Intel PXA27x Quick Cap

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Intel ® Quick CaptureTechnology for the Intel ®

PXA27x Processor Family



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Using Intel ® Quick Capture Technology

1.0 Introduction

The ability to send and receive digital pictures or video clips has

been one of the must-have developments in the cell phone and

PDA market segments worldwide. Intel developed Intel ® Quick

Capture Technology, an interface that allows imaging devices to

connect to a cell phone or PDA, to improve image quality and

reduce the overall cost of adding digital image capabilities for

mobile devices.

Intel Quick Capture Technology provides the ability to get live

video and high-quality still images from a wide range of camera

sensors in current and future camera-enabled mobile handsets

and PDAs. Intel Quick Capture Technology consists of three

primary modes of operation: Quick View mode (providing low-

power, real-time previews), Quick Shot mode (providing high-

resolution image capture up to four megapixels) and Quick

Video mode (providing full-motion, high-quality video capture).

Intel Quick Capture Technology is primarily intended for the

connection of an Intel ® PXA27x processor to Intel CMOS type

image sensors. It may also be possible to connect the Intel

PXA27x to some CCD type image sensors depending on the

interface requirements for a given CCD sensor. CCD compatibility

is discussed further at the end of this document in Section

11.0, “CCD Compatibility” on page 14.

This guide is intended to provide you with enough informationto help with the decision process of choosing an image sensor

that is compatible with the Intel PXA27x Processor. For more

detailed information such as programming details, please see

the Intel PXA27x Processor Developer’s Manual. For connectivity,

see the Intel PXA27x Design Guide.

2.0 Related Documents

Table 1 lists available supplemental documentation for the Intel

PXA27x applications processor. Contact an Intel representative

for the latest version of Intel documents.

3.0 Image Size

Image size has a significant impact on almost all aspects of

your imaging solution. The size of a digital image is described

through the product of the rows and columns. This representsthe total number of pixels. A 2048x1536 pixel image has

3,145,728 pixels, (3.1 Megapixel), and a 1280x1024 has

1,310,720 (1.3 Megapixels). The Intel PXA27x has a maximum

programmable resolution of 2048x2048 (4.1 Megapixel).

The actual usable resolution will depend on system design,

application, and required performance.

Some common sizes for digital images are provided in the

following table:

4.0 Intel ® Quick Capture Technology Basics

Intel Quick Capture Technology includes the following:

■ Data bus: 4, 5, 8, 9, or 10 bits wide

■ Synchronization signals: includes 1 line valid signal and 1frame valid signal

■ Clocks: includes 1 programmable clock output and 1 pixelclock input

■ Control: typically performed via I 2C using SDA and SCLK

■ Available GPIO pins can be used to control any additionalsignals that may be required

Please contact your Intel Field Applications Engineerfor ordering information

Intel PXA27x Processor (B-Stepping) Developer’s Manual

Intel PXA27x Processor (B Stepping) Design Guide

Intel PXA27x Processor (B Stepping) Electrical, Mechanical,and Thermal Specification

Table 1: Supplemental Documentation

IMAGE SIZE ROWS AND COLUMNS TOTAL NO. PIXELS

QXGA 2048x1536 3,145,728

UXGA 1600x1200 1,920,000

SXGA 1280x1024 1,310,720

XGA 1280x768 983,040

SVGA 800x600 480,000

VGA 640x480 307,200

QVGA 320x240 76,800

CIF 352x288 101,376QCIF 176x144 25344

Table 3: Common Image Sizes used in Digital Imaging



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5.0 Mode Summary

The Intel Quick Capture interface is highly configurable and

can operate in a variety of modes: Master mode, slave mode,

embedded mode, parallel and serial modes. If you are not

familiar with the differences between these modes, please take

a few moments to read the rest of this section. Note that the

terms master and slave are from the image sensor’s point of

view. In master mode, the image sensor is the master and in

slave mode, the image sensor is the slave.

5.1 What is Master Mode?

Master mode refers to a mode of operation where the image

sensor module provides the line and frame synchronization

signals. The line synchronization signal is commonly referred

to as HSYNC or “line valid” and the frame synchronization

signal is commonly referred to as VSYNC or “frame valid.”For the Intel PXA27x master mode, this means the line valid

and frame valid signals are inputs to the Intel PXA27x Quick

Capture interface. Master mode is a common option for

many of today’s image sensors.

5.2 What is Slave Mode?

Slave mode refers to a mode of operation where the image

sensor receives the synchronization signals externally. For the

Intel PXA27x slave mode, this means the line valid and frame

valid signals are outputs from the Intel Quick Capture interface.

5.3 What is Embedded Mode?

Embedded mode is a mode of operation where the line valid

and frame valid signals are embedded in the data stream. This

mode of operation provides a reduced pin count solution

because separate pins are not required for the line and frame

synchronization signals. The embedded mode follows the ITU-R

BT.656-4 standard for Start-of-Active-Video, SAV, and End-of-

Active-Video, EAV encoding convention. Embedded mode is

a master mode and therefore the embedded synchronization

encoding is generated by the image sensor and sent to the

Intel PXA27x processor.

5.4 What is the Difference BetweenParallel and Serial Modes?

The parallel option is what you might expect for a typical

parallel interface. For example, if you have an 8 bit data busand 8-bit data, all 8-bits get sent at the same time. The serial

mode is slightly different than what you might normally think

about regarding a serial interface. Serial mode is really a 4- or

5-bit data bus solution for 8- or 10-bit data. For serial mode,

8-bit data is transferred in two 4-bit transfers over a 4-bit data

bus. For 10-bit data, two 5-bit transfers are performed over a

5-bit data bus. Therefore, the data is not transferred over a

single data line that is typical of serial interfaces. While the serial

option provides a reduced pin count solution, currently a

parallel interface is more common.

INTEL XSCALE ®

PROCESSOR

Q UI CK

CA P T

URE I NT E RF A

CE

CIF_DD[0]CIF_DD[1]

CIF_DD[2]CIF_DD[3]CIF_DD[4]CIF_DD[5]CIF_DD[6]CIF_DD[7]

CIF_MCLK

CIF_PCLK CIF_FV CIF_LV

GPIO XGPIO Y

SDLSDA

D0D1

D2D3D4D5D6D7

CLK

PCLK VSYNCHSYNC

RESETPDWN

SDLSDA

IMAGE SENSOR MODULE

Figure 1. Typical 8 bit master parallel interface connections



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6.0 Color Space Discussion

The choice of color space is a very important part of any imagingsolution. Your choice of color space format can have a significant

impact on the overall performance of your imaging solution.

6.1 Color Space Formats

The color sensitivity for modern image sensors is provided by acolor filter array (CFA) applied over an array of photo detectors. Thedetectors convert the light that passes through the CFA materialinto a signal that is measured and digitized. There is a lot of variation between manufacturers of color image sensors when itcomes to the implementations of CFAs. The filter array material isusually applied in an interleaved fashion. The pattern may be eitherin stripes or a structured mosaic. The component filter material isdesigned to pass either the primary colors red, green, and blue,or the secondary colors cyan, yellow, magenta wavelengths. A mosaic pattern for RGB and the CYMG color filters is illustratedin Figure 2, “Illustration of RAW Bayer Formats.”

The RGB color space provides a scheme for three numbersrepresenting the relative proportions of red, green, and blue ateach pixel location. When combined, these three additiveprimary colors can be used to produce any other color. TheRGB color space is used for both the capture and display of image data since the varying proportions can be combinedeasily. However, the human visual system is more sensitive tothe luminance, or brightness of the scene, than to the color, soyou can realize a reduction in data in the compression processby taking advantage of this characteristic.

The separation of the luminance from the color information isaccomplished through the color space transformation of RGBto YCbCr. In this transformation, the luminance, Y, is theweighted average of the R, G, and B components, and eachchrominance sample is the weighted difference between the

luminance and the R and G components in Figure 3, next page.

Red, Green, Blue Mosaic Pattern

R G R G

G B G B

R G R G

G B G B

Cyan, Yellow, Magenta, Green Mosaic Pattern

CY YE CY YE

G MG G MG

CY YE CY YE

G MG G MG

Figure 2. Illustration of RAW Bayer Formats



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The key advantage of using the YCbCr color space is that wecan use a lower spatial resolution when compressing or storingthe images since the visual system is less sensitive to the colorthan luminance. The two formats that are most popular use the4:2:2 and 4:2:0 sampling patterns. In the 4:2:2 format, thechrominance samples are averaged across two spatiallocations whereas the 4:2:0 averages them across four samplelocations. The 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 sampling formats are illustratedin Figure 4,next page, “Illustration of YCbCr 4:2:2 and YCbCr4:2:0.”

6.2 Choice of Color Space

One of the most important decisions to be made when

designing your camera solution is to determine what color

space format(s) you are going to use. This decision can greatly

impact the amount of processing that is done via hardware and

how much is done via software. Intel Quick Capture Technology

in the Intel PXA27x processor includes some features which

can help with the decision process. This is a good place in the

discussion to look at an example user scenario for still capture.

See Figure 5, “Still capture scenario.” Additional example

scenarios for video capture and video conferencing can be

found in Section 9.0, “Example user scenarios” on page 12.

RGB a:b:c YCbCr 4:4:4

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

C r C b

Y

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

R B

G

Figure 3. Illustration of RGB a:b:c and YCbCr 4:4:4 Formats.



The situation we have with mobile devices is that the user will

typically want to display the camera image on their device’s

screen for preview as well as encode the data into JPEG or

MPEG4 formats so the data can be stored on their device as

pictures or video clips. The RGB color space format is normallyrequired for viewing images on a display screen like during

preview, and the YCbCr color space format is required for

encoding. Hence, we have a need for the same data to be in

both YCbCr and RGB color space formats. The Intel PXA27x

contains a solution for this situation.

Another component of Intel Quick Capture Technology is the

hardware color space conversion engine in overlay 2 of the

LCD controller. The color space conversion engine is capable

of accepting YCbCr data and converting it to the RGB color

space format.

Question:

Why is it important that Overlay 2 can accept YCbCr data?

Answer:

Efficiency.

1) This allows incoming YCbCr data to be streamed directly to

overlay 2 without first having to do any RGB conversion. The

color space conversion engine in overlay 2 can efficiently convert

the YCbCr data to RGB for display. Be aware that the converteddata is available for display only by the LCD controller and cannot

be accessed outside of the LCD controller.

2) The other benefit is that the incoming YCbCr image data can

easily be reformatted from YCbCR 4:2:2 to YCbCr 4:2:0, the

preferred format for input into an encoder. Another component

of Intel Quick Capture Technology is Intel ® Wireless MMX ™

Technology. It can be used to efficiently perform the 4:2:2

to 4:2:0 conversion.

Question:

What if the RGB color space is used as the format for the

sensor output?

Answer:

The Intel Quick Capture Interface is easily configured to receive

data in a variety of RGB formats. However, if your user scenario

is similar to the scenario above where you want to preview data

as well as perform encoding, there will be consequences. If the

data is received in RGB format, the processor-intensive task of

software-based color space conversion of RGB to YCbCr

will be required. If software-based color space conversion

is required, check the latest version of the Intel ® Integrated

Performance Primitives for optimized functions to help with

that conversion task. More information about Intel IntegratedPerformance Primitives can be found at the following URL:

http://www.intel.com/software/products/ipp/

Because of the conditions outlined above, it is obvious that YCbCr

color space format is the most efficient and therefore the preferred

input format for the Intel PXA27x. That is why all of the user

scenarios in this document use the YCbCr colorspace format.

6.3 Using a RAW format

For applications where the highest quality still images are

required, the use of RAW mode along with a software-based

RAW processing chain may be desirable. This is another

example of where Intel Wireless MMX Technology and Intel

Integrated Performance Primitives can be used to increase the

performance of your imaging solution. See the latest release

of the Intel Integrated Performance Primitives library for image

processing related functions.

In RAW mode, image data on the interface data bus is treated

as just data so no assumptions are made about the format of

that data. This allows the Intel Quick Capture Interface to

accept data in most any raw format that can be transferredover an 8, 9,or 10 bit data interface.

The key issue to remember with the use of RAW mode is that the

software running on the Intel PXA27x must be programmed to

understand the particular RAW format in which the sensor is

providing data. Figure 2, “Illustration of RAW Bayer Formats.”

on page 6 shows examples of RAW color output formats.

7.0 Can I Use My Particular Sensor withthe Intel Quick Capture Interface on the

Intel®

PXA27x Processor? To help you determine if your sensor wil l work with the Intel

PXA27x processor, review the image sensor’s datasheet to

answer the list of questions that follow.

Question 1

What mode(s) of operation does your sensor support?

If parallel mode is supported go to question 1A, if serial mode

is supported, go to question 1B

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Question 1A

If parallel, the Intel PXA27x processor supports 8-, 9-, and10-bit formats.

■ The Intel PXA27x processor supports the followingparallel modes:

■ master parallel■ embedded-parallel■ slave parallel

If your sensor supports one of the three parallel modes listedabove, mode compatibility should not be an issue. Proceedto question 2

Question 1B

If serial, the Intel PXA27x processor supports 4- or 5-bit databus solutions.

■ The Intel PXA27x processor supports the following serial modes:■ master serial■ embedded-serial (a master mode)

If your sensor supports one of the two serial modes listedabove, mode compatibility should not be an issue. Proceedto question 2

Question 2

In what output format does your image sensor provide data?

If your image sensor provides pre-processed data go toquestion 2A, if it provides RAW, go to question 2B. If yoursensor is capable of providing both pre-processed and RAW,you should read the options for both.

Question 2A

Pre-processed format?

■ The Intel PXA27x processor can accept pre-processed datain the following formats:

■ RGB 8:8:8, includes support for un-packed and packed■ RGB 6:6:6, includes support for un-packed and packed■

RGB 5:6:5, packed■ RGB 5:5:5, packed■ RGB 4:4:4, packed■ YCbCr 4:2:2, includes support for planer and interleaved

If your image sensor supports one of the pre-processed modeslisted above, go to Section 8.0. The section describes in whatorder the Intel PXA27x processor expects the color componentsto be organized. If your sensor’s output color component ordermatches what the Intel PXA27x processor expects, the Intel PXA27xprocessor should be able to capture its output correctly. If it doesnot, it may still be possible to interface your image sensor to

the Intel PXA27x processor but re-formatting of the data viasoftware may be required. Proceed to question 3.

Question 2B

Raw format?

If you have read section Section 6.3, “Using a RAW format”on page 6, you are already aware that the Intel Quick Captureinterface is designed to be very flexible when used in the RAWcapture mode. Because the Intel Quick Capture interfacemakes no assumptions about the format of that data, theIntel Quick Capture interface can accept data in most anyraw format that can be transferred over an 8-, 9-,or 10-bitdata interface. The key issue to remember is that the softwarerunning on the Intel PXA27x processor must be designed tounderstand the particular RAW format in which the sensor isproviding data.

If your image sensor provides raw data output and you cansupport that format via software on the Intel PXA27x processor,data format should not be an issue. Proceed to question 3.

Question 3

What interface does your camera sensor require for sensorprogramming and control? The typical programming and controlinterface for images sensors is I 2C. The Intel PXA27x processorincludes support for I 2C. If your sensor requires a differentprogramming and control interface, you must determine if anyof the other standard interfaces on the Intel PXA27x processorcan be used.

If you have reviewed all of the questions and were able to finda match for mode, format, and control, the Intel Quick Captureinterface will likely be able to work with your sensor. If youfound there was an issue during your assessment, it might stillbe possible to use your sensor with the Intel PXA27x processorbut the specific details required to work a solution may beoutside the scope of this document. If you have questionsor need assistance, please contact your Intel technicalrepresentative through http://premier.intel.com.

8.0 YCbCr and RGB Color ComponentOutput Order

When evaluating a sensor, it is very important that you are awarethat not all sensor manufacturers output YCbCr and RGB colorcomponents in the same order. The following tables show thepreferred order for the Intel PXA27x processor to receive datafor the most popular output formats. The tables are intended tobe used along with your image sensor data sheet to determineif your sensor and the Intel PXA27x processor are both usingthe same format. Programming your sensor to output data as



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DATA BUS RGB 5:6:5 PACKED BYTE SEQUENCE

CIF_DD[7] G2(0) B4(0) G2(1) B4(1) G2(2) B4(2) G2(3) B4(3

CIF_DD[6] G1(0) B3(0) G1(1) B3(1) G1(2) B3(2) G1(3) B3(3)

CIF_DD[5] G0(0) B2(0) G0(1) B2(1) G0(2) B2(2) G0(3) B2(3)

CIF_DD[4] R4(0) B1(0) R4(1) B1(1) R4(2) B1(2) R4(3) B1(3)

CIF_DD[3] R3(0) B0(0) R3(1) B0(1) R3(2) B0(2) R3(3) B0(3)

CIF_DD[2] R2(0) G5(0) R2(1) G5(1) R2(2) G5(2) R2(3) G5(3)

CIF_DD[1] R1(0) G4(0) R1(1) G4(1) R1(2) G4(2) R1(3) G4(3)

CIF_DD[0] R0(0) G3(0) R0(1) G3(1) R0(2) G3(2) R0(3) G3(3)

Byte sequence 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pixel Byte order LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSBPixel Pixel 0 Pixel 1 Pixel 2 Pixel 3

DATA BUS YCbCr 4:2:2 BYTE SEQUENCE

CIF_DD[7] Cb07 Y07 Cr07 Y17 Cb27 Y27 Cr27 Y37








Y pixelcomponents

Cb, Cr pixelcomponents

Byte sequence

0 1 2 3

0,1 2,3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Table 3. 8-bit Data Capture Sequence for YCbCr Color Space.

Table 4. 8-bit Data Capture Sequence for RGB 5:6:5 Color Space



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shown below will result in the most efficient design as noreformatting or re-organizing of the data via software is required.

Question:

What if my sensor does not output packed RGB 5:6:5 data informat shown in Table 4?

Answer:

The Intel PXA27x camera interface can do color componentreduction in hardware. Check to see if your sensor can outputRGB 8:8:8. The Intel PXA27x can then convert the RGB 8:8:8into RGB 5:6:5 as the data is received.

9.0 Example User Scenarios

The figures in this section are some additional user scenarios formobile wireless devices.

DATA BUS RGB 8:8:8 BYTE SEQUENCE

CIF_DD[7] R7(0) G7(0) B2(0) R7(1) G7(1) B2(1)

CIF_DD[6] R6(0) G6(0) B1(0) R6(1) G6(1) B1(1)

CIF_DD[5] R5(0) G5(0) B0(0) R5(1) G5(1) B0(1)

CIF_DD[4] R4(0) G4(0) B4(0) R4(1) G4(1) B4(1)

CIF_DD[3] R3(0) G3(0) B3(0) R3(1) G3(1) B3(1)

CIF_DD[2] R2(0) G2(0) B2(0) R2(1) G2(1) B2(1)

CIF_DD[1] R1(0) G1(0) B1(0) R1(1) G1(1) B1(1)

CIF_DD[0] R0(0) G0(0) B0(0) R0(1) G0(1) B0(1)

Byte sequence 0 1 3 4 5 6

Pixel Pixel 0 Pixel 1

Table 5. 8-bit Data Capture Sequence for RGB 8:8:8

Figure 6. Video capture scenario

Intel ® Wireless MMX TM Technology Routines (tentative, subject to change without notice)

Video Preview Stream(low resolution—QVGA/QCIF)

Still Encode Stream(high resolution–SXGA/VGA, etc.)

HIGH RES(SXGA/VGA)

LCD CONTROLLER

BASE PLANE

Overlay 2

Overlay 1FormatConvert

4:2:2 to 4:2:0

JPEGStill Image

Encode

CMOSsensor YCBCr 4:2:2



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10.0 Interface Bandwidth and FrameRate Estimation

This section provides an example on how to estimate the IntelQuick Capture interface bandwidth and maximum frame rate.

These estimates are for a given resolution, color depth, andpixel clock. Achievable rates in an actual system will depend onsuch issues as system design, bus loading, and applicationperformance. Please note that the intention of the examples

here are to show you how to determine if a particular interfaceconfiguration is capable of providing the desired bandwidth orframe rate. For example, if you desire a frame rate of 25 fps butyour calculation shows the configuration has a limit of 15 fps,your goal of 25 fps may not be achievable. Also, don’t forget tonote the frame rate limit of the image sensor you are considering.For example, some sensors have an internal limits of 15fps whenthe sensor is programmed for its maximum resolution.

Intel ® Wireless MMX TM Technology Routines (tentative, subject to change without notice)

Outgoing Video Encode Stream

Decode of Incoming Baseband Video Stream

LCD CONTROLLER

BASE PLANE

Overlay 2

Overlay 1

FormatConvert

4:2:2 to 4:2:0

MPEG4 VideoDecode

MPEG4 VideoEncode

Self Preview Video Stream

Display Scaling2:1 or 4:1

Downscale

ColorSpace

Conversion

CMOSsensor

YCBCr 4:2:2 RGB565

64kbps bitstreamBase BandInterface

YCbCr 4:2:0

Figure 6. Video capture scenario



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11.0 CCD Compatibility

Question:

Can I use a CCD type image sensor with the Intel PXA27xprocessor?

Answer:

CCD type sensor interface requirements can vary significantly soCCD compatibility must be determined on a sensor by sensorbasis. However, some CCD image sensors have an interface thatis very similar to the typical CMOS sensor. In this case typicalmeans:

■ Line valid and frame valid signals are used

■ The sensor can provide data in YCbCr or RGB color space

■ A similar number of data pins

■ Uses I 2C for control communication

One of the more critical issues to focus on is the clock timing.Some CCD sensors have complicated clock and timingrequirements. Others can use a single clock input like the onetypically used by CMOS sensors. If the CCD sensor you are

considering provides similar interface signals and only requiresa simple clock, it is likely the sensor can be used with the IntelPXA27x processor. Through the use of software, it may bepossible to use GPIO pins to create a missing interface signal(if required) or for additional signals like a sensor power-down pin.

12.0 Conclusion

Intel Quick Capture Technology included in the Intel PXA27xprocessor provides components designed to make integratingimage sensor technology into handheld devices easyand efficient.

1) The Intel Quick Capture interface provides a highly flexible

physical interface.

2) The hardware color space conversion engine in overlay 2 ofthe LCD controller simplifies the requirements for generatinga preview image.

3) Intel Wireless MMX Technology and Intel IntegratedPerformance Primitives provide optimized functions forperforming image processing and accelerating applicationdevelopment.

CAMERA INTERFACE BANDWIDTH ESTIMATOR

bit width of data interface 8 bits

number of bits clocked per cycle 8 bits/cycle

pixel clock frequency (cannot exceed 25 MHz) 25,000,000 cycles/sec

bits/cycle* cycles/sec 200,000,000 bits/sec

conversion from bits to bytes 25,000,000 bytes/sec

Maximum possible Interface bandwidth 25.00 MB/sec

Interface frame rate estimator

color depth—programmable 16 bits/pixel

X resolution—programmable 640 pixels/frame

Y resolution—programmable 480 pixels/frame

total pixels in a frame = X resolution * Y resolution 307,200 pixels/framebits per frame = pixels per frame * bits per pixel = 4,915,200 bits/frame

conversion from bits to bytes 614,400 bytes/frame

Maximum interface frame rate for the resolutionand color depth listed above 40.00 frames/sec



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Performance tests and ratings contained within this document are measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflectthe approximate performance of Intel ® products as measured by those tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configurationmay affect actual performance. Buyers should consult other sources of information to evaluate the performance of systems or components theyare considering purchasing. For more information on performance tests and on the performance of Intel products, referencewww.intel.com/procs/perf/limits.htm or call (U.S.) 1-800-628-8686 or 1-916-356-3104

*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Intel, the Intel logo, and Wireless MMX are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and othercountries.

Copyright © 2004 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. 0304/MS/MD/PDF t Please Recycle 300873-001

For more information, visit the Intel Web site at: developer.intel.com

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