Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks

19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf of 67

IoT 2021 – Isfahan

Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks


Key Enabler for the Super Smart Cities of the Future

Halim Yanıkömeroğlu

Department of Systems and Computer Engineering

Carleton University

Ottawa, Canada





Key Enabler for the Super Smart Cities of the Future

Halim Yanıkömeroğlu

Department of Systems and Computer Engineering

Carleton University

Ottawa, Canada

سلام




Carleton University

Ottawa, Canada (est. 1946)

32,000 students

BEng in Communications

Engineering (unique in Canada)

Global ranking in telecom

engineering: #27 (2020)




Integrated Satellite-Aerial-Terrestrial Access Network Architecture

Terrestrial

Network

Non-Terrestrial

Network (NTN):

Aerial + Satellite




Agenda

UAV-BS (UxNB)

LEO satellite mega-constellation

HAPS networks

Concluding remarks




Radio Access Network (RAN)

Once upon a time…




Radio Access Network (RAN)

Once upon a time…

Enhancements: Small cells (densification), HetNets, DAS, CRAN, CoMP, relaying,

DCA, cell breathing, cell-free, antenna-tilting, beamforming, …, 5G open-RAN

Moving target: Still, RAN is not agile enough…

contemporary




On-demand capacity injection by UAV-BSs for supply-demand mismatch

• Not an alternative to terrestrial network; rather an add-on (integrated)

• Brings agility against over-provisioning (Ex: 100 BSs 60 BSs + 10 UAV-BSs)

UAV-BSs: The New Frontier in Access Network Agility (IEEE ICC 2015)




I. Bor Yaliniz, A. El-Keyi, H. Yanikomeroglu, “Efficient 3-D placement of an aerial base station in next

generation cellular networks”, IEEE Int’l Conf. in Communications (ICC) 2016. (597 citations)

E. Kalantari, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, “On the number and 3D placement of drone base stations

in wireless cellular networks”, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2016-Fall). (281)

E. Kalantari, M.Z. Shakir, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, “Backhaul-aware robust 3D drone

placement in 5G+ wireless networks”, IEEE Int’l Conf. in Commun. Workshops (ICCW) 2017. (190)

I. Bor-Yaliniz, H. Yanikomeroglu, “The new frontier in RAN heterogeneity: Multi-tier drone-cells”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Nov 2016. (359)

M. Alzenad, A. El-Keyi, F. Lagum, H. Yanikomeroglu, “3D placement of unmanned aerial vehicle base

station (UAV-BS) for energy-efficient maximal coverage”, IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., Aug 2017. (500)

M. Alzenad, A. El-Keyi, H. Yanikomeroglu, “3D placement of an unmanned aerial vehicle BS for maximum

coverage of users with different QoS requirements”, IEEE Wireless Commun. Letters, Feb 2018. (250)

3D Placement of UAV-BSs




On-demand capacity injection by UAV-BSs for supply-demand mismatch

• Not an alternative to terrestrial network; rather an add-on (integrated)

• Brings agility against over-provisioning (Ex: 100 BSs 60 BSs + 10 UAV-BSs)

UAV-BSs: The New Frontier in Access Network Agility (IEEE ICC 2015)




Agenda

UAV-BS (UxNB)


HAPS networks

Concluding remarks




Iridium: 66 LEOs (state-of-the-art)

Kuiper / Blue Origin (Amazon)

3,236 in 3 rings: 590/610/630 km

(FCC approval: 30 Jul 2020)

Starlink (SpaceX): 11,943 in 3 rings: 340/550/1150 km

1 (22 Feb 2018) 1,578 (19 May 2021) 11,943 (2027) ~42,000 (2030s)

(FCC approval: 15 Oct 2019)

LEO Mega-Constellations




1) High Pathloss

LEO to UE: difficult (moving target)

2) Moving (Orbiting)

Needs tracking on the ground

Networking challenges

(handoff, routing, addressing, …)

LEO Mega-Constellations have Problems

“UFO on a stick”: Starlink user dish




3) Not Enough Capacity

Case Study: China

Terrestrial Network

2018: 3.72M 4G BSs (+ 700K 5G BSs in 2020)

2020: ~5M BSs

2030: 10-15M BSs






Case Study: China

Terrestrial Network

2018: 3.72M 4G BSs (+ 700K 5G BSs in 2020)

2020: ~5M BSs

2030: 10-15M BSs

Starlink

2030: 12,000 (around the world)

World: 510M km2, China: 10M km2 250 LEOs on China






Case Study: China

Terrestrial Network

2018: 3.72M 4G BSs (+ 700K 5G BSs in 2020)

2020: ~5M BSs

2030: 10-15M BSs

Starlink

2030: 12,000 (around the world)

World: 510M km2, China: 10M km2 250 LEOs on China

Big cities

Shanghai: 25M people

Extremely dense terrestrial network; but only a dozen LEOs





Satellite network cannot compete with terrestrial network in metro

(urban & suburban) areas

Observations






Past (2000s, 2010s) || Present & Near-Future (2020s)

Terrestrial network: Urban & suburban

Satellite network: Rural & remote

No integration (3G, 4G, 5G)

Observations






Past (2000s, 2010s) || Present & Near-Future (2020s)

Terrestrial network: Urban & suburban

Satellite network: Rural & remote

No integration (3G, 4G, 5G)

Big problem: Business case?

Investment: $50B (HY’s estimate)

Limited revenue in rural & remote

Observations




Predictions for Satellite Industry

2020s Business case: Questionable

Acquisitions, mergers, bankruptcies: likely

Possible survivors: SpaceX (Starlink), Amazon (Kuiper), Google




Predictions for Satellite Industry

2020s Business case: Questionable

Acquisitions, mergers, bankruptcies: likely

Possible survivors: SpaceX (Starlink), Amazon (Kuiper), Google

2030s Business case: Can be strong (new use cases in metro areas)

“What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”: Lots of valuable know-how




Agenda

UAV-BS (UxNB)


HAPS networks

Concluding remarks




HAPS: High Altitude Platform Station (High Altitude Pseudo Satellite)

Article 1.66A of ITU’s Radio Regulations: “A station on an object at an altitude of 20 to 50 km

and at a specified, nominal, fixed point relative to the Earth".

Zephry (Airbus)

Stratobus (Thales)

Loon (Alphabet)




1980s: Project SHARP

Communications Research Centre

Canada

2000s: HALO

High-Altitude Long-Endurance

0G HAPS: 1980 – 2010 (early days)

Experimental, no commercial deployment




1G HAPS: 2010s (recent past) – The Google Loon Era

– Limited commercial deployments in rural & remote regions

– Balloon-type aircrafts




2G HAPS: 2020s (next-gen)

– Widespread deployments in rural & remote regions

– Fixed-wing and zeppelin-type aircrafts




3G HAPS: 2030s (next-next-gen)

– Deployments in metro (dense urban & suburban) regions

– ISS-size airships




Scalable; no big upfront investment; can start with 1 HAPS, no need for 1000s of LEOs

Easy to launch (just an open field)

Deploy wherever necessary

HAPS Advantages over LEO Mega-Constellations







Evolutionary; logical next level in multi-tier (V)HetNets, easy integration

Owned by MNO, same/similar eco-system

xG cellular air-interface (no need for dedicated air-interface)











Geostationary

No tracking on the ground

No networking concerns (handoff, routing, addressing difficulties)


“UFO on a stick”

Starlink user dish










Geostationary



Closer to earth

Low latency

Low pathloss: Direct link to UE

Outdoors and indoors

mmWave up to 100 GHz (high rates)



Starlink user dish










Geostationary



Closer to earth

Low latency

Low pathloss: Direct link to UE

Outdoors and indoors

mmWave up to 100 GHz (high rates)

Legislation-friendly; no data privacy concerns

No international agreements, regularity barriers, spectrum rights



Starlink user dish




Salient Features

LOS

Large footprint

Fixed

Large size

HAPS Difference




Salient Features

LOS Massive MIMO

Large footprint Handoff-free ITS

Fixed Edge computing, federated learning

Large size QKD (Quantum Key Distribution)

Localization & tracking

…

HAPS Difference




Salient Features

LOS Massive MIMO

Large footprint Handoff-free ITS

Fixed Edge computing, federated learning

Large size QKD (Quantum Key Distribution)

Localization & tracking

…

Research Goals

Use-cases which can be served better in comparison to terrestrial network

Novel use-cases

Technical challenges and research directions

HAPS Difference




HAPS for Super Smart Cities of the Future

Urban areas

Communications, computing, caching, off-loading, sensing, surveillance,

navigation, positioning, …

HAPS Networks Research @ Carleton




HAPS for Super Smart Cities of the Future

Urban areas

Communications, computing, caching, off-loading, sensing, surveillance,

navigation, positioning, …

Recent Developments

HAPSMobile, Stratospheric Platforms (SPL)

HAPS Alliance

HAPS Networks Research @ Carleton




M. Alzenad, M.Z. Shakir, H. Yanikomeroglu, M.-S. Alouini, “FSO-based vertical backhaul/fronthaul

framework for 5G+ wireless networks”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan 2018.

HAPS-enabled Super Smart Cities of the Future




HAPS based Super Macro BS (SMBS)

Owned by the legacy operators, part of the 3GPP eco-system

Vertical HetNet (VHetNet) – third tier in HetNet architecture:

super macro BS (SMBS) macro BS small BS

10-100 km few km 100 m

S. Alam, G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, N.D. Dao, P. Zhu, “High altitude platform station based

super macro base station (HAPS-SMBS) constellations”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan 2021.[arxiv.org/abs/2007.08747] [ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9356529]




HAPS-SMBS Characteristics

How big should the footprint be? Capacity or coverage?

Coverage: h = 50 km, r = 500 km A = 800,000 km2

Capacity: h = 20 km, r = 8 km A = 200 km2








Indoors: Sub 6 GHz

Outdoors: Up to 100 GHz

FSO

SMBS rate: Tbps








Indoors: Sub 6 GHz

Outdoors: Up to 100 GHz

FSO

SMBS rate: Tbps

“Coverage holes” in HetNet

(differentiated pricing)

Temporary hot-spots

IoT

Backhauling




Massive MIMO & 3D Beamforming for HAPS-SMBS




Megacities (2018: 33 in the world, 2025: 30+ in Asia alone)

HAPS-SMBS for Super Smart Cities of the Future

Super

smart

city

IoT AI

HAPS




HAPS-SMBS for 3D Aerial Highways

N. Cherif, W. Jaafar, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, “3D Aerial highways: The key enabler of the retail

industry transformation”, under review in IEEE Communications Magazine. [arxiv.org/abs/2009.09477]

G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, “Communication, computing, caching, and sensing for next

generation aerial delivery networks”, under review IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine.

[arxiv.org/abs/2011.13224]




HAPS-SMBS for

UAV Traffic Management

(UTM)




NLOS Zone: need to switch to

another navigation/positioning

scheme e.g. SMBS

Sate

llite

netw

ork

HA

PS

netw

ork

MEO & LEO MEO & LEO

UAV

Ground

Control Gateway

Cargo UAVs

Sparsely populated area

Ground

Tracking

Station

Inter-HAPS

communication

HAPS Clusters for Localization / Navigation / Positioning




HAPS-SMBS Constellation for Intelligent Transportation Systems

W. Jaafar, H. Yanikomeroglu, “HAPS-ITS: Enabling future ITS services in transcontinental highways”,

under review in IEEE Communications Magazine. [arxiv.org/abs/2009.09477]




HAPS + Reconfigurable Smart Surfaces

S. Alfattani, W. Jaafar, Y. Hmamouche, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, N.D. Dao, P. Zhu, “Aerial

platforms with reconfigurable smart surfaces for 5G and beyond”, IEEE Communications Magazine,

January 2021. [arxiv.org/abs/2006.09328] [ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9356531]




AI/ML for Control & Management

T. Darwish, G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, G. Senarath, P. Zhu, “A vision of self-evolving network

management for future intelligent vertical HetNet”, under review in IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine. [arxiv.org/abs/2009.02771]




Agenda

UAV-BS (UxNB)


HAPS networks

Concluding remarks




Massive MIMO

HAPS Super Macro BS Constellations

5G/6G/7G air-interfaceFSO for backhaul




Distributed massive MIMO

5G/6G/7G air-interface


FSO for backhaul





Distributed data centre

Caching and MEC

5G/6G/7G air-interface


FSO for backhaul





FSO for backhaul5G/6G/7G air-interface


Caching and MEC

Aerial hyper macro cell

and data centre

HAPS Hyper Macro BS Constellations for 2040s







Caching and MEC


and data centre


5G BS: 11.5 kW

2030s HAPS: x10

2040s HAPS: x100







Caching and MEC


and data centre


5G BS: 11.5 kW

2030s HAPS: x10

2040s HAPS: x100

Nuclear power?

Remote charging?

Tethering to ground?







Caching and MEC


and data centre


5G BS: 11.5 kW

2030s HAPS: x10

2040s HAPS: x100

Nuclear power?

Remote charging?


Lithium-ion batteries?

Fluoride-ion batteries?




Aerial Refueling (In-Flight Refueling – IFR)

A KC-135 Stratotanker refuels an F-16 Fighting Falcon







Caching and MEC


and data centre


5G BS: 11.5 kW

2030s HAPS: x10

2040s HAPS: x100

Nuclear power?

Remote charging?


Lithium-ion batteries?

Fluoride-ion batteries?

Battery replacement?




S. Alfattani, W. Jaafar, Y. Hmamouche, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, N.D. Dao, P. Zhu, “Aerial

platforms with reconfigurable smart surfaces for 5G and beyond”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan

2021. [ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9356531]

T. Darwish, G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, G. Senarath, P. Zhu, “A vision of self-evolving network

management for future intelligent vertical HetNet”, under review in IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine (sub: 04 Sep 2020, 1st results: 22 Jan 2021, 1st rev: 08 Mar 2021). [arxiv.org/abs/2009.02771]

S. Alam, G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, N.D. Dao, P. Zhu, “High altitude platform station based

super macro base station constellations”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan 2021

[ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9356529]

N. Cherif, W. Jaafar, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, “3D Aerial highways: The key enabler of the retail

industry transformation”, under review in IEEE Communications Magazine (sub: 21 Jan 2021, 1st results:

13 Mar 2021, 1st rev: 21 Apr 2021). [arxiv.org/abs/2009.09477]

G. Kurt, M.G. Khoshkholgh, S. Alfattani, A. Ibrahim, T.S.J. Darwish, Md S. Alam, H. Yanikomeroglu, A.

Yongacoglu, “A vision and framework for the high altitude platform station (HAPS) networks of the future”,

IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, Q2 2021. [ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9380673]

G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, “Communication, computing, caching, and sensing for next

generation aerial delivery networks”, under review in IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine (sub: 25 Nov

2020, 1st results: 24 Feb 2021, 1st rev: 16 Apr 2021). [arxiv.org/abs/2011.13224]

W. Jaafar, H. Yanikomeroglu, “HAPS-ITS: Enabling future ITS services in trans-continental highways”,

under review in IEEE Communications Magazine (sub: 10 May 2021). [arxiv.org/abs/2105.04756]

HAPS Networks Research @ Carleton: Concept and Vision Papers




A Proposal to Starlink and Kuiper for 2030s

No of cities with population 1M+ (2030): ~700

Complement 10,000 LEOs with 1,000 HAPS

Reach out to 2B people in metro areas ($$$)




Amirkabir University

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)

Isfahan University of Technology

Sahand University of Technology

Shahrood University of Technology

Tarbiat Modares University

University of Tehran

Active Collaborations with Iranian Universities

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE7CGxWVxDbRFJUO-inSDOA

[email protected]

Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks

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