Integument Support Structures Axial Skeleton · 2017. 1. 12. · Integument Support Structures...

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Integument Support Structures Axial Skeleton

Transcript of Integument Support Structures Axial Skeleton · 2017. 1. 12. · Integument Support Structures...

Page 1: Integument Support Structures Axial Skeleton · 2017. 1. 12. · Integument Support Structures Axial Skeleton. Integumentary System Functions •Protection ... •Mammary glands (Not

IntegumentSupport Structures

Axial Skeleton

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Integumentary System

Functions•Protection•Sensory•Synthesis

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The Skin…

Epidermis - ectodermal; stratified squamos epithelium

Dermis - mesodermal; collagen, elastic fibers, papillary layer, and reticular layer

Hypodermis

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Detail on Epidermis:

Stratum corneum (dead)

Stratum lucidum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Superficial

Deep(Dermis)

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Hair:

•Bulb•Artery•Vein•Arrector Pila Muscle•Gland•Papilla•Shaft

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Different Hair Shaft Shapes give different characteristics:

Round Cross-section = straight hair

Oval Cross-section = Wavy Hair

Flat Cross-section = Kinky Hair

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Glands

•Eccrine•Apocrine•Mammary glands (Not reproductive organs!)

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Mammary Gland – a skin gland, not a reproductive organ...

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Hypodermis

Dermis

Epidermis

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Support systems

•Support systems built of hard tissues, such as bone and cartilage

•Support systems produced by the manipulation of soft tissues

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Soft tissue support -structures which maintain structural integrity without the use of a hard, internal skeleton.

•Constant volume•Pressurize•Hydrostatic skeleton

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Tongue•Muscle & Fluid-based structure•Attached to what bones?

Coelom•A space•Stable & still base of support

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The Skeleton

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Cartilage•Function•Cartilage materials - chondrocytes•Interstitial growth•Perichondrium•According to a scale from softest to hardest, where does cartilage belong, if other skeletal materials are bone, calcified cartilage, enamel, and dentin?

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What is bone made of?

•Hydroxyapatite•Bone organic content (Osteocytes)•Bone mineral content

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Hydroxyapatite:

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What is bone made of?

Hydroxyapatite:

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

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Bone structure

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Haversian systems• Haversian canals• Lacunae• Canaliculi

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Compact Bone vs.

Spongy Bone (Trabecular Bone)

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Shoulder Joint

Femur

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Regional Classification of the Skeleton

•Endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton

•Visceral skeleton vs. Somatic Skeleton

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Visceral skeleton

•Associated with Splanchnopleure (gut)

•Origin

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Somatic skeleton

Associated with Somatopleure•Origin

•Axial skeleton•Appendicular skeleton

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Developmental Classification of the Skeleton

•Endochondral bones vs. dermal bones•Endochondral - epiphysis & epiphyseal plates

•Dermal - "intramembranous bones"

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Bone Function

•Structural•Red blood cell manufacture•Homeopoietic tissue•Red bone marrow vs. yellow bone marrow•Mineral regulation•Calcium levels•Importance of phosphorus

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Articulations

•Different types of bone attachments•Ligaments•The Joint Capsule

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Joint Capsule of Knee

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Examples of Major Ligaments of Knee

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Movements and the Skeleton

• Flexion• Extension• Rotation• Circumduction• Abduction• Adduction• Protraction• Retraction

• Depression• Elevation• Supination• Pronation• Opposition• Reposition• Inversion• Eversion

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Axial Skeleton

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4 Distinct Curvatures of the Vertebral Column

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Cervical verterbrae:

•Transverse foramen•Vertebral artery

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Atlas and Axis Vertebrae

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Thoracic vertebrae

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Functions of the Axial Skeleton

•Support•Protection•Respiration

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•Characteristic number of vertebrae in each region•Segmental spinal nerves•Number system for the spinal nerves• (See pages 68-69 of your lab manual.)

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