Lessons learnt from smallpox eradication and post-eradication strategy
Integrated Pest Management. What is IPM?? Recognition that in most cases some pest population level...
-
Upload
jerome-simmons -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of Integrated Pest Management. What is IPM?? Recognition that in most cases some pest population level...
Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management
What is IPM??What is IPM??
Recognition that in most cases some pest population level can be tolerated–Management vs. Eradication
Optimize & diversify pest managementPlanning ahead to minimize or avoid
future pest problems
Why Use IPM Practices?Why Use IPM Practices?
Concerns about environmental safety
Loss of long-term residual insecticides
Awareness of problems associates with overuse of pesticides
What Does IPM Include??What Does IPM Include??
Cultural practices– Selection of turfgrass and ornamentals–Weed & disease management– Irrigation– Fertilization– Thatch management
Encourage biological controlUse of pesticides when needed
ImplementationImplementation
Pest Identification
Pest Monitoring
Insect Sampling Techniques
Record Keeping & Evaluation
Pest IdentificationPest Identification
All landscapes are inhabited by a diverse array of organisms– insects– spiders–mites– nematodes– other small animals
Insects: Good or Bad??Insects: Good or Bad??
~ 100,000 species in the continental U.S.
~ 150 may be pestsMany are beneficial– Parasites– Predators– Pollinators
All others cause no damage
What is it???What is it???
Landscapers must be able to tell the difference between:– Primary pests– Incidental pests– Beneficials
Pest MonitoringPest Monitoring
Early detection is essential
Frequent, systematic monitoring
Things to Look ForThings to Look For
General thinning of grassor plant leaf discoloration
Spongy areas in the turfgrass
Irregular brown patches
Plants that break off at ground level or are missing parts
Other Things That Mimic InsectsOther Things That Mimic Insects
Heat &/or drought stress
Nutritional deficiencies
Turf and ornamental diseases
Soil compaction
Other Things That Mimic InsectsOther Things That Mimic Insects
Chemical burns– fuel spills– fertilizers– herbicides– insecticides
ScalpingUrine Improper Pruning
Other Things to Look ForOther Things to Look For
Bird and animal feeding activitySkeletonized leavesFecal pellets (frass)Sawdust-like debrisStem tunnelingSilken tubesWebbing
Sampling TechniquesSampling Techniques
Detergent flush
Flotation
Soil examination
Detergent FlushDetergent Flush
1-2 fl oz dishwashing detergent/gallon
1 gallon/4 sq ft
Sample edge of damaged area
Wait 5-10 minutes
Detergent Flush ResultsDetergent Flush Results
Insects flushed– webworms
– cutworms
– armyworms
– mole crickets
– billbug adults
– earthworms
FlotationFlotation
Insert metal cylinder into soil
Fill with plain water and keep filled
Wait 3-5 minutes for insects to float to top
Flotation ResultsFlotation Results
Used primarily for sampling chinch bugs
Also for chinch bug natural enemies
Soil ExaminationSoil Examination
Cut three sides of a 12-inch square
Peel back sod Examine root zone Examine soil under
root zone Can use a cup
cutter
Soil Examination ResultsSoil Examination Results
White grub eggs
White grubs
Billbug larvae
Record Keeping & EvaluationRecord Keeping & Evaluation
Provides historical, site specific information– Use to predict problems– Increase scouting at critical times
Record all cultural and pest control treatments
Evaluate results
MappingMapping
Start with a general map of the area– Self made map– Irrigation maps– Architectural maps
Identify problem areas
BenefitsBenefits
Accurate record of what you have done– Identify efficacy problems early– Cost/benefit assessment
Allows you to be proactive
Pest Management OptionsPest Management Options
Cultural Methods
Biological Control
Insecticides
Cultural MethodsCultural Methods
Turfgrass and Plant Selection– select ones adapted to local conditions
Effective Maintenance– avoid overly maintained grass and
plants– use good horticultural practices
Biological ControlBiological Control
Conserve and enhance existing biological controls
Release of beneficial organisms
InsecticidesInsecticides
Benefits– rapid corrective
action
– relatively low cost
– result in substantial aesthetic or economic benefit
Problems– pest resistance– outbreaks of
secondary pests– hazard to
non-target organisms– hazardous residues– groundwater
contamination
Insecticides in an IPM ProgramInsecticides in an IPM Program
Select carefullyTime application to most sensitive
stage of the pest–monitor pests regularly
Use treatment thresholdsSpot treat problem areasCalibrate application equipment
Application TechniquesApplication Techniques
Where does the pest feed and live?
Soil or root zone?
Thatch?
Grass blades?
Application Techniques Application Techniques Surface Active InsectsSurface Active Insects
Mow and remove clippings
Irrigate before application
Light irrigation after application if label says so
Avoid irrigation for 24-48 hours for blade-feeders– aphids, mites, armyworms
Application Techniques Application Techniques Thatch Inhabiting InsectsThatch Inhabiting Insects
Mow and remove clippings
Irrigate before application
Irrigation after application with 1/2 inch water
Application Techniques Application Techniques Soil Inhabiting InsectsSoil Inhabiting Insects
Mow and remove clippings
Dethatch or aerate if thatch layer is >½ inch thick
Irrigate 24-48 hours before application ½ inch water
Irrigation after application with ½ inch water
Application MethodsApplication Methods
Sprays
Granules
Subsurface- liquid- granules
Tips – Night Feeding InsectsTips – Night Feeding Insects
Irrigate during afternoon
Apply treatment late in the day– avoids IR
breakdown– ensures freshest
material when pests are active
Water ManagementWater Management
Maintain good moisture levels
If dry, water before application
Follow label directions in ALL cases
The Label Is the LawThe Label Is the Law
Always read the label before useFollow label safety rulesUse labeled ratesFollow label instructions regarding
irrigationTriple rinse containers into spray tankDispose of pesticide containers
properly
Chemical Pest ControlChemical Pest Control
Pesticides are chemical substances used to kill or
control pests.
Because it is virtually impossible to eradicate an entire population of pests,
pesticides should be used as a tool to manage pest
populations to a tolerable level.
PesticidesPesticides
Inorganic pesticides- made from minerals such as copper, boron, lead, sulfur, tin and zinc such as Bordeaux mixture.
Synthetic organic pesticides- man-made, contain hydrogen and one or more elements such as chlorine, phosphorous and nitrogen such as Sevin, malathion and diazinon.
Microbial pesticides- microscopic organisms such as beneficial nematodes, viruses, bacteria and fungi.
Plant-derived organic pesticides- made from plant parts such as neem, rotenone and pyrethrins.
How Pesticides WorkHow Pesticides Work
Protectants- applied to plants, animals, structures and products to prevent injury or damage.
Contact poisions- kills pests on contact.
Stomach poisions- kills when swallowed.
Systemics- taken into the sap of plant.
Translocated herbicides- kill plants by being absorbed by leaves, stems or roots and moving throughout the plant killing it.
How Pesticides WorkHow Pesticides Work
Fumigants- gasses which kill all living organisms when inhaled or absorbed.
Selective- will kill only a certain kind of plant or animal.
Nonselective- kills many kinds of plants or animals.
Using Pesticides Using Pesticides
Preplant- used before the crop is planted.
Preemergence- used before weeds emerge.
Postemergence- used after the weed has emerged.
Broadcast- uniform application to an entire specified area.
Directed- aiming a pesticide at a portion of a plant or a selected plant.
Drench- saturating a soil with a pesticide.
Using Pesticides Using Pesticides
Foliar- application to the leaves of a plant.
Spot treat- application of a pesticide to a small selection or area of the site.
Pesticides FormulationsPesticides Formulations
Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)- active ingredient is mixed with an oil base and diluted with water. EC need little agitation to remain mixed but can cause plant damage.
Aerosols (A)- active ingredient in a solvent or solution and will form fine droplet when sprayed under pressure.
Liquid Gases- some fumigants are gasses which become liquid under pressure. Some stored as liquids and turn to gases after applied.
Liquid Formulations
Pesticides FormulationsPesticides Formulations
Dusts (D)- ready to use and contain the active ingredient plus a very fine powder to help dispense the chemical. Usually has a low amount of active ingredient. Be careful of drift.
Granules (G)- active ingredient is usually 2 to 40%. Safer to use than dusts or sprays and may give a more even pesticide application.
Wettable Powders (WP or W)- look like dusts but need to be mixed with water and sprayed. Need good agitation to remain in suspension. Safer for plnats than EC due to low burn potential.
Dry Formulations
Pesticides FormulationsPesticides Formulations
Soluble Powders (SP)- active ingredient mixed with a powder to be mixed with water.
Baits (B)- edible or attractive substance mixed with a pesticide.
Flowables (F)- combines the qualities of an EC and WP. Requires agitation.
Microencapsulated material- pesticide surrounded by a plastic coating slowly dissolving.
Weed and Feed- fertilizer mixed with a pesticide.
Dry Formulations
Pesticides ToxicityPesticides Toxicity
Caution: need one cup or more to cause sickness or death
Warning: need one tablespoon or more
to cause sickness or death
Danger: need one teaspoon or more to
cause sickness or death
The End