Integrating Distributed Technologies in the Electricity...

Dr. Eric BibeauDr. Eric BibeauMechanical & Industrial Engineering DeptMechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept

Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative EnergyManitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative Energy

IEEE Power Engineering SocietyHoliday Inn South, Winnipeg, Manitoba

October 17, 2006

Integrating Distributed Integrating Distributed Technologies in the Technologies in the Electricity SectorElectricity Sector

OutlineOutlineWhy distributed generation (DG)R&D activities at UofM in distributed generation

BHCERCAnaerobic digestersKinetic turbines

PHEVCan it help make DG cost competitive

Alternative Energy ChairAlternative Energy Chair

Why a Manitoba Hydro/NSERC chair– Pursuing cost-effective

alternative energy is one of the 10 important corporate goals for Manitoba Hydro

– Manitoba Hydro encourages development and demonstration of cost-effective alternative energy applications collaboration with the University of Manitoba

Average Marginal Newfoundland/Lab 0.02 0.00Prince Edward Island 0.50 0.81Nova Scotia 0.74 0.54New Brunswick 0.50 0.81Québec 0.01 0.00Ontario 0.24 0.54Manitoba 0.03 0.00Saskatchewan 0.83 0.54Alberta 0.91 0.54British-Columbia 0.03 0.00Territories 0.36 0.91Total Canada 0.22 0.43

Canadian Power Emission Factor (tonnes/MWhr)

Distributed GenerationCost effective

Alternative Energy Low energy densities

Distributed Generation (DG) Distributed Generation (DG) using alternative energyusing alternative energy

Many Canadians live in northern communities– diesel generation

Non-centralized grid – new grid installation to rural areas have

significant costs2.0 Billion without power– Local employment– Education– Poverty alleviation– Better health – DG makes rural electrification possible

Node

Primary

Energy

Node

Needs

Energy Node Manitoba

Heat

TransportationElectricity

Fossil

Re-Electricity

Re-Fuels

Can Manitoba be fossil fuel free?

Energy DriversEnergy DriversSustainabilityClean airGlobal warmingPeak oil

Addressed by DG

Global Warming (GHG)Global Warming (GHG)Natural processes generating 770 BMT/yr – What is effect of human activity of 30 BMT/yr?

Earth “dynamic” system

CO2 levels in atmosphere – 1850: 250 ppm Now: 350-400 ppm

Add new ball every 2 years Time

World Peak Oil (World Peak Oil (HubbertHubbert) )

Hits – new wells– peak 1964

Discoveries – yearly production +

known reserves– peak 1987

Production– peak 2005

Hits

Discoveries

Production

Ann

ual Y

ield

100 billion barrels to find

Total production2.0 trillion

barrels

Our ability to catch fish depend on how much is left in the lake

PeakProduction

Saudi’s no longer have

excess capacity

We have some We have some problems to solveproblems to solve

153 new coal plants licenses presently under review in the US

Alternative/Renewable Alternative/Renewable Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

Electricity (highest form)

Heat (lowest form)

Gas & Liquid Fuels

WindOcean δT

BiomassSteam

PVCollectorsHydro

GeothermalFission

Processing

Sola

r

Mech/Turbo Generator

Nuc

lear

My ObservationMy ObservationSustainabilityClean airGlobal warmingPeak oil

Increase RE Ratio

Not a policy in Canada

Distributed generation

At what point are environmental concerns with RE small compared to fossil fuels?

A generation away

Renewable EnergyRenewable EnergyLarge Hydro: land use, geology, marine life, sediments, GHGSmall Hydro: cost, distributed, fishKinetic turbines: remote, fish, water accessWave/Tidal: marine ecology, costsWind: variable, land use, noise, nimby, varsBioEnergy: distributed, land use, emissionsWaste Heat: low industrial power ratesSolar thermal: daylight only, land useSolar PV: daylight, land use, disposal, costsGeothermal: remote, limited reservoirs

R&D in Distributed PowerR&D in Distributed PowerDistributed bioenergy technologies– generating heat and power from biomass

Kinetic Turbines distributed power– potentially affordable distributed

hydroelectric technology for Manitoba

PHEV– potential new demand for renewable energy

Manitoba

Heat

Fossil fuels

Re-Electricity

Re-Fuels

Transport Electricity

- 118 PJ/yearWhy biomass energy in Manitoba?

Energy node Needs

BioPower ExampleBioPower ExampleRemote CommunitiesRemote Communities

Power 1 MWeHeat 4 MWth

Need ComponentsPower Wind turbine 3.3 MWeHeat Oil furnace 4.7 MWth

Power Water turbine 1.3 MWeHeat Oil furnace 4.7 MWthPower 1.0 MWeHeat 0.0 MWth

Kinetic turbine

Biomass

System Size

Biomass CHP

Community Requirements

System

Wind with storage

Forest Inventory Forest Inventory in Manitobain Manitoba

Total forest area– 65,000,000 ha

TPF area (Timber productive forest)

– 15,300,000 ha

TPF Volume– 938,000,000 m3 (national 26,159,000,000 m3)

Forest residue– Available: 20,000 BDT/a – Potential: 140,000 BDT/a

Straw in ManitobaStraw in ManitobaEnergy use –NRCan

available 3.5 M BDT/yrpotential 6.5 M BDT/yr

–Agriculture Canada

Wheat Oats Barley Flax Total Cattle use

Alberta 3.06 1 2.82 0.006 6.89 5.41Saskatchewan 4.8 1.07 1.97 0.15 7.99 2.12Manitoba 3.09 0.78 1.07 0.15 5.1 1.34Total 10.95 2.85 5.86 0.306 19.98 8.87Lawrence Townley-Smith, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 2004

Annual straw production: 1/3 conservation tillage and 2/3 conventional tillage

Mega BDT/yr

Source: L. TownleySource: L. Townley--Smith, Agriculture and AgriSmith, Agriculture and Agri--Food CanadaFood Canada

Energy Crops in ManitobaEnergy Crops in ManitobaGrow crops for energy– Switchgrass, hemp and sugar beet

Based on land availability and yieldLarge variation 4 to 35 ODT/ha/yrResource– land 1,702,000 ha– assume 33% use

available 5.0 M BDT/apotential 15.3 M BDT/a

Livestock Wastes in Manitoba Livestock Wastes in Manitoba Manures– application causes problems– phosphor legislation– use for energy

anaerobic digestioncombustion/gasification

AnimalsAverage

Mass Manure Daily Yearly

number kg/animal kg/animal TonnesMega

Tonnes %Mega

Tonnes/yr

Diary 95,400 636 52 4,961 1.8 75% 1.4Beef 1,300,000 568 34 44,200 16.1 25% 4.0Poultry 7,085,385 1 0.06 425 0.2 85% 0.1Swine 7,300,000 90 5 36,500 13.3 85% 11.3

Recoverable manure from Livestock in Manitoba

Recoverable

Dairy

Energy Energy CostsCosts

NYMEX Crude PricingContract 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1/2/

97

1/2/

98

1/2/

99

1/2/

00

1/2/

01

1/2/

02

1/2/

03

1/2/

04

1/2/

05

1997 - 2005

US$

/ ba

rrel

CHP and CHPCCHP and CHPC

Biomass AdvantageBiomass Advantage

Highest energy density of renewables

Can be harvested, stored, transported and used on demand

Biomass residues are a major potential source of renewable energy

Utilization success has been limited to specific large-scale applications

Utilization OpportunitiesUtilization Opportunities

Expanded use of biomass favors distributed approach– biomass resource is distributed– CHP applicable to smaller scale– transportation costs eliminated– minimizes power grid upgrades

Biomass is fundamentally a distributed resource

Better technology is needed for a distributed CHP biopower

Bioenergy Thermal ConversionBioenergy Thermal Conversionin Manitobain Manitoba

Why DG CHP Systems Using Why DG CHP Systems Using Biomass are UncommonBiomass are Uncommon

Low Cost: the primary need

Independence: must not affect process

Simplicity: reduce operator qualifications

Ruggedness: allow remote locations

Maintenance Free: reducing cost

Automated: simple to operate

DG CHP with Steam not ViableDG CHP with Steam not ViableBoilers require qualified operatorsLarge equipmentCooling towersMaintenancePoor efficiencyLow grade heat rejection– need CHP economics

High capital and operating cost

UofM Bioenergy ProjectsUofM Bioenergy Projects

Distributed CHP biopower– Brayton Hybrid Cycle (BHC)

Canadian Foundation for Innovation

– Entropic Rankin Cycle (ERC)Entropic Energy, TEAM and NRCAN

– Anaerobic Digestion ModellingNSERC/Manitoba Hydro ChairFuture experimental digester

Brayton Hybrid Cycle (BHC)Brayton Hybrid Cycle (BHC)indirect heat24% possible overall efficiency simple to operateapp. 60 PSI air pressurelow temperature turbine and heater– no ceramic or expensive materials

two fluids: water and aircombine Brayton and Rankin cycle advantages$2,500/kW targetsome CHP potential

Patent Pending

ColdWaterInput

Vcold

AirInletLab

ColdAirInletOutside

mPTcom_in

Trec_in

Trec_out

HotWaterInput

Vhot

PTcom_out

PTtur_in

Theat_in

Vout/Iout

From Capstone

mPTtur_outTbp_out

Tcomb_out

Tflu

Chimney

mPTw2

3/4 or 1/2"

Fw

Tee

ChVw TeeR

MVw1

MVw2

1/2"

Fa

Window

Window

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

VariableLoad bank

Va_in

PIheat_in

Vcomb

Vng

U

U

U

Pu

Va_out

PIcomb_out

Vpump

PIheat_in

mPTng

PIflu

mPTw1

May achieve same efficiency as direct fired microturbine

Laboratory system

Direct Fired

Indirect FiredBHC

Microturbine

Entropic Rankine CycleEntropic Rankine Cycle (ERC)(ERC)simple technologytwice the power compared to a steam based systemproduces hot glycol 90ºC-115ºC for cogenerationsmall components no certified operators

Patent Pending

Entropic Cycle CHP SystemEntropic Cycle CHP System

No boiler required: uses vapour heater

Small equipment: compact system

High temp. heat: 90°C district heat

Dry air heat rejection: 60°C return

Good Power efficiency: 17%-22% cycle eff.

High CHP efficiency: 50%-85% flue heat

Affordable capital cost: $2,500/kW target

Heater

Recuperator

Cooler

Power Unit

Flue Gas

Coolant

90°C

60°CPM Alternator- High efficiency generation

- high speed operation

- combustor flue gas - process exhaust

Heat Source

Hot Water Out- 100% useable heat

- no cooling tower

Single Stage Turbine

-simplified, inexpensive -high speed operation

Simple & Direct Recuperation of Heat- Keeps energy in the cycle

- increases efficiency

CPE, Compact Heat Exchangers

- All welded construction - small footprint

No Vacuum Operation

- reduced volume flow - small equipment

Entropic Cycle CHP SystemEntropic Cycle CHP System

4 BioPower Systems4 BioPower Systems

Superheater

Economizer

Boiler

Feed Pump

Deaerator

Attemporator

Turbine

2% blowdown

Condensate return and makeup

10

9

6

4

3

18

7

Co-generation process

5

Thermal Oil Heat Transfer

TURBODEN srl

synthetic oil ORC

Conversion

1000°C 310°C

250°C 300°C

60°C

80°C Liquid Coolant

Air heat dump

17%

Input Heater 59.9% recovery

Entropic Fluid Heat

Transfer

ENTROPICpower cycleConversion

1000°C 215°C

170°C400°C

60°C

90°C Liquid Coolant

Air heat dump

17.6%

Input Heater 68.2% recovery

650°C 315°C

367 kPa258 °C

111 kPa315 °C 336 kPa

483 °C

377 kPa127 °C

13.1% cycle eff. 58.3%

cycle energy

108 kPa185 °C

101 kPa15.6 °C

Air Heater

7.4% overall eff.

Compressor Turbine / Expander

Recuperator

combustion air

56.7% recovery

Steam Brayton

EntropicORC

Biomass Feed20% moisture Harvesting

Fuel Preparation(hogging)

6.0% Power Production

Steam CHPPlant

Transport to CHP plant

1.8% energy input (fossil fuel)

0.4% energy input(fossil fuel)

34.6% energy

loss

0.4% energy

loss59% Steam Heat

Production

315°CFlue Gas




ORC CHPPlant




32.5% energy

loss

0.4% energy

loss56% Hot WaterHeat Production

310°CFlue Gas

Steam

Brayton

Entropic

ORC




EntropicCHP Plant




23.3% energy

loss

0.4% energy

loss63% Hot WaterHeat Production

215°CFlue Gas




Air TurbineCHP Plant




50.2% energy

loss

0.4% energy

loss41% Hot Air

Heat Production

315°CFlue Gas

Values for bugwood

Ene

rgy

Dia

gram

DG

scal

e

Biopower DG ScaleBiopower DG Scale

Organic Rankine Cycle

Small-scale Steam

Entropic Cycle

Air Turbine

CONVERSION EFFICIENCY

HEA T

10%

EL

20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

HEA TELEC

HEA TELEC T

HEA TEL

Organic Rankine Cycle

Small-scale Steam

Entropic Cycle

Air TurbineCost Range ($/kWe)

Size Range (kWe) 100 500 1,000 5,000 10,000SIZ E

50

C OST

C OSTSIZ E

SIZ EC OST

SIZ E

$ 1,000 $ 3,000 $ 5,000 $ 7,000 $ 9,000

COST

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerCHP Conversion ChartCHP Conversion Chart(20% MC)(20% MC)

Switchgrass at 20% MCSmallSteam

AirBrayton

OrganicRankine Entropic

Large Steam

Power delivered 6.0% 8.4% 11.1% 13.1% 28.0%Heat delivered 59.0% 41.0% 56.0% 63.0% -Overall CHP delivered 65.0% 49.4% 67.1% 76.1% 28.0%Electricity (kWhr/BDT) 333 467 617 728 1,556Heat (kWhr/BDT) 3,278 2,278 3,111 3,500 -Electricity (GJ/BDT) 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.6 5.6Heat (GJ/BDT) 11.8 8.2 11.2 12.6 -Electricity (gallon oil/BDT) 7.6 10.6 14.0 16.6 35.4Heat (gallon oil/BDT) 74.7 51.9 70.9 79.7 -

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerCHP Revenue CHP Revenue Chart (Manitoba)Chart (Manitoba)20% MC20% MC (Cattails)(Cattails)

$0.06 per kWhr$11.65 per GJ

Power (90% use) Heat (60% use) TotalSmall Steam $18 $82 $100Air Brayton $25 $57 $83ORC $33 $78 $112Entropic $39 $88 $127Large Steam $84 $0 $84

Electical Power (Cnd)Natural Gas (Cnd)

Revenue (per BDTon)

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerCHP Revenue Chart CHP Revenue Chart (Ontario: Higher Power Costs)(Ontario: Higher Power Costs)

$0.10 per kWhr$11.65 per GJ

Power (90% use) Heat (60% use) TotalSmall Steam $30 $82 $112Air Brayton $42 $57 $99ORC $56 $78 $134Entropic $66 $88 $154Large Steam $140 $0 $140

Electical Power (Cnd)Natural Gas (Cnd)

Revenue (per BDTon)

BioEnergy in a BioEnergy in a Northern CommunityNorthern Community

2 MWe Community Subsidized Power System BioPower SystemPower (2 MWe) tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

Heat (10 MWth) tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

Total tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

115532305534,608

Power: Diesel Fuel Turbion™ CHPNorthern Com munity

Heat: Oil Biomass (local or pellets)2 BD tonne/MWe-hr

Power

Heat

~233 liters/ MWe-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~93 liters/ MWth-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~1 MWe-hr~No GHG

~5 MWth-hr~No GHG

BioPower SystemSubsidized Power System

(Biomass district heat already installed)

CHOICES?

Power: Diesel Fuel Turbion™ CHPNorthern Com munity

Heat: Oil Biomass (local or pellets)2 BD tonne/MWe-hr

Power

Heat

~233 liters/ MWe-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~93 liters/ MWth-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~1 MWe-hr~No GHG

~5 MWth-hr~No GHG

BioPower SystemSubsidized Power System

(Biomass district heat already installed)

CHOICES?

Integrated Sawmill ConceptIntegrated Sawmill Concept

Anaerobic DigestersAnaerobic DigestersBiological degradation– Mesophilic bacteria (25oC-38oC)

Bio-Gas CH4 & CO2

Heat and powerReduction in – CH4 from manure & heating– N20 from manure & heating– CO2 from displaced electricity and heating– Water usage– Odour from barn, lagoons & land

Can address phosphates soil build-upOrganic fertilizer

Slurry In

Heat In

Heat InHeat In

Slurry In

Slurry In

Slurry In

Covered Lagoon

TPAD

Plug Flow

Complete Mix

Effluent Out Effluent Out

Effluent Out

Effluent Out

Anaerobic Digester ModelAnaerobic Digester ModelDevelop numerical model for swine anaerobic digester– heat transfer (Phase 1)– anaerobic digestion coupled to flow (Phase 2)– two-phase, liquid and mechanical mixing (Phase 3)

Demonstrate numerically simple AD systems can operate economically in cold climatesDesign and optimize cost-effective anaerobic lagoon-type swine digester for cold climates– low solids

Develop tool Design system

Low Cost Lagoon DesignLow Cost Lagoon Design

Power

Gas

Digester Gas

Recycled Plastic Linked Boxes

Tsolid = 35 Co

Recirc Compressor

Flexible Membrane

Hay

Distributer Pipe2 Clay Layers

Flax Straw

Recirc GasMixing+Heating

Liquid/Solid Manure

Warm Recirc Gas

Wind Compressor

BurnerGlycol Loop

Hot Glycol

Glycol Return Recirc Heat Exchanger

IC Engine

Digester ModelDigester ModelBiogas

Unfrozen Soil

Cover

Frozen Soil

Manure

Straw

Waterproof Membranes

Ambient AirSolar Radiance

Qcover

Qwall

Qfloor

Qsolar

Qin

Qout

Qheating

Tfrozen

Tunfrozen

Tambient

Phase 1– heat transfer

1-D model3-D CFD model

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

04/08

/2004

04/09

/2004

04/10

/2004

04/11

/2004

04/20

/0404

/21/04

04/22

/0404

/24/04

04/26

/0404

/27/04

04/28

/04

Hea

t Flu

x (K

J)

Measured (kJ)1-D Predicted (kJ)3-D Predicted (kJ)

Digester ModelDigester Model

Digester ModelDigester ModelGeometry effect– Cover, walls, floor– % HHV of Biogas (HLB)

Phase II– 3-D Anaerobic

Digestion numerical model

– CH4 production

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Depth (m)

Hea

t los

ses

(kW

)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Radius (m)

HLB

(hea

t los

s to

bio

gass

hea

t rat

io)

CoverFloorWallTotal Q% HLB

Depth

Radius

Kinetic TurbinesKinetic Turbines

What are Kinetic What are Kinetic Turbines?Turbines?

Convert flow kinetic energy into powerLow environmental impact – does not require head, dam, or impoundment– minimizes fish impact: screens; air; slow RPM

Limited data – long term deployment; cold weather impact– cost information; not commercially demonstrated

Modular Rapid DeploymentModular Rapid Deployment

Water Air

150 m3.0 m

Power increases by: Velocity3 Density Area

Station

River

Bridge

FlowSpillway

Kinetic Turbine Demo ProjectKinetic Turbine Demo Project

Define Commercialization Define Commercialization and R&D Project Objectivesand R&D Project Objectives

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.1 2.3 2.6 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.2 7.2

Flow velocity (m/s)

Pow

er (k

W)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

Thou

sand

s

Flow velocity (Knots)

Forc

es (l

bf)

Power (kW)

Drag (lbf)

Torque (lbf)

Ocean/Demos

60 kW DemoProject

UofM R&D/targets

What do we need to achieveWhat do we need to achieveTest for the first time a kinetic turbine for commercialization – 1 year period; cold climate; higher power density– river application; grid connected

Develop on river Safety ProceduresAddress the limited data issue – long term deployment; cold weather impact– cost information; not commercially available– provide quality data

What are the possible outcomesWhat are the possible outcomes

May prove new viable emerging-hydro application for remote communitiesAllow to tap into a new hydro-based renewable energy resourceCrucial step towards the commercialization of this technology– required step for future commercial and large

scale projects river and cold weather applications

Remote ApplicationsRemote ApplicationsAny success besides diesel generation?Kinetic turbine proposed– Operate at 2.5 m/s

Target less than $3,000 installed cost– Capital

$1, 500 /kW

– Power control, grid connection, installation $1,500 /kW

– Equivalent twin revenues: 120 kWe per unit40 c/kW = 0.42 Million/yr of renewable power10 c/kW = 0.11 Million/yr of renewable power

25% of water drains through Manitoba25% of water drains through ManitobaManitoba – Good location in

North America for kinetic turbines river applications

– Flat landscape– Granite

Less erosionNarrow passages

Remote ApplicationsRemote Applications

Opens Northern Communities for development on a sustainable basisEnvironmentally sound technologyReduces transport of diesel/oil northwardApplications– remote communities, logging camps, mines,

fishing lodges, locations with limited grid capacity, Native communities, diesel generation displacement

Commercial Testing Commercial Testing of Kinetic Turbines of Kinetic Turbines

Positive step towards SustainabilityEnvironmental breakthrough for remote communitiesNew source of renewable energy Support distributed generation industry Show DG can workConnect alternative power to grid

Commercialization ObjectivesCommercialization Objectives

Prove first year-long operationEvaluate the applicability of kinetic turbines in Canadian riversEstablish operation and cost-effectiveness in all seasonsProve kinetic turbines can– achieve high CF/high availability – deliver base load power

Commercialization ObjectivesCommercialization Objectives

Deployment and operating costs Develop required experience – Anchoring, deploying/retrieving– Safety and deployment protocols

Make project data available for IPP’sDG technology for commercialization

Whitemud cut

Seven Sisters

Point du Bois

Site SelectionSite Selection

Measure Flow Measure Flow Velocity downstream walkway Pointe du Bois June 13, 2005

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5Depth (m)

Vel

ocity

(m/s

)

5.0 m8.0 m10.8 m13 m16 m

ADCP Flow Measurements

Turbine Flow Meter

PartnersPartnersManitoba Hydro– Emerging Technologies Group

UEK– Underwater Electric Kite Corporation

University of Manitoba– NSERC/Manitoba Hydro Chair in Alternative

Energy– NSERC/Manitoba Hydro Chair in Power

System SimulationsHVDC

Funding PartnersFunding Partners

Manitoba Hydro– Summer 2005

Western Economic Diversification – Winter 2006

CEATI– Fall 2006

Collaborative Research Grant– Fall 2006 (pending)

UEK Turbine/Platform UEK Turbine/Platform

PermitsPermitsManitoba ParksManitoba Water Resource BranchFisheries & Oceans CanadaManitoba Conservation Environmental Navigable Waters ProtectionTransport CanadaManitoba Power Act

9.1

m

8.1

m

2 m

Boom

BoomCable

Boom Support

Low Water Level

High Water Level

WalkwayBridge

ResearchVessel

Portage Sign

Danger Sign

AnchoringAnchoring

CommunicationCommunication

25ft 25ft25ft 25ft

(+)

Sheath

(-)

(+) Input(-) Input

50ft

Boom

TaltTboat Tw ater Tgbox

25ft 25ft 25ft 25ft

Lcell

25ft

Mflow

25ft

Wireless

25ft

Pulse signal

Atco Trailer

Wireless

600V3 phase60 Hz

Isolation Transformer To (220V, 30Amps)From Bridge (600V3-phase)

Wireless Receiver

USB (6ft)

ATCO Heater and lights

25ft

9-pin port

K Thermocouple AWG: 20

Pressure Sensor AWG: 18Load cell

AWG: 18

Load cellAWG: 25

Wireless current transmitter0-20mA

P-Card

Router (Pwireless5.5 GHz300ft Range)

Bridge

Car Battery12 V

Lcellboom

Alternator

Shaft Power

Gearbox

SignalAtco Computer

380 V3 phase100 Amps0 - 400 Hz

Boat

Boat camera(Infared

Red)

Underwater camera &

sound(Infared Red)

DAS Battery

Boat Battery

Zodiac Battery

Grid 2,400V60 Hz

Ground Pole

RadioTower

Hill

Color and types of components:

Sensor Devices

Related to Battery

Heat DissipationDevices

Other devices

Related to Computer devices

Amplified

P1 P2 P3 P4

Data TrackerPressure Sensors: In:10-28Vdc Out:0-20mA

Thermocouple: Out:0-mV

Load Cell:In: 10Vdc Out:0-10mV

Accelerometer:In:10-30Vdc Out:8-12Vdc

DT800 forSensor excitation:0-20V0-20mA0-200mW

Load Cell:In:9-32VdcOut:4-20mA

Flow Probe:Out: 0-60Hz

Wireless500ftHardware Supplied by Manitoba Hydro (T1 line)

Aturbin

Spool(Flexible Cable

length)

3 CT Current Transformer

House

ZincPlug

Circuit Breaker

Circuit Breaker

Transformer

60 KW Load Bank

9-pin portCom1

Video/sound card

Router/ t

MicrowaveT1 line

Signal

Alarms

Jboat

Jturbine

Oil Heater 3KW

120V AC

Spool(Flexible Cable

length)

Circuit Breaker Boat Computer

Battery Charger(Trickle Charge)

UPS/SurgeProtection

Infrared underwater Light

Boat light

Bus bar

12V DC

Nexus 1250

Valt

Ialt

Falt

Ealt

60 KWPower Controller

Vgrid Egrid

UPS/SurgeProtection

240V AC

120V AC

120V AC

120V AC

120V AC

120V AC

240V AC

120V AC

120V AC

120V AC

120V AC

Aturbin

InstrumentationInstrumentationMonitorPerformance dataR&D

InstrumentationInstrumentationData Logger (DT800)4 Pressure sensors6 ThermocouplesWater flow meter

InstrumentationInstrumentation2 boat cameras1 underwater cameraHydrophoneInfrared lights3 phase power quality meter2 ADV probes

InstrumentationInstrumentation2 Velocity meters– Collect the velocity data

to determine the vibration of the turbine

– vertical/axial directions2 Load cells– Boat and boom

(wireless)

Power ElectronicsPower Electronics

Power electronics simulations– MH/NSERC Chair in Power Simulations– PSCAD

Power Converter

Safety ProtocolsSafety Protocols

Anchor deploymentInstallation of TurbineTesting phaseMaintenance

OthersOthersInsuranceR&D– Turbulence measurements– CFD Modeling

Grid connectionElectrical safetyCommercialization– IPP or remote site

Resource estimate – Winter satellites images

PHEVPHEV

In 2005, there were 19.0 million vehicles of all types in Canada

They drove 154.9 billion passenger-km that year

Source: Canadian Vehicle Survey (2005), Stats Canada

1000 times!

32 times!

Sun

Source: Online databases, Office of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources Canada http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/

Vehicle GHG Emissions in Canada

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Year

GH

G's

(Mt)

GasolineDieselTotal

50 times the weight of all Canadians

Conversion EfficiencyConversion EfficiencyWell-to-wheel efficiency

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

ICE:Gasoline

ICE: Diesel ICE: Naturalgas

ICE: eH2 FCV: H2 NG FCV: eH2 BEV PHEV (40%Gas)

ES

HT TR EE

Needs

Primary

FF RE RF

Manitoba

118 PJ

Saskatchewan Ontario

Minnesota

HT TR EE

HT TR EE

HT TR EE

HT TR EE

North Dakota

FF RE RF

FF RE RFRF

RE F

F

Power Export Assumed MH Current EmissionGHG Export Factor

Displacements Profile (%) (kg CO2/kWhr)North Dakota 10 1.02Minnesota 80 0.69Saskatchewan 5 0.83Ontario 5 0.24

0.71Total

RF RE F

F

Manitoba Energy Node

Node

Primary

Energy

Fossil Fuel

Renewable Electricity

Renewable Fuels

Heat

TransportationElectricity

Energy

Conversion

Station

Node Needs

PHEVPHEV

bioPHEV route

Well To Wheel

Well to Tank Tank to Wheel

Well To Primary Energy Primary Energy to Onboard Electricity Onboard Electricity to Wheel

Primary to Storable Energy Storable Energy to Wheel

Naturally and Commercially Constrained by Supply,

Sustainability and Energy Density

Politically Controlled Through Energy Policies

Consumer Driven, Technologically Restrained

Complete Energy Source to Work Path

Standard Analysis Method

Primary to Onboard

Electricity Method

Extraction & Processing

Delivery as Primary Energy

Conversion of EnergyTo a Storable Fuel

ConversionTo OnboardElectricity

Motion Created by the Onboard Electricity Form

Energy Loss Processes Storage

Area of largest concern

Controllable GHGS

Well To Primary Energy

Where can you influence changeWhere can you influence change

Importance of demonstrating Importance of demonstrating PHEVPHEV’’s as a base technologys as a base technology

Is PHEV technology practical?– battery issues– how much RE can be used to offset fossil fuels

Can Manitoba be energy self-sufficient in transportation?– Manitoba: 1.4 billion L gasoline per year

Does wasted renewable power result in GHG and air emission attribution?

How do you calculate emissions when new Marginal Power is all renewable?

MB Winter Load

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Day Hours

Load

(MW

)

WinterWinter + FCVWinter + BEVWinter + PHEV

Daytime Nightime

Manitoba Grid Infrastructure WinterManitoba Grid Infrastructure Winter

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Power FCX FCV

Power Rav4 EV

Power PHEV New MW power

Vehicles in Manitoba cars 662,200Driving mileage per day km/day 50

Generating Capacity GHG/Emissions?

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Gasoline (nobiofuels)

BEV PHEV (1/3gasoline)

PHEV (1/3 biofuel;1.65 FF ratio)

FCV (electrolysisH2)

GH

G (g

/km

)

Renewable H2

Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy

Gasoline

0

50

100

150

200

250

300





GH

G (g

/km

)

Renewable H2

Electrical Mix

Electrical Mix Electrical Mix

Gasoline

Average MarginalExcludes CH4 and N2O Includes CH4 and N2O

Newfoundland and Labrador 0.02 0.00Prince Edward Island 0.50 0.81Nova Scotia 0.74 0.54New Brunswick 0.50 0.81Québec 0.01 0.00Ontario 0.24 0.54Manitoba 0.03 0.00Saskatchewan 0.83 0.54Alberta 0.91 0.54British-Columbia 0.03 0.00Territories 0.36 0.91Total Canada 0.22 0.43

Average CO2North Dakota 1.02Minnesota 0.69Total US 0.61

Canadian Power Emission Factor (tonnes/MWhr)

United States Power Emission Factor (tonnes/MWhr)

Network MethodNetwork Method

0

50

100

150

200

250

300





GH

G (g

/km

)

Renewable H2Electrical MixNetwork (PHEV base case)

Gasoline

Why PlugWhy Plug--in Highway Programin Highway ProgramPossible 90% reduction in gasolineManitoba ideal location for BioPHEV’s Canada needs to demonstrate real solutions No infrastructure costsMake renewable transportation a realityHelp overcome inertia of automotive industryInformation for utilities to adjust power growth rates V2G

PlugPlug--in Highway in Manitobain Highway in ManitobaEvolution of transportation– efficient home refueling using renewable hydro

Investigate battery life, costs and cold weather issuesGovernment/private cost-shared programIntegrate distributed renewable energy generation with PHEV– wind, kinetic turbines, biomass

Energy savings– $1.00/l rising vs $0.30/l stable

NSERC/Manitoba Hydro Chair in Alternative Energy

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

Presentations on alternative energyPresentations on alternative energyhttp://www.umanitoba.ca/engineering/mech_and_ind/prof/bibeau/

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