Integrated Farming India

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Integrated Farming Systems in Arid Zone of India under

Climate Change Perspective .

India

S.P.S. Tanwar, Suresh Kumar

and M.M. Roy

Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

&

Raman Kant Mishra, Add. Commissioner Ministry of Agriculture,

India

The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or

policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of

Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this

paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily

be consistent with ADB official terms.



Temperature

Rise

Rainfall

Projections



Climate Projections Av. Surface temperature: increase by 2 - 4C during 2050s

Monsoon Rainfall: Marginal changes in monsoon months (JJAS)

: Large changes during non-monsoon months

No. of rainy days: set to decrease by more than 15 days

Intensity of rains : to increase by 1-4 mm/day

Cyclonic storms: Increase in frequency and intensity of cyclonicstorms is projected



Vulnerability to Climate Change



Projected impacts of climate

change on Indian agriculture Cereal productivity to decrease by 10-40%

by 2100. Greater loss expected in rabi. Every 1oC

increase in temperature reduces wheat

production by 4-5 million tons. Loss only1-2 million tons if farmers could plant intime.

Increased droughts and floods are likelyto increase production variability

Reduced frequency of frost damage: lessdamage to potato, peas, mustard



Projected impacts of climate change

on Indian agriculture Imbalance in food trade due to positive

impacts on Europe and N.America, and

negative impacts on us Increased water, shelter, and energy

requirement for livestock; implications

for milk production Increasing sea and river water

temperatures are likely to affect fish

breeding, migration, and harvests. Coralreefs start declining from 2030.

Considerable effect on microbes,pathogens, and insects



Adaptation and mitigation framework:Need to consider emerging scenario

Greater demand for (quality) food; yieldsneed to increase by 30-50% by 2030

Increasing urbanization and globalization

Increasing competition from other sectors

for land, energy, water and capital Climate change a continuous process;

greater focus on short-term actions on

adaptation and mitigation



Adaptation in agriculture is

a continuous process Agriculture diversity is a manifestation of

climatic adaptation

Farmers/society have always adapted whenallowed by technology availability, theirsocio-economic capacity, and economics.

Induced adaptation by innovation:

Green revolution of 1960s

Resource conservation technologies such as zerotillage

GMOs



Key adaptation strategies

1. Assisting farmers in coping with

current climatic risks

2. Intensifying food production systems

3. Improving land and watermanagement

4. Enabling policies5. Strengthening adaptation research



Sequestering soil carbon andmitigating GHGs

Addition of organic manures, minimaltillage, agro-forestry

Alternate drying in irrigated paddies

Management practices to increasenitrogen use efficiency

Increasing fuel efficiency in agri.

machines Improved management of livestock diet

These strategies have costs and otherimplications



Agro-Ecological Regions

Ecosystems -6

•arid,

•semi arid,

• sub humid,

• humid-per humid,

•coastal and island ecosystem

Agroecoregions - 20

Agro eco subregions – 125

Farm families -150 millionFarming systems ????



Integrated Farming System

IFS is judicious mix of one or more

enterprises along with cropping Havingcomplimentary effect through effectiverecycling of wastes and crop residues and

encompasses additional source of incometo the farmer.

IFS activity is focused around a few

selected inter-dependent, inter-relatedand inter-linked production systems, based on crop, animals and subsidiary

professions. 12



ARID ZONE FARMINGSYSTEMS –A CASE STUDY

13



16



17

F t f A id Z f I di



Features of Arid Zone of India

Geography &

Soils

Climate

Drought

Water

Animal

Vegetation

Socio-economicstatus

: Undulated topography with interspersedrocky terrain. Light textured crust prone

soils.

: Low and erratic rainfall, high PET due tointense solar radiation, temperatures, and

wind.

: Recurring feature of Arid Zone.

: Scarce, G.W. meager and mostly saline.

: Very high population (20.4 m).

: Negligible ground cover of poor forageproductivity (0.4 – 0.5 t/ha)

: High population pressure (22.4 m)

illiteracy, uncontrolled grazing,subsistence farming and poor economic base.



Month/Season

AridZone

Semi Arid

ZoneJune 6.9 2.3

July 26.1 -0.7

August -22.8 15.6

September -8.3 -16.2

PreMonsoon 3.1 -3.9

Post

Monsoon

0.4 6.4

Total Annual

7.7 -3.8

Ref. Guhathakurta, P and Rajeevan, M.

2008. Int. J. Climatol . 28:1453-1469

Increase / Decrease inRainfall (mm) in 100

years in Rajasthan



Climate Change Projections for Arid Zone

Annual temperature is likely to increase by 2-5oC.

Winter temperature and night temperature toincrease

Rainfall is likely to decline gradually by 20-30% in thenorthwestern part while the eastern fringe of aridzone may experience an increase of up to 25%.

Winter rains may gradually increase by 20-40%.

• SW & S Rajasthan may get 15-30% higher monsoonrains, but

Very high intensity rain and lesser rainy days expected

20



Av. Ann. Rainfall

Grasses Shrubs Trees Crop

diversification

Range-Pasture-

Livestock

farming Agroforestry

Mixed farming

LivestockPastures

Arable cropping(Crop diversification)

Agroforestry

Livestock farming

250 450350

D

o

m

in

a

n

t

F

S

Farming systems in arid region : ScenarioLIKELYCHANGES IN

ANNUALTEMPERATUREIN NORTHWEST

INDIA BYYEAR 2071

USING PRECIS RCMFOR A2 SCENARIO

SOURCE:

HADLEY CENTRE, UK

Boundaries are approximate

GIS OVERLAYS BY A. KAR

CAZRI, JODHPUR



Likely Impact of Climate Change• Impacts on soil water, runoff, wind and water erosion,

crop pest and diseases

• Increased evapotranspiration: 1o C increase lead to 15

mm more ET i.e. additional 313 MCM water needed.• Decrease in biomass production between 49-54 % at

4oC rise in temperature

• 20-40% yield loss in mustard and other rabi crops• Impacts on livestock: comfort, body weight, milk yield

• Degradation of pastures

• Lasirus – Cenchrus (most palatable)

• Cynadon – Elusine

• Cenchrus biflorus- Aristida -Oropatium thomaeum• (least palatable and degraded)



Farming System Perspective of Arid Zone Agriculture

Poor andcomplex Sico-

Economic

Frame work

Fragile Natural

Resource Base

Rich Indigenous Knowledge Poolon Arid Land Farming Systems

Innovations& Technological

Advancement

Macro and Micro level

Planning of Farming System

Research & Perspective

Location specificFarming System Modules

Market linkages & value Chain

For profit optimization

Poverty

Alleviation

Livelihood

Security

Natural

Resource

Up gradation

SustainableLand

Management

Economic

viabilityand Ecological

Stability



Average Annual Rainfall

Grasses Shrubs TreesCrop

diversification

Range-Pasture-

Livestock

farmingAgro-forestry

Mixed farmingLivestock

Pastures

Arable cropping(Crop diversification)

Agro-forestry

Livestock farming

250 450350

D

o

mi

n

a

n

t

F

S

Farming systems in arid region : Scenario



Traditional agroforestry systems of

Thar DesertRainfall

zone

(mm) Agroforestry system Tree/Shurb

density

(Nos./ha) % density

of

prominentspecies

>400 P. cineraria – A. nilotica based 31.4 80.5 300-400

P. cineraria based

14.2

80.0

200-300 Zizyphus spp. - P. cineraria

based 91.7 92.0 <200 Zizyphus spp. - P. cineraria –

Salvadora spp. based 17.2 65.0

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The Parkland Effect



The potential of growing sweet sorghum

for fodder was not studied earlieranywhere in western Rajasthan

May act as precursor for sugar industry

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29

Agroforestry with P.cineraria



30



31

Agri Horti System



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Crop diversification - Intercropping



33

Agripasture with C. mopane



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Agri Silvi culture – H. binnata



35

Ley Farming

B d l t ti f f l d



36

Boundary plantation for fuelwoodand as Shelterbelt – A. tortilis



37



Percent economic gains from farming system

components in integrated farming system model

Present worth (Rs ) benefit: cost ratio and IRR



Present worth (Rs.) , benefit: cost ratio and IRRof integrated farming system model after a

decade (2001-2010)

Parameters Discount factor (%)

0 15 25

Net present worth (Rs.)

5,28,275 1,63,400 83,219

B:C Ratio 2.05 1.93 1.83

IRR (%) 21.6%

Benefit cost ratio of various components



Benefit cost ratio of various components

of IFS model (Average of 10 years)

40

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Arablefarming

AgroForestrywith P.

cineraria

Agri-Hortiwith Ber

Farmforestrywith H.

binnata

Farmforestrywith A.

tortilis

silvipasture

(C.ciliari+

Z.rotundifolia

B :

C r

a t i o



Soil Organic – C status after cropharvest

Agroforestry : 0.13 to 0.14%

Agro-horticulture : 0.10 to 0.12%

Sole cropping : 0.08 to 0.11%

Diversified farming systems for



Diversified farming systems for various rainfall zones (% area)

suitability parameters< 250 250-350 350-450 450-600

Land use (% area)

Arable cropping 25 30 20 20

Agro- forestry 40 40 40 30

Agri –

Horticulture

- 15 30 40

Silvi pasture 35 15 10 10

Livestock (acu/year) 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.5 2.5 -3.0 3.0-4.0

B:C ratio 1.5 -2 1.5-2.5 2.5 -3 2.5 -3.5Net returns (US$) 140-200 200 -400 400- 700 700-1000

Gestation period 8-6 6-4 4-3 4-3

Employment(mandays/year)

200-300 300-500 400-600 500-700



Water Management Based TIs

• Rain water harvesting

• Water conservation –

In-situ and inter-plot• Increased WUE

• Promotion of Water saving techniques

• Multiple Water Productivity

• Less water intensive livestock farming

• Water-positive knowledge sharing

• Focus on less water requiring alternative land

use systems



TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

• Roof top Rainwater harvesting

• Tankas

• Nadis

• Khadins

•Pond

• Kui

• Beri

Traditional Tanka

Kui



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46

Nadi (Village Pond)

Kh di S t f C lti ti A ld t f



Khadin System for Cultivation: An age-old system of water conservation for crop cultivation



Solar pump

Surface water

storage

Water tank

storage drip

system

Drip system

Micro-sprinklersystem

S l f iti ti



Some examples of mitigating

technologies in India Agroforestry

Conservation Agriculture

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“Do Not Beat The Land Into

Submission-rather Work InHarmony With It”

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Laser assisted precision land levelling

zero tillage (ZT) with residues recycling, direct drilling into the residues,

direct seeding of rice, brown manuring with

Sesbania,

unpuddled mechanical transplantation of r ice,

raised bed planting, crop diversification, and associated component

technologies like site-specific nutrient managemen

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Seasonal soil moisture



Seasonal soil moisture

pattern Bed Planting Conventional Planting

Daily soil moisture pattern



Daily soil moisture pattern



Brown Manuring



National Action Plan on Climate Change



National Action Plan on Climate Change

(NAPCC)

National mission on Sustainable agriculture

National mission on Solar Energy

National mission on Enhance energy efficiency - Includingmandating energy consumption decreases in energyintensive industries (energy-savings certificates)

National mission on Sustainable habitat - energy efficiencyin urban planning

National mission on Water – improving water efficiency

National mission on Strategic knowledge for climatechange – private sector initiatives to develop adaptationand mitigation technologies

National mission on Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem

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Ongoing projects

National Bamboo Mission (NBM)

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) Conservation in the catchments of River Valley

Project & Flood Prone River (RVP & FPR),

Rainfed Area Development Programmes(RADP)

Reclamations & Development of Alkali & AcidSoils (RDAAS)

National progamme on oilseed and many

more

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