Intel processors
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Intel ProcessorsIntel Processors
Gunjan Gupta10BEC112Nirma University
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OutlineOutline
Evolution of Intel MicroprocessorsScaling from 4004 to Core i7 (Processors which changed the world)Courtesy of Intel n Wikipedia
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40044004
First microprocessor (Nov 15, 1971)
For Busicom calculatorCharacteristics
10 mm processPMOS 2300 transistors400 – 800 kHz4-bit word size16-pin DIP package
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80088008
8-bit follow-on (Apr 1,1972)Dumb terminals
Characteristics10 mm processEnhancement load PMOS logic3500 transistors500 – 800 kHz8-bit word size18-pin DIP package
Note 8-bit data pathsIndividual transistors visible
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80808080
16-bit address bus (Apr 1,1974)
Used in Altair computerTraffic light controllerCruise missile
Characteristics6 mm processEnhancement load NMOS logic6000 transistors2 MHz8-bit word size40-pin DIP package10X the performance of the 8008
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8086/80888086/8088
16-bit processor (June ,1978-9)
IBM PC and PC XTRevolutionary productsIntroduced x86 ISA
Characteristics3 mm process29k transistors5-10 MHz16-bit word size40-pin DIP package
10X the performance of 8080
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8028680286
Virtual memory (Feb 1,1982)
IBM PC-ATCharacteristics
1.5 mm process134k transistors6-12 MHz16-bit word size
Regular data-paths andROMsBit-slices clearly visible3-6X the performance of the 8086
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8038680386
32-bit processor (Oct 17,1985)
Modern x86 ISACharacteristics
1 mm process275k transistors16-33 MHz32-bit word size100-pin PGA(Pin Grid Array)
32-bit data-path,microcode ROM,synthesized control
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8048680486
Pipelining (Apr 10,1989)
Floating point unit8 KB cache
Characteristics1-0.6 mm process1.2M transistors25-100 MHz32-bit word size168-pin PGA
Cache, Integer datapath,FPU, microcode,synthesized control
50X performance of the 8088
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PentiumPentium
Superscalar architecture (Mar 22, 1993)2 instructions per cycleSeparate 8KB I$ & D$
Characteristics0.8-0.35 mm process3.2M transistors60-300 MHz32-bit word size296-pin PGA
Caches, datapath,FPU, control
Runs on 5 volts
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Pentium Pro / II / IIIPentium Pro / II / III
Dynamic execution (Nov 1995-9)3 micro-ops / cycleOut of order execution16-32 KB I$ & D$Multimedia instructionsPIII adds 256+ KB L2$
Characteristics0.6-0.18 mm process5.5M-28M transistors166-1000 MHz32-bit word size
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Pentium 4Pentium 4
Deep pipeline (Nov 20,2000)Very fast clock256-1024 KB L2$
Characteristics180 – 65 nm process42-125M transistors1.4-3.4 GHzUp to 160 W32/64-bit word size478-pin PGA
Units start to becomeinvisible on this scale
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Pentium MPentium M
Pentium III derivative (2002)Better power efficiency1-2 MB L2$
Characteristics130 – 90 nm process140M transistors0.9-2.3 GHz6-25 W32-bit word size478-pin PGA
Cache dominates chip area
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2005-Present2005-Present
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Core2 DuoCore2 Duo
Dual core (July 27,2006)1-2 MB L2$ / core
Characteristics65-45 nm process291M transistors1.6-3+ GHz65 W32/64 bit word size775 pin LGA
Much better performance/power efficiency
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Core i7Core i7
Quad core (& more) (Nov 17,2008)Refinement of Core architecture2 MB L3$ / core
Characteristics45-32 nm process731M transistors2.66-3.33+ GHzUp to 130 W32/64 bit word size1366-pin LGAMultithreading
On-die memory controller
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AtomAtom
Low power CPU for netbooksPentium-style architecture512KB+ L2$
Characteristics45-32 nm process47M transistors0.8-1.8+ GHz1.4-13 W32/64-bit word size441-pin FCBGA
Low voltage (0.7 – 1.1 V) operationExcellent performance/power
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SummarySummary
104 increase in transistor count, clock frequency over 3 decades!
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