Integrated Pest Managementsanangelo.tamu.edu/files/2011/11/Vegtab2.pdf · Integrated Pest...
Transcript of Integrated Pest Managementsanangelo.tamu.edu/files/2011/11/Vegtab2.pdf · Integrated Pest...
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Integrated Pest Management
• System or strategy
• Utilizes all methods of pest suppression
• Compatible
• Maintain pests below economically damaging level– Environmentally sound
– Economically sound
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Biological Control in Vegetables
• Relatively fast growing annual crop
• Natural enemies may not develop– Especially early in crop development
• Natural enemies must come from adjacent areas or releases
• Maintain natural enemies with soaps, oils and Bacillus thuringiensis
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Six spotted thrips Western flower thrips
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Predatory Mites
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Seed corn Maggot
Adult Larva
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Control of Seed corn Maggot• Small gray fly
• Maggot attacks germinating seeds or new transplants
• Problem only in cool conditions
• Destroy all residue and allow for residue decomposition
• Avoid cucurbits after root or cole crops
• Preventative seed treatments
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Crickets
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Crickets
• Generally not an economic problem
• Damage from eating flowers can result in poor pollination
• Some fruit feeding, especially at full slip on cucurbits
• Control can be achieved by discing field post harvest or use of Sevin
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Cricket Control in the Home
• Reduce outdoor lighting– Low pressure sodium vapor
– Yellow incandescent
• Entry points caulked and sealed
• Insecticides– Baits
– Liquids
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Flea Beetles• Small
• Adults have well developed hind legs
• Will eat small holes in leaves
• May feed on fruit below calyx
• Larvae feed below ground
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Flea beetle Damage
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Control of Flea Beetles
• Eliminate plant stress from diseases and moisture
• Organic control includes pyrethrins and rotenone
• Treat only when present on the fruit
• Chemical methods include Sevin, Thiodan and Lannate
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Aphids • Many different species
• Most common– Melon aphid
– Green peach
• Damage characterized– Leaf distortion
– Sooty mold
– Virus transmission
– Loss of vigor
– Stunting
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Control of Aphids
• Cultural control– Row covers prior to bloom
– Silver reflective plastic mulches
– Control weeds
– Do not over fertilize
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Control of Aphids (continued)
• Biological control– Many natural enemies including lady
beetles, lacewings, syrphids and parasites
– Use of oils and soaps
– None prevent virus transmission but may reduce spread of the virus
• Chemical control includes Admire, Monitor, Lannate, Metasystox-R, Capture and Thiodan
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Spider mites
Two spotted Red carmine
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Spider mites
• Four stages: Egg, six-legged immature, eight-legged immature, adult
• Sucking insect– Destroys chlorophyll
– Stippling
– Reduced yield and quality
• Short generation time
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Control of Spider mites
• Biological control is good– Lady beetles, lacewings, pirate bugs
– Thrips
– Predatory mites
• Cultural controls– Minimize dust
– Control watering practices (humidity)
• Chemical control is difficult
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Beet Armyworm Egg Mass
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Beet Armyworms
• Multiple generations– Primarily a foliage feeder
but can feed on fruit
• Feeding is usually superficial– Single or closely grouped
holes
– Decay organisms enter wounds
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Control Tactics for Beet Armyworms• Sanitation is important
– Remove alternative host sites
• Biological control is critical– Predators important in reducing
egg numbers
– Cotesia marginiventris reduces larval numbers
• Chemical control includes Bt, Lannate, Monitor
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Cabbage looper Adult
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Cabbage looper Egg
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Cabbage Loopers
• Multiple generations
• Egg laid singly on leaf
• Damage characterized by
– Skeletonization of leaf
– Fruit feeding on surface
• Control rarely needed on cucurbits
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Control Tactics for Cabbage Loopers
• Many natural enemies– Egg predators
– Trichogramma spp
– Viruses
• Chemical control includes Bt, Asana and Lannate
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Cucumber Beetles• Overwinter as adults
• Eggs deposited at the base of the plant
• Larvae can feed on stems and on the base of the plant
• Adults congregate in flowers
– Chew holes in leaf
– Scar runners
– Scar young fruit
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Control of Cucumber Beetles
• No cultural control options
• Biological control is limited– Tachinid fly
– Rarely provides economic control
• Organic control includes pyrethrins and rotenone
• Chemical control includes Sevin, Asana or Thiodan
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Leafhoppers• Adults are green
• Eggs laid below the leaf surface
• Nymphs pale green, move sideways
• Sucking mouthparts– White stippling
– Leaf yellowing
– Green spots on fruit
– Leaf drop
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Control of Leafhoppers
• Prevent moisture stress
• Maintain 6 to 8 healthy, non-infested terminal leaves
• Row covers prior to bloom
• Destroy crop residue
• Rarely treat however easily controlled by a number of compounds
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Liriomyza sativa
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Liriomyza trifolii-Leafminers• Many species present
• Adults lay eggs along leaf edges
– Will also host feed
• Damage is by larvae
– Feed between leaf tissue layers
• Damage characterized
– White tunnels
– Leaf drying
– Reduction in yield
– Plant loss
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Leafminer larva Leafminer tunnel
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Control of Leafminers• Many parasites are present
– Spraying for other pests usually causes outbreak
• Prevent moisture and disease stress
• Row covers
• Monitor adults with sticky cards
• Chemical control includes Avid or Agrimek, Vydate, Monitor and Pounce or Ambush
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False Chinch Bugs
• Small
• Various shades of gray
• Breeds in grassy areas
• Desiccates
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False Chinch Bug Nymphs
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Control of False Chinch Bugs
• Cultivate or burn adjoining grasslands
• Flooding can help, especially when nymphs are present
• Treat adjoining areas
• Chemical methods include Thiodan
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Sap Beetles
• Adults are small
• Brown or black
• Eggs laid in fruit
• Damage occurs on fruit near maturity
• Also enter through other wounds
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Sap Beetle Larvae
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Control of Sap Beetles
• Become more of a problem late in the season
• Remove or disc nearby rotting fruit
• Minor pest so no insecticides registered
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Stink Bugs• Various color
forms
• Sucking insects
• Multiple generations
• Damage includes– Growth distortion
– Irregular surface
– Internal spots
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Control of Stink Bugs
• Monitor adjacent weedy fields and ditch banks
• No viable biological control
• Treat at egg hatch
• Chemical methods include Asana and Monitor
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Squash Bugs• Adults 0.5 inches
• Dark gray with orange abdomen
• Damage includes– Nymphs in
clusters
– Leaves droop
– Leaves dry out
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Squash bug Eggs Squash bug Nymphs
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Squash bug Damage
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Squash Bug Control
• Cultural Control– Destroy crop residue
– Reduce overwintering sites
– Use of row covers
– Tolerate high numbers
• Chemical control includes Asana and Thiodan
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Squash Vine Borer
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Control of Squash Vine Borer
• Cultural control– Rotation away from cucurbits
– Destroy all crop residue
– Natural control marginal with egg parasite
• Chemical control will work if applied early– Alternatives include Sevin and Thiodan