abilities that lead to more or less intelligent behavior- Sternberg’s theory comprises three parts: componential, experiential, and practical.

Componential – he associated the componential sub theory with analytical giftedness

Experiential- This stage deals mainly with how well a task is performed with regard to how familiar it is. Sternberg splits the role of experience into two parts: insight and automaticity.

Insight- the ability to deal effectively with novel situations. Automaticity- the result of learning to perform a behavior or

thinking process so thoroughly that the performance is automatic and does not require effort.

Practical- highlights the importance of choosing an environment in which you can succeed, adapting to the environment and reshaping it if necessary.

Analytic Intelligence Creative Intelligence Practical IntelligenceBasic problem solving processes-analyze-judge-evaluate-compare and contrastInvolves the component mental processes that lead to a more or less intelligent behavior

Coping with new experiences-create-design-Invent-originate-imagine

Common sense, survival skills-use-apply-put into practice

Three Kinds of Successful Intelligence