Integrating wind and solar energy in India for a Smart Grid platform
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Transcript of Integrating wind and solar energy in India for a Smart Grid platform
Integrating Wind and Solar Energy in India for a
Smart Grid Platform
Farhan BegWith Support and Editorial by Mr Peter Meissen
India’s Location
Source: Esri
Source: www.wikipedia.org/india
India, Latitude and Longitude
Population
Current Population: 1.27 BillionSource: CIA world Factbook
India’s Population Density
Source: https://wikis.engrade.com/imperialisminindia/2
1990 2000 2008 2015 2025 20350
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
OECDRest of the WorldChina and India
Source : IEA
Energy Consumption (quadrillion Btu)
Currently
India’s Energy Consumption and GDP
Source: EIA
The Two Fastest Growing Major Economies Peoples Republic of China vs. Republic of India
China India
Population (July 2013 est.) 1.34 billion 1.28 billion
Electricity Installed generation capacity (2012 est.)
1100.78 GW 220.23 GW
Electricity from fossil fuels 69.5 % of installed capacity
69.9 % of installed capacity
Electricity from Renewable sources
29.6 % of installed capacity
27.6 % of installed capacity
Carbon dioxide emission from consumption of energy.(est 2010)
8.321 billion Mt 1.696 billion Mt
Carbon dioxide emission of China is nearly 5 times more as that of India!
Source: CIA world Factbook
Acknowledging Power Supply and DemandThe Gap between demand and supply is wide and growing.• Growing economy and massive urbanization is putting more stress on energy and the
environment.• The average electricity consumption in India is still among the lowest in the world at just
630 kWh per person per year, but this is expected to grow to 1000 kWh in the near future.
Source: CEA, Ministry of Power India
Population Growth, Electricity Production, and Electricity Consumption
Population Growth
Electricity Production
Electricity Consumption
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 20140
500
1000
1500
Mill
ions
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 20140
200400600800
1000
MW
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 20140
200400600800
1000
MW
Source: Indian Ministry of Power
Coal57%
Gas9%
Diesel1%
Biomass & other Re-newable
12%
Nuclear2%
Hydro19%
India’s Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation
Source: EIA
Electricity Scenario of India
Installed Capacity: 220 GWPeak Demand: 170 GW
Peak Deficit: 8.6 %Energy Deficit: 4.8 %
Growth Rate: 8-9 % PA
Department of Atomic Energy
Ministry of Power
Central Electricity Authority
Central Electricity Regularity Commission
State Electricity Regularity Commissions
Key regulatory bodies in the Indian Power Sector
Source: Central Electricity Authority
For the Year 2011
Issues Facing India’s Power Sector
Generation Side
Distribution Side
Transmission Side
•Fuel (Coal and Gas) Shortage is acute.•Many power plants have less than seven days' of coal stocks, a level seen as critical to continuous operation.•Present demand–supply gap of coal is around 85 million tons and it is expected to increase gradually to nearly 140 million tons by 2017.•Capacity addition from hydropower sources slowed in the past couple of years
Generation
• A huge 12 percent of the electricity generated is lost while evacuating power to the consumers as Transmission losses which can go to as high as 50 percent in some states.
• The officially declared transmission and losses in India have steadily risen from about 7 percent up to the year 1966-67 to about 12 percent in 1998-99
Transmission
•Distribution companies, mostly state-owned, are mired with about $35 billion in debt barring them from investing more into the R&D and up gradation of their utilities.
•The estimated loss of all the State distribution utilities has been estimated at Rs 2400 million as of March 31, 2012
Distribution
Before And Now •Grid infra-structure established over a 100 years ago•Main purpose was to supply electricity to a few loads•Power Generation was localized and built around small communities
•The needs of the civilization are not modest anymore•Grid structure is becoming complex with every passing day and loads are increasing in size and convulsion •A constant interest related to integrating variable sources of energies that give rise to harmonic instability.
(State of Transition)
Grid Modernization
w Source: www.enel.com
Smart Grid, A RemedyWhat a Smart Grid can do?
•Supply Shortfalls
Issue
A Smart Grid better manages the integration of all available resources of energy into the grid.
•Huge Losses Allows the integration of Distribution Energy Resources (DER’s) that can allow localised generation hence reducing the transmission and equipment losses
•Human element in system operations
Provides the platform for introduction of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for a better User Interface (UI)
•Peak Load Management Allows a perceptive load control which can prevent the peak time shortfall
•Integration of renewable energy
Manages problems caused by intermittency and distributed power
Smart Grid DeploymentThe ‘Smart’ in a Smart Grid is an Information Communication Technology (ICT) that brings together a variety of computing and telecommunications technologies. The ICT enables the Smart Grid’s envisioned benefits to become a reality.
Source: www.siemens.com
Technology of Smart GridsSmart Grids encompass a wide range of operations such as• detecting and identifying faults and a quick response to power outages, • providing consumers with near real-time information on the amount and
cost of the power they use, • improving the security of the system, and • linking all elements of the grid to enable better decision making on the
resource use.
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
• Distribution Management System (DMS)• Distribution Automation System (DAS)• Automated Meter Reading (AMR) • Geographical Information System (GIS)• Phasor Measurement Units (PMU’s)
Various technologies in action
Source: www.sandiegofreepress.org
Home Area NetworkHome Area Network (HAN) connects thermostats, refrigerators and other electrical devices in a Smart Home to an energy management system.
Source: www.smartgrid portal.org
Integration of Renewable Energy
Integration of Renewable Energy is probably the biggest thrust for a Smart Grid Deployment in India
• Has to be converged at grid operator level and requires a superior Energy Management System
• The Smart Grid’s superior capability of introducing new sources of energy to the grid clearly signifies that more Distributed Generation can be integrated into it
Solar and Wind energy are crucial and primary factors of a cleaner and greener energy future
Demerits of Conventional Fuels
Coal
• Dependence on imported coal is on the rise, supply from the local quarries is on a shallow decrease on account of production and analytical constraints
Oil
• Energy Security and Political Instability always tan the oil import scenario of the country
Natural Gas
• Domestic gas resources are limited. Moreover RLNG is costly and not a feasible option for power generation
Hydro
• Even though India is rich in Hydro potential but harnessing Hydel potential to meet the requirements is a challenging task
India’s Renewable ScenarioAs on November 2012, 12% of total installed capacity (210 GW) through renewable sources• Wind (18.3 GW)• Small Hydro (3.4 GW) • Biomass (1.2 GW)• Solar (1 GW)
Wind 18352 MW
Solar 941 MW
Small Hydro 3395 MW
Bio-mass 1950 MW
Progressive Renewable Sector
Wind 28352 MW
Solar 4741 MW
Small Hydro 4995 MW
Biomass 3250 MW
2012 2017 est’d
The Role of Renewable Energy
• The notion of renewable energy as an “alternate” form of energy is no longer a valid argument.
• India is currently ranked 5th in the world in all renewable energy fronts.
Source: www.indexmundi.com
7%
9%
4%
8%24
%14%
7%
12%
11%
4%
India’s Renewable Energy Breakdown
by StateWind/Solar
Rajasthan Tamil NaduUttar Pradesh Andhra
PradeshOthers GujaratJ&K KarnatakaMaharashtra Punjab
Wind Energy in India• Wind Energy program initiated in 1983-84• Total Potential of Wind Energy in India is estimated at 45000 MW
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
5165 64
140
280
Installed Wind Power (MW)
Andhra Pra
desh
Gujarat
Karnataka
Kerela
Madhya
Pradesh
Mahara
shtra
Orissa
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
West
Bengal0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Wind Power Potential
Gross Potential (MW)Technical Poten-tial (MW)
Source: Weather Department of the University of Delhi
Solar Energy in India• The average intensity of solar radiation in India is on the order of 20
MW/square km• The total solar energy potential tends to as high as 657.4 million MW
Why do we need a Smart Grid for integrating Renewable Energies into the Grid?
• Location Dependent Resources• Variability• Unpredictability
Location Dependence • Wind and Solar Resources are highly Location Dependent• Quality wind and solar resources that are most feasible for RE
generation are based on specific locations
Source: www.windturbineshome.net
Solar Energy Resources in India
Source: http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/nonconventional/windresources.htm
Wind Energy Resources in India
Source: http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/nonconventional/windresources.htm
Non-Controllable Variability and the Smart Grid
• Grid operators need to deal with fluctuations in voltage and frequency in a second to minute scale.
• If left unchecked can do a significant damage to the System and all the attached instruments.
The Smart Grid provides a wide range of ancillary services:
• Frequency regulation• Spinning Reserves• Non-Spinning Reserves• Voltage Support• Black-Start Capacity
www.siemens.com/controlcentres
• Smart Grid provides the platform for a more reliable, secure and sustainable grid in India.
• Pilot Smart Grid projects o Gujarat o Chandigarh
• Smart Metering Infrastructure is being planned for a number of states.
• Dr Sam Pitroda, chairman India Smart Grid Task Force launched the Smart Grid portal in 2013 : www.IndiaSmartGrid.org
What has been done in India?
If you have any questions, or would like to help further this research,
please contactMr Farhan Beg, via email:
Farhan Beg is a Power Engineer from the National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India (www.NITSRI.net) and is a researcher at the Global Energy Network Institute, San Diego USA (www.GENI.org)