INTD 51 human environments key issues—energy. energy energy use in buildings has greatest impact...
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Transcript of INTD 51 human environments key issues—energy. energy energy use in buildings has greatest impact...
INTD 51 human environments
key issues—energy
energy
energy use in buildings has greatest impact on global carbon emissions of construction industry
impacts of energy use:climate change•air pollution•nuclear waste•potential large-scale environmental devastation
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/alex_steffen.html
energy
impacts of energy use:resource depletion•coal, oil & natural gas are fossil fuels•peak oil & gas expected to be reached 2010•peak coal—2030•increasing human conflict over energy supply inevitable
energy
large-scale renewable energy—hydroelectric, wind, solar-power—would solve many problems
renewable energy is far from meeting our energy needs due to lack of investment & infrastructure
hydroelectric—16% globallyother renewables—3%
energy
no electricity production is totally innocuous—wind farms raise concerns about •noise•disturbing migrating birds•spoiling appearance of natural landscape
approaching low-energy design
•seek to reduce energy demand through passive design•select energy-efficient products•try to ensure that remaining energy demand comes from renewable sources
as a designer you may not have total control over all of these aspects…always be equipped with an understanding of the options
approaching low-energy design
location, type & duration of project influence what can be done
location—dictates what can be done through passive design
type—renovation imposes limitations but creates opportunity to improve upon an existing building
duration:•temporary—passive design; good means for demo or pilot of renewable technologies•flexible—inherently sustainable•long-term—time to recoup investment in energy efficient products or renewable energy
passive design—simplest & most effective
solar gain•using the sun’s heat to warm interior spaces—reducing or eliminating the need for mechanical heating•for best results combine with high thermal mass
solar shading•to control or prevent solar gain•external louvers, deep overhangs, solar-control glazing, interstitial blinds•consider heating need, availability of sunshine on site, angle of sun throughout the year
passive design—simplest & most effective
passive designthermal mass•dense materials with high heat capacity•stores heat or coolness & transfers it slowly, keeping internal temp reasonably constant•thick masonry, concrete, rammed earth, brickwork
thermal insulation•reduces rate of heat transfer on external envelope—ensures internal air temp responds slowly to changes in external temp•materials tend to be porous, trapping air—sheep’s wool, mineral wool, cellulose fibers•insulate pipework & hot water storage tanks; use high-performance glazing
passive design
passive design
natural ventilation•using the position of openings—windows, roof lights, air vents, chimneys—to encourage air flow through a space•replenishes fresh air & prevents overheating
air-tightness•needed to avoid unwanted heat loss & drafts•all gaps in construction should tightly sealed—close-fitting joints & sealant
passive design
passive design
natural daylighting•depth of rooms, amount of glazing should be modified to optimize (shallow with plenty of windows)
•reduces need for electric lighting•daylight & associate views promote health & well-being
living walls•those including soil provide thermal mass•plants absorb air pollution & dusthttp://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/kamal_meattle_on_how_to_grow_your_own_fresh_air.html
passive design
energy efficiency
once all passive design measures have been exhausted, focus on energy efficiency:
•lighting•appliances•building systems•influencing behavior—prominent energy displays, clotheslines, etc…
renewable energy systemsthe next thing to consider—producing energy from renewable sources
•biomass •wind power •solar thermal heating•photovoltaic cells•heat pumps
INTD 51 human environments
key issues—water
water
water use heightens problems of water scarcity—climate change only exacerbates this
lack of water requires rationing & dictating use •causing inconvenience or even suffering•diverts water from agriculture•potentially triggers conflict between people
global water demand has increased by twice the rate of population growth over the last century
water
desalination is a possible solution—expensive, energy-intensive & potentially damaging to marine habitats
processing fresh water to make it potable requires energy as well & uses potent chemicals that must be carefully disposed of
modern buildings use the potable water supply for drinking as well as…
extravagance???
water
as we cover the ground with more and more hard surfaces, water fills sewage systems instead of soaking into the ground
paradoxically, water abundance (flooding) is a growing problem due to global warming
water conserving design
VITAL to reduce our water consumption & consider flood risk
1.passive design—manipulating landscaping & roof 2.water efficiency—plumbing fixtures, appliances & faucets3.water reuse or recycling—work with your team—architect, landscape architect, or systems engineer
ensure that your input enhances sustainability
water conserving design
location—amount of rainfall
type—example: hotel with stacked bathrooms, ideal for gravity-based graywater recycling
duration—the longer the project is expected to last, the more critical water conservation becomes; also must consider effects of climate change
passive design
tuning the form & materials of building and its site to take advantage of rainfall & control rainwater runoff
•rainwater collection—design roofs & rainwater drainage to discharge into water stores•sustainable drainage—(SUDS) relevant to built-up areas with many hard surfaces; simple use porous surfaces, complex convey water to pond or underground store•planting—absorbs rainwater, slows runoff; choose native plants to reduce irrigation need & to create habitat for wildlife
passive design
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/anupam_mishra_the_ancient_ingenuity_of_water_harvesting.html
water efficiency
plumbing fixtures—use less water than standard products with out compromising performance
appliances—specify wisely! washing machines (1 gal/load vs. 5 gal/load) & dishwashers (1/4 gal vs. ¾ gal)
water meters—allowsoccupants to see howmuch water they are using
water efficiency
http://www.ecokids.ca/pub/eco_info/topics/water/water/index.cfm
water reuse & recycling
rainwater reuse—collecting rainwater to use for another purpose; flush toilets, feed washing machines, water plants
graywater recycling—collecting & reusing waste water from showers, baths, washbasins & washing machines—can reduce water comsumption by 30%; used to flush toilets or water non-edible plants
blackwater recycling—far more drastic & desirable for only specific projects; filtering & treating wastewater from toilets, dishwashers & refuse chutes
water
flood protection—incorporate in long-term projects in areas prone to flooding; raised entrance thresholds, water-resistant flooring & baseboards, plinths for electrical appliances
water assessment—can help designers understand the impact of choices & convince clients of potential water savings