Integrated Pest Management IS A PHILOSOPHY!. IPM It is a preventative approach incorporating a...

Integrated Pest Management

IS A PHILOSOPHY!

IPM

It is a preventative approach incorporating a number of objectives including the following:

development of a healthy turf that can withstand pest pressure

judicious and efficient use of chemicals enhancement of populations of natural,

beneficial organisms effective timing of handling pest problems at the

most vulnerable stage, often resulting in reduced pesticide usage.

IPM

It is an ecologically based system that uses biological and chemical approaches to control. As with BMPs, IPM strategies should be incorporated into every aspect of turf management especially as they relate to environmental impact.

IPM

programs rely on six basic approaches for plant and environmental protection

Genetic - selecting improved grasses which perform well in specific areas and show a resistance to environmental stress and pest problems

IPM

programs rely on six basic approaches for plant and environmental protection

Regulatory - using certified seed and sod to prevent unwanted weed contamination and guaranteeing true-to-type seed, sod and sprigs of the best adapted turfgrass species and cultivars

IPM

Cultural - following recommendations made for proper cultural practices which will maintain the turf in the most healthy condition and influence its susceptibility and recovery from pest problems. Proper application of practices such as proper mowing techniques, good nutrient management, sound irrigation management, aerification, vertical mowing, and topdressing should produce a high quality turf

IPM

Physical - mechanical removal of pests (i.e. hand weeding in selected areas) and cleaning equipment to prevent spreading of diseases and weeds from infected areas

IPM

Biological - for a limited number of pest problems biological control can be used whereby natural enemies are favored or introduced to effectively compete with the pest; biological control can also include developing habitat to favor natural predation such as installing bird and bat houses thus favoring an increase in populations which feed on insects

IPM

Chemical - pesticides are a necessary and beneficial approach to turf pest problems, but use can be restricted in many cases to curative rather then preventive applications, thus reducing environmental exposure.

IPM

Pesticide selection is based on an ecological risk assessment approach that strives to use only pesticides that are based on effectiveness, are not toxic to non-target species, that act quickly and degrade quickly, are not soluble and not persistent.

IPM

Few pesticide applications should be made on a regularly scheduled basis. Exceptions may include pre-emergent herbicides and fungicides used to control specific diseases which are predictable based on site history and prevailing environmental conditions.

IPM

Additionally, materials must be applied strictly in accordance with label instructions, at labeled rates, under appropriate environmental conditions (i.e., no spraying on windy days or when rain is forecast), with a low-volume sprayer to reduce the possibility of drift or using a shrouded sprayer

IPM

Materials will be rotated for specific uses. This will deter the development of resistant strains of pests which may require more frequent and/or higher rates of pesticide applications.

IPM approach

monitoring of potential pest populations and their environment;

determining pest injury levels and establishing treatment thresholds;

decision making, developing and integrating all biological, cultural, and chemical control strategies;

IPM approach

educating personnel on all biological and chemical control strategies;

timing and spot treatment utilizing either the chemical, biological or cultural methods;

evaluating the results of treatment.

Figure 3 is a flow chart for pest management decision making based on IPM strategies. It starts with preparation of a well planned IPM program

Problem solving flowchartDoes the damn thing

work?

Did you mess with it?

You’re an idiot!

Will you catch hell?

Yes

No

Trash it!

No

No Problem!

Does anyone know?

Don’t messwith it!

Yes No

Hide it!

No

YOU POOR BASTARD!

Yes Yes

Can you blame someone else?

Yes

No

Experience and DataBased Information Input

Conditions Favorable for Pest Occurrence?

No CurativeAction Needed

NO

Implement Preventative Strategies

YES

Monitor for Pest Presence or Symptoms of Pests

Pests are Present or Symptomsof Pests are Found

Continue Pest Monitoring

Program

NO

Identify Pest and Level of Damage

YES

Does Damage and Do Pest Levels Exceed Thresholds? NO

Implement Curative Treatment• Consider all Curative Techniques• Use Risk Assessment Techniques

to Select Pesticides

Determine Effectiveness of Treatment

Determine Effectiveness of Management Strategies

YES

Figure 3. Integrated Pest Management decision flow chart.

• Establish Pest Thresholds• Establish Monitoring Program• Establish Potential Pest Problems• Establish Curative Techniques

IPM approach

This approach establishes the following: identifies potential pest problems to

determine scouting procedures structured scouting or monitoring sets pest damage thresholds determines the preventative and curative

techniques to be used

STRATEGIES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Knowledge of turf and pests Monitoring or scouting - intensity

determined by value of area and knowledge of pest life cycles

Recordkeeping - measure the effectiveness of the program and record information on which to make future decisions

Nature never breaks her own laws.

Leonardo DaVinci

Artist and Scientist

SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Diseases

DISEASEDISEASE

PATHOGENPATHOGEN HOSTHOST

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT


DISEASEDISEASEMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

CHEMICALCHEMICALANDANDBIOLOGICALBIOLOGICALCONTROLSCONTROLS

RESISTANTRESISTANTSPECIESSPECIESANDANDCULTIVARSCULTIVARS

CULTURAL CONTROLSCULTURAL CONTROLS


Brown Patch - most prevalent in hot weather (>85 F) - need this type of information transcribed to scouting logs -

controlling thatch, avoid excess N and prolonged wet foliage


Brown Patch use of several natural organic

fertilizer/composts in the fertilization/topdressing programs have been shown to reduce incidence

daily scouting during warm weather is highly recommended, this allows a curative approach


Dollar Spot - Warm-moist weather in the spring and fall favors this disease as well as low N levels.

use of several natural organic fertilizer/composts have been shown to reduce the incidence


Dollar Spot daily scouting during warm weather

should preclude treatment except on a curative basis


Pythium Blight - rapidly developing and devastating disease, favored by excess N, very wet and hot weather and low light levels.

Avoid prolonged leaf wetness Preventative approach is taken when

temperatures are 85 F (day) and 68 F (night) or higher

MM AA MM JJ JJ AA SS OO NN DD JJ FF

Leaf diseasesLeaf diseases - -Leaf spot, red threadLeaf spot, red thread

Root diseasesRoot diseases - -Pythium, Pythium, Necrotic ring spotNecrotic ring spot

Leaf diseasesLeaf diseases - -Dollar spot, brownDollar spot, brownpatch, Pythiumpatch, Pythium

Root diseasesRoot diseases - -Pythium, Pythium, Summer patchSummer patch

SP

RIN

GS

PR

ING

SU

MM

ER

SU

MM

ER

INFECTIONINFECTION

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

INFECTION AND SYMPTOMINFECTION AND SYMPTOMRELATIONSHIPSRELATIONSHIPS

TEMPERATURE RANGES FOR TURF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT

DISEASE PATHOGEN OPTIMUM (F)Necrotic ring spot Leptosphaeria korrae 59 - 82Summer patch Magnaporthae poae 83 - 87Brown patch Rhizoctonia spp. 70 - 90Yellow patch Rhizoctonia cerealis Not determinedPythium root rot Pythium spp. 52 - 70Pythium blight Pythium spp. 74 - 93Bipolaris leaf spot Bipolaris sorokiniana > 80Dreschlera leaf spot Dreschlera spp. 59 - 65

TEMPERATURE RANGES FOR TURF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT

DISEASE PATHOGEN OPTIMUM (F)Gray snow mold Typhula spp. 48Pink snow mold Microdochium nivale 68 - 77Dollar spot Sclerotinia homeocarpa Not determinedStripped smut Ustilago spp. Not

determinedRed thread Laetisaria fuciformis Not determinedPowdery mildew Erysiphe graminis 59 - 72Rusts Puccinia spp. Not determined

2020 3030 4040 5050 6060 7070 8080 9090 100100 110110Temp. (F)Temp. (F)

PATHOGEN GROWTH AND TEMPERATURE RANGESPATHOGEN GROWTH AND TEMPERATURE RANGES

Necrotic ring spotNecrotic ring spotSummer patchSummer patch

Brown patchBrown patchYellow patchYellow patch

Pythium root rotPythium root rotPythium blightPythium blightBipolaris leaf spotBipolaris leaf spotDreschlera leaf spotDreschlera leaf spot

Gray snow moldGray snow mold

Pink snow moldPink snow mold

Dollar spotDollar spot

Red threadRed threadStriped smutStriped smut

PYTHIUM BLIGHT FORECAST MODEL - Hall et al.

For the past 24 hHours that temperatureHours that temperatureis equal or greater thanis equal or greater than70 F70 F

Minimum temperature during last 24 hMinimum temperature during last 24 h

>= 18 h>= 18 h

< 18 h< 18 h

Index = 0Index = 0No riskNo risk Index = 1,Index = 1,

Moderate riskModerate riskIndex = 2,Index = 2,High riskHigh risk

< 68 F< 68 F > 68 F> 68 F

PYTHIUM BLIGHT FORECAST MODEL - Nutter et al.

For the past 24 hMax. daily temperatureMax. daily temperaturegreater than 86 F followedgreater than 86 F followedby at least 14 h of relativeby at least 14 h of relativehumidity > 90% with minimumhumidity > 90% with minimumtemperatures ?> 68 F.temperatures ?> 68 F.

Index = 0,Index = 0,No riskNo risk

Index = 1,Index = 1,High riskHigh risk

YesYes

NoNo

CULTURAL DISEASE CULTURAL DISEASE CONTROLCONTROL

Bermudagrass Decline - PreventativeBermudagrass Decline - Preventative Raise mowing heightsRaise mowing heights Aerify greensAerify greens TopdressTopdress Balance N with KBalance N with K Do not lime if pH may approach 7.0Do not lime if pH may approach 7.0

CULTURAL DISEASE CULTURAL DISEASE CONTROLCONTROL

Bermudagrass Decline - CurativeBermudagrass Decline - Curative Raise mowing heightsRaise mowing heights TopdressTopdress Balance N with KBalance N with K Do not lime if pH may approach Do not lime if pH may approach

7.07.0

EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES ON A EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES ON A BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREEN INFESTED WITH BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREEN INFESTED WITH

GaeumannomycesGaeumannomyces graminisgraminis var. var. graminisgraminisDr. Monica ElliottDr. Monica Elliott

fenarimol, myclobutanil, fenarimol, myclobutanil, propiconazole, terbuconazole, propiconazole, terbuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, triadimefonthiophanate-methyl, triadimefon

None increased turf quality over None increased turf quality over the untreated turf, whether used the untreated turf, whether used curatively or preventativelycuratively or preventatively

EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES ON A EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES ON A BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREEN INFESTED WITH BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREEN INFESTED WITH

GaeumannomycesGaeumannomyces graminisgraminis var. var. graminisgraminisDr. Monica ElliottDr. Monica Elliott

A significant decline in TQ, when A significant decline in TQ, when compare to the untreated turf was compare to the untreated turf was often associated with repeated use often associated with repeated use of the DMI fungicides fenarimol, of the DMI fungicides fenarimol, myclobutanil, propiconazole and myclobutanil, propiconazole and triadimefon, but not with the use of triadimefon, but not with the use of tebuconazole or thiophanate-methyltebuconazole or thiophanate-methyl

DISEASE THRESHOLDS

Bermudagrass or Bentgrass Greens: 0% Pythium blight 0.5% Dollar spot

Lawn: 10% Dollar spot 15% Brown patch

DISEASE THRESHOLDS

BASED ON: Turfgrass species Prevailing environmental conditions Economic or aesthetic value of site Cost of chemical treatment versus

renovation of damaged turf sites

DISEASE THRESHOLDS

ALSO BASED ON SITE HISTORY: Spring Dead Spot Take-All Patch Summer Patch

BIOCONTROL FOR DISEASES?

Some success with composted organics as fertilizers/topdressing on:

Dollar spot Brown patch Red thread Typhula blight Pythium root rot

SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Insects

Soil feeding - white grubs, mole crickets

Surface feeding - sod webworms, armyworms, cutworms, etc.


STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL: Scouting for signs Mapping of problem areas Establishing thresholds


WHITE GRUBS: Identifying threshold levelsTreating when in larval stage

March through May for June beetles September for most others


SOD WEBWORMS: Monitoring for inactive adults on the

turfgrass, weeds or on the leaves and stems of trees or shrubs

Larvae are night feeders on the leaves of the grass

Determine thresholds and scout, are burrowed down in the grass


ARMYWORM and FALL ARMYWORMActive in the early morning or late in

the evening making scouting a requisite for control

Establish thresholds


CUTWORMS Moth larvae which overwinter as pupae or

mature larvae, adults appear by mid-March. Feed on leaves or grass clippings near the

soil Late afternoon scouting or a soap flush to

determine presence Determine thresholds

INSECT THRESHOLDS

FLORIDA -Grubs: #/sq.ft.

Japanese beetle 3 to 4Masked chafer beetle 4

Armyworms 3 to 4Billbugs 6Cutworms 1Mole crickets 1 to 2Sod webworms 5 to 8

INSECT BIOLOGY

BILLBUG LARVAE DEGREE DAY MODEL: Larvae begin to emerge from the stems and

are thus exposed to insecticides used between 925 and 1035 DDbase50; they can be controlled from this time until significant visual damage occurs between 1330 and 1485 DDbase50.

INSECT BIOLOGY

BILLBUG ADULT DEGREE DAY MODEL: March 1 starting date; threshold temperature

of 50 F; first adult activity should occur between 280 and 352 DDbase50; and the 30% first activity (the time the last surface insecticide would be effective) should occur between 560 and 624 DDbase50.

YOUR TURN, TELL ME ABOUT:

MOLE CRICKETS

INSECT THRESHOLDS

SELECTING THRESHOLDS: Value of the area

Greens Tees Fairways Roughs

INSECT MONITORING

Spot Checks - 30 second checks in 20 or so locations

Irritants - flushing agents Flotation Pitfall traps Soil sampling

INSECT MONITORING

Mole crickets - map spring activity Grubs - map area to locate

infestations Chinchbugs - monitor early -season

activity during warmer daytime hours Sod webworms - monitor spring

moth flights

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS

INCORPORATES USE OF: Competitors - uncommon for control

of insects, useful for diseases Predators - if allowed to build up Parasites - wasps or flies Pathogens - bacteria, viruses, fungi

and nematodes


Biocontrol used through: Introduction of new parasites,

predators or pathogens Augmentation or the addition of

more parasites, predators or pathogens to existing numbers

Conservation of already existing populations


When a pesticide must be used, select one which has the least impact on the biological controls :

Insecticidal soaps Bt microbial pesticides Botanicals - pyrethrum, azadiractin

Percent of Sod Webworm Eggs Eaten or Carried Off by Predators

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Week 1 Week 3 Week 5

TreatedUntreated

Single applicationof chlorpyrifos

RELATIVE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES TO EARTHWORMS AS PERCENT REDUCTION

Low (0-25%)2,4-Dtriclopyrdicambapendimethalintriadimefonfenarimolpropiconazolechlorothalonilisofenphos

Moderate (25-50%)trichlorfonchlorpyrifosisazophos Severe (50-75%)benomyldiazinon Very severe (>75%)carbarylbendiocarbethopropfonofos

NEMATODE THRESHOLDS

Nematode

Sting, Awl

Lance

Stubby-root

Spiral

Ring

Sheath, Sheathoid

Root-knot

#/100 cc soil

10

40

40

300

500

80

80

SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Weeds

Drought-prone sites

Prostrate spurge

Black medic

Yellow woodsorrel

Goosegrass

Annual lespedeza

Birdsfoot trefoil

Prostrate knotwood

Bracted plantain

Wet sites

Moneywort

Annual sedge

Annual bluegrass

Alligatorweed

Pearlwort

Moss

Liverwort

Rushes (Juncus sp.)


Weeds adapted to shallow rooted conditions associated with compacted soils:

Annual bluegrass Corn speedwell

Annual sedge Goosegrass

Annual lespedeza Prostrate knotweed

Broadleaf plantain Prostrate spurge


High NBirdsfoot trefoilBlack medicBroomsedgeChicoryCommon

speedwell

Low N

Annual bluegrass

Chickweed

Moss

Ryegrass


High/Infrequent

Bull thistle

Burdock

Chicory

Sweet clover

Teasel

Close/FrequentAnnual

bluegrassChickweedsPearlwortThymeleaf

speedwell

Weeds associated with mowing regimes:Weeds associated with mowing regimes:


CRABGRASS: Requires light for germination,

therefore invade a less dense turf Seed germinates when soil

temperatures reach 53 to 58 F at a 4-inch depth - about dogwood bloom


GOOSEGRASS: Prefers dry, compacted sites Seed germinates when soil

temperatures reach 60 to 65 F, probably 2 weeks after crabgrass


Soil conditionLow pHSoil compactionLow NSandy soilsPoor drainageSurface moistureHigh pHNematodesLow mowing

Indicator weed(s)SorrelGoosegrass, knotweed, PoaLegumes (clover, chickweed)Poorjoe, sandspur, quackgrassSedgesAlgaePlantainsSpurges, pusley, knotweedAlgae

SCOUTING WEEDS

Identification - critical Quantification - some estimate of

percent infestation Documentation - include growth

stages which can aid in control decisions

Note confounding factors - thin turf, traffic, shade, drainage,

WEED THRESHOLDS

% Weeds Tolerated

Grassy Broadleaf

Greens 0 to 1 0 to 1

Tees 2 to 6 1 to 4

Fairways 3 to 8 2 to 7

Roughs 7 to 12 8 to 13

THATCH EFFECTS ON PESTICIDE MOBILITY

Units of Thatch

Insecticide Solubility(ppm) to Bind 50%

chlorpyrifos <1 4

diazinon 40 75

isazophos 150 300

trichlorfon 120,000 500+

bendiocarb 40 640+

STARTING AN IPM PROGRAM

Define the role and responsibility of all people who will be involved in the IPM program.

Train personnel Determine management objectives for

specific areas of the course


Collect information on each hole: turf species mowing height and schedule irrigation amount and frequency soil drainage complete soil analysis fertilizer program traffic patterns shade and air circulation concerns


Install weather monitoring equipment or have access to daily weather information including soil temperatures

Establish aesthetic or action thresholds

Monitoring

One of the most critical components to IPM programs is monitoring.

A well-trained and experienced turf manager will scout or designate someone who is qualified to scout to detect symptoms of a pest problem on a periodic basis.

Scouting

A scouting schedule may include daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual items to be monitored.

Site Specific Information

This approach coupled with compiling a site specific history and keeping informed as to advances in turfgrass management make it a workable program.

IPM Advantages

While the economic advantages of IPM are tangible, the sociological and environmental consequences of judicious pesticide use alone are strong justification for implementation.

SETTING UP THE PROGRAM

Assures more judicious use of fertilizers and pesticides

Economic savings Public relations over environmental

concerns

IPM Programs will not:

Eliminate pests or pest damage Replace pesticides Work without the support of concerned,

conscientious golf course superintendents

IPM Programs are constantly changing

BENEFITS OF IPM BENEFITS OF IPM NY STATE: 1986-1994NY STATE: 1986-1994

NEW JOBS: over 100 for state NEW JOBS: over 100 for state residentsresidents

ECONOMIC BENEFITS: reduced ECONOMIC BENEFITS: reduced production costs by $14Mproduction costs by $14M

NEW BUSINESSES: helped develop NEW BUSINESSES: helped develop 3 new small businesses and 3 new small businesses and enhanced the financial climate for enhanced the financial climate for another 6 another 6

BENEFITS OF IPM BENEFITS OF IPM NY STATE: 1986-1994NY STATE: 1986-1994

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS: ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS: decreases in thedecreases in the tons of pesticides usedtons of pesticides used numbers of pesticide applicationsnumbers of pesticide applications environmental impact of pesticide environmental impact of pesticide

useuse

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