Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Luis A. Aviles, Esq. CIAM 6117 Ambiente Costero

Prof. Loretta Roberson November 18, 2015

Coastal Zone

!  Coast is the zone of interaction between land and sea where both land & oceanic processes works.

!  It is most dynamic, resourceful and disaster prone zone of any country.

!  Coastal zone always include f loodplains, mangroves, marshes, and fringing coral reefs.

Coastal Zone Management

!  Coastal zone management involves managing coastal areas to balance environmental, economic, human health, and human activities.

!  Coastal Management integrates the biological, physical, and policy sciences to plan and execute sustainable solutions for environmental challenges where land meets water.

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

!  ICZM is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve sustainability.

!  It is a dynamic, multidisciplinary and iterative process to promote sustainable management of coastal zones.

!  It covers the full cycle of information collection, planning (in its broadest sense), decision making, management and monitoring of implementation.

International Players

!  International Maritime Organization (IMO) !  UN Environmental Program !  UN Conference on Trade and Development !  Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development

(OECD) !  World Health Organization !  World Trade Organization !  World Bank !  International Treaties:

!  United Nations Convention of the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) !  Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping

Wastes and Other Matter (London Dumping Convention, 1972) !  International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from

Ships, 1973

Federal Players

!  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA-US Department of Commerce)

!  US Army Corps of Engineers (Department of Defense) !  Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) !  National Park Service (Dept. of Interior) !  Fish and Wildlife Service (Dept. of Interior) !  National Marine Fisheries Service (Dept. of Interior) !  US Coast Guard !  Environmental Protection Agency !  US Geological Survey !  US Minerals Management Service !  US Natural Resources Conservation Service

Federal Legislation: Habitat

!  National Environmental Policy Act (1969) !  Requires agencies to consider impacts to environment for proposed actions

!  Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act – Sustainable Fishery Act Amendments (1996) !  Provides for the sustainable management of U.S. fisheries and the conservation and

protection of Essential Fish Habitats.

!  Coral Reef Protection Executive Order 13089 (1998) !  Provides for the protection, research, monitoring and conservation of coral reefs

!  Marine Protected Areas Executive Order 13158 (2000): !  Provides for the establishment and protection of marine areas that have special

preservation needs: about 5,000 worldwide in 2010

Federal Legislation: Pollution

!  Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972) !  Regulates pollutant discharges into U.S. waters

!  Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972) !  Regulates ocean dumping and transport of waste !  Also provides for the designation and protection of areas designated as marine

sanctuaries

!  Oil Pollution Act (1990) !  Provides federal guidance for preventing, responding to, and defining liability for

oil pollution incidents (e.g., spills) in U.S. waters.

!  Coastal Zone Management Act (1972) !  Provides for management of non-point source pollution

Federal Legislation: Disasters

!  National Flood Insurance Act of 1968

!  Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973

!  Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Act

Federal Legislation: Fisheries

!  The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) is the primary law governing fisheries management in United States federal waters !  First enacted in 1976 to help regulate foreign fishing in US waters

!  Created 8 regional fishery management councils to help manage the nation’s fisheries

!  1996 Sustainable Fisheries Act amendments most notably added measures to protect Essential Fish Habitat

!  The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006 (MSRA) amended MSA and mandates new measures to help prevent and end overfishing.

Federal Legislation: Climate

!  Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring (FOARAM) Act (2009) !  Provides for ocean acidification research and monitoring

!  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): !  Established by the United Nations and World Meteorological Organization !  Created to provide the world with a leading scientific group and perspective

on the current state and possible impacts of climate change

Federal Legislation: Animals

!  Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972) !  prohibits the ‘taking’ of any marine mammals – which means in the U.S. it

is illegal to kill, hunt, trap or harass these species !  Fact: The first international agreement to address wildlife conservation involved

protecting a marine mammal ! the Northern fur seal

!  Endangered Species Act (1973) !  Provides for the conservation of endangered and threatened species as

well as the ecosystems and habitats upon which they depend

!  International Whaling Commission (IWC) !  An intergovernmental (international) governing body charged with the

conservation of whales and management of whaling

Federal Legislation: High Seas

!  United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): !  Agreement resulting from 3rd United Nations Conference on the

Law of the Sea !  Defined countries Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ): Extends out

to 200 nautical miles from shore and provide countries with resource and exploration rights

State Players: Puerto Rico

!  La Ley de Aguas de 1866

!  La Ley de Puertos de España de 1880

!  Ley Española de Ríos y Puertos de 1886

!  Acta Jones, Carta Orgánica de 1917 de Puerto Rico”

!  Ley de Puertos para la Isla de Puerto Rico” de 1886

!  Ley Orgánica Foraker del 12 de abril de 1900

!  Ley sobre Política Pública de Desarrollo Sostenible, Ley 267-2004

!  Constitución del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico de 1952

!  Ley de Municipios Autónomos del ELA, Ley 81-1991

Department of Natural and Environmental Resources

!  “Ley de Aguas de Puerto Rico”, Ley 136-1976

!  “Ley de Arena Grava y Piedra”, Ley 132-1968

!  “Ley de Bosques de Puerto Rico”, Ley 133-1975

!  “Ley de Desarrollo de Recursos Minerales de Puerto Rico”, Ley 145-1975

!  “Ley de la Junta Interagencial para el Manejo de las Playas de Puerto Rico”, Ley 293-1999

!  “Ley de la Reserva Natural de la Finca "Seven Seas", Ley 228-1999

Department of Natural and Environmental Resources

!  “Ley de Minas de Puerto Rico”, Ley 6-1954,

!  “Ley de Navegación y Seguridad Acuática en Puerto Rico”, Ley 430-2000

!  “Ley de Pesquerías de Puerto Rico”, Ley 278-1998

!  “Ley de Política Pública sobre Humedales en Puerto Rico”, Ley 314-1998

!  “Ley de recuperación del 3% de la plataforma insular de Puerto Rico”, Ley 307-2000

!  “Ley de Servidumbre de Conservación de Puerto Rico”, Ley 183-2001

Department of Natural and Environmental Resources

!  “Ley de Vigilantes del DRNA”, Ley 1-1977

!  “Ley del Fondo para la Adquisición y Conservación de Terrenos de Puerto Rico”, Ley 268-2003

!  “Ley del Programa Adopte una Playa”, Ley 250-1999

!  “Ley del Programa del Patrimonio Natural de Puerto Rico”, Ley 150-1988

!  “Ley Núm. 57-2014”, crea las Oficina Estatal de Política Publica Energética

Department of Natural and Environmental Resources

!  “Ley Orgánica del Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales”, Ley 23-1972

!  “Ley para crear el Programa de Reforestación, Administración y Conservación de Recursos Vivientes”, Ley 195-1998

!  “Ley para el Fomento y Desarrollo de la Industria Pesquera”, Ley 61-1990

!  “Ley para Establecer el Programa para la Promoción, Protección y Conservación de las Playas de Puerto Rico Aspirantes a la Bandera Azul”, Ley 173-2000

!  “Ley para establecer la política pública sobre la prevención de inundaciones en Puerto Rico,

!  la conservación de ríos y quebradas y la dedicación a uso público de fajas verdes”, Ley 49-2003

Department of Natural and Environmental Resources

!  “Ley para la Conservación, el Desarrollo y Uso de los Recursos de Agua de Puerto Rico”, Ley 136-1976

!  “Ley de la Reserva Marina Tres Palmas de Rincón”, Ley 17-2004

!  “Ley Para designar como reserva marina, media milla de las aguas territoriales marítimas alrededor de la Isla Desecheo”, Ley Núm. 57-2000

!  “Ley para la extracción y excavación de materiales de la corteza terrestre”, Ley 144-1976

!  “Ley Para la promoción y el desarrollo de la pesca deportiva y recreativa de Puerto Rico”, Ley 115-1997

Department of Natural and Environmental Resources

!  “Ley para la Protección, Conservación y Manejo de los Arrecifes de Coral de Puerto Rico”, Ley 147-1999

!  “Ley sobre el Control de Contaminación de las Aguas”, Ley 42-1950,

!  “Ley sobre prevención de inundaciones y conservación de ríos y playas”, Ley 6-1968

!  “Nueva Ley de Vida Silvestre de Puerto Rico”, Ley 241-1999

!  “Ley para la Protección y Conservación de la Fisiografía Cársica de Puerto Rico”, Ley 292-1999

JUNTA DE PLANIFICACIÓN DE PUERTO RICO

!  “Ley Orgánica de la Junta de Planificación de Puerto Rico”, Ley Núm. 75-1975

!  “Ley para el Plan de Uso de Terrenos del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico”, Ley 550-2004

!  “Reglamento de Zonificación de la Zona Costanera y de Acceso a las Playas y Costas de Puerto Rico” Reglamento Núm. 17

JUNTA DE CALIDAD AMBIENTAL

!  “Ley de Política Pública Ambiental de Puerto Rico”, Ley 416-2004

!  “Derrames de Sustancias Nocivas”, Ley 13-1973

!  “Ley del Fondo de Emergencias Ambientales de Puerto Rico”, Ley 81-1987

Other Puerto Rico Agencies

!  AUTORIDAD DE DESPERDICIOS SÓLIDOS

!  “Ley para el Fomento de la Reducción de Desperdicios Peligrosos en Puerto Rico”, Ley 10-1995

!  DEPARTAMENTO DE AGRICULTURA

!  “Ley para autorizar la creación del Distrito de Conservación de Suelos”, Ley 211-1946

!  INSTITUTO DE CULTURA PUERTORRIQUEÑA

!  “Ley de Protección, Conservación y Estudio de los Sitios y Recursos Arqueológicos Subacuáticos”, Ley 10-1987,

!  “Ley de Zonas Históricas o Antiguas y de Interés Turístico”, Ley 374-1949

Other Puerto Rico Agencies

!  COMPAÑÍA DE TURISMO DE PUERTO RICO

!  “Ley de Política Pública para el Desarrollo Sostenible de Turismo en Puerto Rico” Ley Núm. 254 de 2006

!  DEPARTAMENTO DE TRANSPORTACIÓN Y OBRAS PÚBLICAS

!  “Ley de la Autoridad de Transporte Marítimo de Puerto Rico y las Islas Municipio”, Ley Núm. 1 de 2000

!  DEPARTAMENTO DE LA VIVIENDA

!  “Ley de Viviendas Enclavadas en Terrenos Ajenos”, Núm. 132 de 1975, según enmendada

!  AUTORIDAD DE LOS PUERTOS

!  “Ley de Muelles y Puertos de Puerto Rico”, Ley Núm. 151 de 1968, según enmendada

Puerto Rico Special Laws

!  “Ley para la Conservación y el Desarrollo de Culebra”,

!  Ley Núm. 66 del 22 de junio de 1975 “Ley para crear la Zona Especial de Desarrollo Económico de Vieques- Culebra”, Ley Núm. 153 de 2002

Local Players: Private Sector

!  Professional Developers and builders

!  Private property owners

!  Lenders (Banks)

!  Realtors

!  Homeowners Associations

!  Neighbors and other residents

!  Private Foundations

!  Conservation Groups

The need for a Regional Approach?

!  Problems with Federal Jurisdictions !  Too ambitious in scale !  Not site specific !  No assurance of inter-agency cooperation

!  Problems with State Jurisdictions !  Too ambitious in scale !  Lack of financial resources

!  Problems with Local Jurisdictions !  Too small in scale !  Too provincial in perspective !  Too many and too fragmented

Regional Management Strategies

!  Watershed approach

!  Watershed management (used successfully in EU)

!  Estuary Approach

!  The Lake Approach

!  The Special Area Management Approach

!  The “Areas of Environmental Concern” Approach

Regional Management Strategies: Not Panacea

!  General public resistance to government intervention

!  Community misguided feelings of resilience

!  Lack of funding for regional approaches

!  Opposition by local business people

!  No government incentives (tax relief, insurance) to protect regional resources

!  Lack of clear priorities, trained personnel

Integrated Coastal Management

!  “At a minimum, any definition should include the integration of programs and plans for economic development and environmental quality management, and more specifically the integration of cross-sectoral plans for fisheries, energy, transportation, waste disposal, tourism, etc. ICM should also include the vertical integration of responsibilities for management actions among various levels of government-international, national, state and local-or between the public and private sectors. It should include all components of management-from the planning tasks of analysis and design, to the implementation of tasks of installation, operation and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation of strategies over time. ICM should be cross-disciplinary among the sciences, engineering, economics, political science, and law. In practice, it is all of the above.” Bower (1992)

Four Dimension of ICM

!  Intergovernmental

!  Land-water interface (ecosystems-based management)

!  Inter-sectoral

!  Interdisciplinary !  (Knecht and Archer, 1993)

Coastal Ecosystem Services

Millenium Ecosystem Assessment

Valuation of Coastal Ecosystem Services

Valuation of Coastal Ecosystem Services

Case Study: Belize

!  In 2010, the Belize government began work on an ecosystem-based plan intended to sustainably develop coastal resources for the current and future benefit of all Belizeans. Belize partnered with the World Wide Fund for Nature (NGO) and the Natural Capital Project (NatCap) to help them use the Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) software suite to form a management plan that was scientifically and economically sound.

!  case study highlights a real-world example of developing scenarios to inform coastal and marine spatial planning decisions.

!  stakeholders engaged in an iterative process of scenario development, data were collected, ecosystem service impacts were assessed, and the results were used to inform national marine policy decisions in Belize.

Belize’s Coast

!  Belize’s coastal zone contains a rich diversity of habitats and attractions, including three offshore atolls, coastal plains and lagoons, mangrove forests, seagrass beds, coral reefs, and over 300 cayes.

!  This highly productive coastal zone is home to 35% of the population of Belize as well as endangered species like the West Indian manatee, American crocodile, sea turtles, and several bird species.

!  With over 280 km of barrier reef, Belize is home to the planet's second longest unbroken reef system. World-renowned snorkelling and diving draw around 900,000 tourists to the region annually, driving construction of new coastal development, airports, urban areas, and cruise ship ports.

!  The same coastal ecosystems also support several commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries.

Questions sought to be answered

!  How are a diversity of human activities, e.g. coastal development and marine transportation, likely to affect key ecosystems and the services they provide for Belize?

!  How will alternative development and conservation strategies and management recommendations affect key ecosystem services for Belize?

!  Where should selected zones – or areas designated for a particular purpose or use – be located or prohibited to maximize economic benefits and also limit environmental degradation?

InVEST: Belize Recreation Model

Valuation: Identify drivers of change

Drivers of Change in Coasts

Climate Change Drivers

Valuation: Add analysis of perturbations

Valuation: allocation

InVEST: Input info into Model

InVEST: Create Scenarios

Belize Scenarios

InVEST: Marine Spatial Planning

InVEST: Estimate Benefits

References

!  Clarke, C, M Canto, S Rosado. 2013. Belize Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan. Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute, Belize City. http://www.coastalzonebelize.org/?page_id=681

!  Clarke, C, S Rosado, A Rosenthal, K Arkema, M Canto, I Gillett, G Verutes, and S Wood. 2012. Coastal Zone Planning in Belize: a case study. Stanford, CA: Natural Capital Project.

!  Bower, B.T. 1992. Producing Information for Integrated Coastal Resource Management, cited in Klee 1999

!  French, P.W. 1997. Coastal and Estuaarine Management, London: Routledge.

!  Klee, G.A. 1999, The Coastal Environment (Prentice Hall, New Jersey)

!  Knecht, R. W., and Archer, J. 1993. “Integration” in the U.S. Coastal Zone Management Program, Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 21, pp. 183-199.

!  Masselink, G., et al, 2011. Introduction to Coastal Processes & Geomorphology, 2nd Ed. London, England: Routledge.

!  McLeod, K., Leslie, H., Editors 2009 , Ecosystem-Based Management for the Oceans. Washington, DC: Island Press.

!  Williams, J. et al 1990. Coasts in Crisis. U.S. Geological Survey

Thanks!

Questions

!  1) Do you consider the US Coastal Zone Management sufficiently integrated?

!  2) Do you consider the Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management sufficiently integrated?

!  3) Do you consider that Puerto Rico dedicates sufficient financial resources to its coastal zone management programs?

!  4) Do you thing the Plan de Usos de Terrenos (PUT) being proposed includes coastal zone management in an integrated way?

!  5) What can Puerto Rico learn from the Belize case study?